INDIGENOUS WAY OF LIFE than intensive permanent

agriculture.
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
- It refers to a group of people MARTIAL ARTS AND WEAPONRY
sharing common bonds of BALARAW
language, customs, traditions and - most intimate weapon wielded by
other distinctive cultural traits. pre-colonial inhabitants of the
- Their communities can be found in Philippines
the interiors of Luzon, Mindanao, - a dagger with a double-edged leaf-
and some islands of Visayas. shaped blade and a cross-shaped
hilt which at times was used as a
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD protection against wrist cuts
- prehistory and the early history (900-
1521) Pre-colonial Filipinos use two kinds of
swords for combat: (both are coated with
POLITICAL SYSTEM poison)
- democratic - government of the KRIS
people by the people for the people - also as kalis, is a double-edged
- The government system were blade, which can be either
called “Barangays” completely straight (sundang) or
- there were no national government completely wavy (kiwo-kiwo)
- was headed by a ruler called
“datu” or “raja” KAMPILAN
- the blade is long and straight with
SOCIAL STRUCTURE a single edge which widens to a dual
1. TUMAO - noble with full royal blood point
2. TIMAWA - considered as the
freemen ARMOR
3. ORIPUN - considered as slaves or KALASAG
commoners - wielded padded armor and carabao-
2 types of ORIPUN/ALIPIN hide breastplates, and long narrow
Aliping namamahay is a servant that lived shields
in their own little house on the property of PALISAY
their master - round bucklers
Aliping Sagigilid is a servant that lived KUPYA or TANGKULOG
around the house of their master - Chinese peaked helmet

Bulisik - may utang sa namamahay EDUCATION AND WRITING

Bulislis - may utang sa sagigilid, lower - Early chroniclers, who came during
the first Spanish expeditions to the
AGRICULTURE islands noted the proficiency of
- Pre-colonial Philippine societies some of the natives, especially the
relied more on swidden agriculture chieftain and local kings, in Sanskrit,
 Old Javanese, Old Malay, and BULUL
several other languages - also known as bul-ul or tinagtaggu
- Ifugao sculpture
MARITIME CULTURE AND TRADE - carved Anito figures (represent their
- Indigenous people of the Philippines, ancestral spirit)
being descendants of the balangay- - used to guard the rice crop
borne Austronesian migrants from
Maritime Southeast Asia, were THE SARIMANOK
known for their navigational skills. - represents a fowl with wings,
Some of them used compasses feathered tail, and a head decorated
similar to those used among with ornaments
maritime communities of Borneo and - also known as papanok in its
traders of China, although most had feminine form
no need for such devices. - legendary bird of the Maranao
- Indigenous Filipinos were also people
involved in aquaculture and - “sari” means assorted, “manok”
fishing. The natives made use of means chicken
the salambao, which is a type of raft
that utilizes a large fishing net which TOROGAN
is lowered into the water via a type - the ancestral home of the Maranao
of lever made of two criss-crossed Sultan or Datu
poles.
PANOLONG
CULTURE, ARTS, AND TRADITIONS - a carved end beam of the torogan
BROUGHT BY INDIGENOUS
COMMUNITIES POTTERY
Pottery are objects that are first shaped
INDIGENOUS PHILIPPINE ART is art of wet clay, then hardened by baking.
made by the indigenous peoples of the
Philippines. It includes works in raw Pottery includes both decorative and
materials such as extract from trees, practical items such as bowls, vases,
animal skin, fruits, and vegetables etc. dishes, and lamps
Some of the art treasure of the Philippines
is found in rock in caves, trees and woods. Pottery in the Philippines varies in forms
and functions.
EXAMPLE OF PHILIPPINE INDIGENOUS
ART MANUNGGUL JAR
- used during burial rites
SCULPTURE - national treasure of the Philippines
three dimensional artwork created by - was found in Chamber A of the
shaping and combining hard materials Tabon cave
carving is one of the techniques used in - used to hold remains of the
sculpture deceased
LETA-LETA CAVE education gaps, poverty, and
- important burial site discrimination.

