ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I,Hirthick express my thanks and gratitude to my physics teacher

Mr.saravanan sir for guiding me through the project.His constant motivation
has been the responsible for completion of the project.I express my thanks to
our Principal, Priyadharshini,for constant encouragement through the project.I
also thank my parents for their support and motivation.At last,I thank my
friends who supported me through the completion of the project.

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INDEX:
 INTRODUCTION
 TYPES OF MATRICES
 PROPERTIES OF MATRIX
 DETERMINANT OF MATRIX
 INVERSE OF MATRIX
 APPLICATION OF MATRIX IN DAILY LIFE
 CONCLUSION AND REFERENCE

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 INTRODUCTION:-

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers, symbols or expressions, arranged in

rows and columns. For example, the dimensions of the matrix below are 2x3
(read by two by three) because there are two rows and three columns.

The individual items in an m x n matrix A,often denoted by aij, where max i=m
and max j = n, are called its elements or entries, provided that they have the
same size(each matrix has the same number of rows and the same numbers of
columns as the other), two matrices can be added or subtracted element by
element.

The rule for matrix multiplication, however, is that two matrices can be
multiplied only when the number of columns in the first equals the number of
rows in the second (i.e., the inner dimensions are the same, n for Am.n x Bn.p).

Applications of matrices:

In every branch of physics, including classical mechanics, optics

electromagnetism, quantum mechanics and quantum electromagnetism, they are
used to study physical phenomena. In computer graphics, they are used to
manipulate 3D models.

TYPES OF MATRICES:-

1. Row Matrix:-

A matrix which has exactly one row is called a row matrix. It can have any
numbers of columns.

For example – [1 2 3 4]1x4

2. Column Matrix:-

A matrix which has exactly one column is called a column matrix. It can have
any number of rows.

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 For Example –[ ]

3. Square Matrix:-

A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns is

called a square matrix.

For Example –[ ]

4. Diagonal Matrix:-

A square matrix whose all elements except the leading diagonal elements are
zero is termed as a diagonal matrix. In other words, all of its non-diagonal
elements are zero.

For Example – [ ]

5. Scalar Matrix:-

A diagonal matrix whose leading diagonal elements are equal is called a

scalar matrix.

For Example –[ ]

6. Unit Matrix:-

A scalar matrix whose diagonal leading elements are unity (1) is termed as a
unit matrix and is denote by ‘I’.

For Example - [ ]

7. Rectangular Matrix:-

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When the number of rows is not equal to the number of columns, it is termed
as a rectangular matrix (m is not equal to n).

For Example –[ ]

8. Null Matrix:-

If all the elements of a matrix are zero, it is called a null matrix or zero
matrixes.

For Example –[ ]

9. Transpose of Matrix:-

The transpose of a matrix is obtained by interchanging the rows and

columns. In other words, rows are changed into columns and columns are
changed into rows. Transpose of matrix A is denoted by A’ or AT.

For Example –A=[ ] , it implies= [ ]

10.Equal Matrix:-

Two matrices are said to be equal if