WEAVING The indigenous peoples (IPs) of the

- ancient art form that continue in the Philippines and other countries are among
Philippines today the poorest and most disadvantaged groups
- means to make cloth and other despite the richness of natural riches
objects nearby. They are denied the chance to get
the skills necessary to adapt to the fast
The Maranaos call their ornamental design changing social, economic, and political
okir, a general term for both the scroll and environment
the geometric form
CLIMATE CHANGE
Okir a datu (gentlemen's design) - the biggest problem currently
- the scroll is the dominant feature facing humanity is climate change.
Okir a bay (ladies’ design) - Indigenous peoples are among
- zigzag and angular forms are the the first to experience the direct
dominant feature effects of climate change on the
ecosystems or landscapes they call
LANDAP - most popular of all the malong home.
styles
SCARCITY
PHYSICAL ORNAMENTS - The Unlimited wants and needs of
- can be categorized to three areas humans over the limited resources.
specifically the use of traditional - This leads to an increase in
costumes (textile), jewelries and resource exploitation,
tattoos. The designs vary depending militarization, violence, and
on the location, users and function of repression, as well as increasing
the ornaments displacement, loss of land, water,
and means of subsistence.
LINGLING-O - fertility charms, textile
BAWISAK - jewelries Opportunities for Indigenous peoples’
sustainability
Traditional Ifugao tribe - bead and shell - Indigenous peoples are guardians of
bawisak earrings. the biological diversity and cultural
variety of the planet. Despite making
Tattooing- they also have traditional tattoos up only about 5% of the global
to show battle victories population, they effectively manage
an estimated 20% to 25% of the
CHALLENGES FACED BY INDIGENOUS planet's land area.
COMMUNITIES
Traditional methods are essential for
Common issues include lack of reducing global warming, such as
representation at all societal levels, rotational agriculture, which improves the
general health of forest and jungle forms of sexual violence and hate crimes
ecosystems. are prevalent examples.

The vital contribution of indigenous 2. Economic deprivation and

women impoverishment - All ethnic groups deal
- It is crucial to emphasize that with violence against women, and poverty
indigenous men and women are increases the likelihood of violence. It also
both crucial players in the fight includes cheap labor that employer’s eye for
against climate change. the IP. underpaid worker
- indigenous women are taking on
more responsibility for the 3. Cultural Imperialism - Cultural
administration and management of Imperialism involves taking the
community lands. dominating group culture and
establishing it as a norm that all Others
INDIGENOUS MOVEMENTS AGAINST should abide by
OPPRESSION
4. Exploitation – This is the most common
OPPRESSION means prolonged cruelty or of them all.
unjust treatment or control to a certain A. Land Exploitation – loss of land.
individual, groups or nationality. B. Human Trafficking – Slave trade was
already a taboo from all over the globe.
Why are they a target of oppression? C. Environmental and economic
They are often marginalized and face exploitation - Another type of exploitation
discrimination in countries’ legal systems on the natural resources on the land.

They are always left behind since the 5. Marginalization - Marginalization is a

majority of the IP (indigenous people) process of exclusion, the act of relegating
wanted to nurture their way of life. or confining a group of people to a lower
social standing
Peaceful efforts by Indigenous Peoples to
maintain their cultural identity or exercise 6. Powerlessness and Silence - The
control over their traditional lands, which are powerless are ruled by the dominating
often rich in resources and biodiversity, class and are to take orders from them.
have led to accusations of treason or
terrorism. (They are just trying to protect New threats of globalization
their land) The global ascendancy of neo-liberal
economics and the entrenchment of
Discrimination is the reason why corporate power in international and
Indigenous peoples make up 15% of the national affairs have deepened inequalities
world’s extreme poor. between and within nations and largely
undermined efforts toward sustainable
Types of Oppression IP Face development.
1. Violence - probably the most obvious
and visible form of oppression, and all
The benefits of these policies frequently fail autochthonous peoples, are ethnic groups
to reach the indigenous peoples of the who are the original or earliest known
world, who acutely feel their costs, such as inhabitants of an area in contrast to
environmental degradation and loss of groups that have settled, occupied or
traditional lands and territories. colonized the area more recently.

Infrastructure and IP Sedentary Indigenous Lifestyle

Infrastructure has become symbols of - type of lifestyle where the
modern development in the twentieth community permanently resides
century, and recently have also epitomized from one place
the unequal economic, social and - Essentially, sedentism means living
environmental impacts of “unsustainable in groups permanently in one
development”. place

The construction of Infrastructure had Nomadic Indigenous Lifestyle

disproportionately impacted indigenous - A nomad is a member of a
peoples and their future. It also targets their community without fixed habitation
lands disproportionately. They have which regularly moves to and from
suffered from loss of lands and the same areas.
livelihood, cultural losses, fragmentation - hunter-gatherers, pastoral
of political institutions, breakdown of nomads(owning livestock), and
identity and human rights abuses. trader nomads since they require to
always move from one place to
Indigenous Peoples living in urban areas another.
- It is common in many cities to see
increasing numbers of indigenous TERMINOLOGIES
workers and beggars PEOPLES
- The plural “peoples” recognizes that
Indigenous People today more than one distinct group
Yet, indigenous peoples continue to suffer comprises the Indigenous
discrimination, marginalization, extreme population
poverty and conflict. ABORIGINAL
- The term “Aboriginal” does not refer
Increasingly, governments are to the first inhabitants of the
recognizing these threats, and matching Philippines since its for the country,
such recognition with action. Canada. It also includes First
Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples.
INTRODUCTION AND RELEVANCE OF AUSTRONESIAN
INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY STUDIES - large group of various people in
Island Southeast Asia, Micronesia,
What is an indigenous community? coastal New Guinea, Island
Indigenous peoples, also known in some Melanesia, Polynesia, and
regions as First peoples, First Nations, Madagascar, that speak the
Aboriginal peoples or Native peoples or Austronesian languages
NATIVE
- a general term that refers to a 1."Dawn Man", a cave-man type who was
person or thing that has similar to Java man, Peking Man, and other
originated from a particular place. Asian homo sapiens of 250,000 years ago.
- The term “native” does not denote a
specific Aboriginal ethnicity 2. The aboriginal pygmy group, the
Negritos, who arrived between 25,000 and
ORIGIN OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN 30,000 years ago via land bridges.
THE PHILIPPINES
3. The sea-faring tool- using Indonesian
It started with this timeline. group who arrived about 5,000 to 6,000
• 160,000 years ago, Modern man (Homo years ago and were the first immigrants to
Sapiens) lived in Africa. reach the Philippines by sea

• 160,000-135,000 years ago. They 4. The seafaring, more civilized Malays who
populated Africa. brought the Iron age culture and were the
real colonizers and dominant cultural group
• 135,000 – 115,000 they started exiting in the pre-Hispanic Philippines.
through the Nile river.
Other Austronesian Migration theories
• 90,000-85,000 years ago, they started “Out of Taiwan”
crossing the Red Sea to voyage to east - It propounds on the expansion of a
group of people called the
• 74,000-65,000 onwards, they started Austronesians from Asia into the
repopulating in Asia and Europe Pacific by means of Taiwan 6,000
years ago. It was a theory proposed
• 40,000-15,000 years ago, onwards, The by Peter Bellwooda professor of
Americas and almost all parts of the Archeology.
world were also populated
- The theory largely explains the
The Austronesian Migration Theory similarities in culture, language and
Henry Otley Beyer - an American physical attributes in different
anthropologist, who spent most of his adult countries in the most Asian countries
life in the Philippines teaching Philippine and even Madagascar.
indigenous culture. He was called the "Dean
of Philippine ethnology, archaeology, and Common to Austronesians
prehistory” Cultural traces include:
• Tattooing
Prof. Otley Beyer’s Wave Migration • Outriggers of canoes
Theory • Prehistoric art styles
According to Dr. Beyer, the ancestors of the • Social characters
Filipinos came in different "waves of
migration",
as follows:
Jocano's Theory of Earlier Evolution and Abortion
Movement The practice of abortion and infanticide was
- Anthropologist Felipe Landa Jocano widespread in pre-colonial Visayas, as it
of the University of the Philippines was considered a disgrace to raise a large
contends that what fossil evidence of family, presumably because having many
ancient men show is that they not children usually result in poverty.
only migrated to the Philippines, but
also to New Guinea, Borneo, and Gender
Australia. During this time, women and feminized men
were also given high distinction as many of
Societal Norms of the Indigenous which took on the role of shamans who also
Communities in the Philippines took on the role as interim head if the
datu/raja is absent or goes in a journey.
Norms
A noun that means an authoritative Modernization Kicks in
standard, a principle of right action, an The march of progress means that efforts
average, a pattern, or a function. The are being made both to extract the
principle of what is Right or Wrong in a resources on which these communities rely
Society. and to ‘mainstream’ indigenous groups by
introducing Western medical, educational
Rights exercised by men and women and economic systems into traditional ways
In the pre-colonial Philippines, both men of life.
and women enjoyed the same rights and
privileges.

Rights exercised by age

Additionally, children and elders were given
the same respect.

Marriage
Their religion is primarily Animism. Divorce
was also practiced, and was highly
accepted.

Virginity
Virginity was considered by pre-colonial
Filipinos as an impediment to marriage. the
blood shed during the deflowering of a
young woman was considered to be an
impurity, so when a girl reaches her
adolescent years, a specialist in charge of
deflowering was hired.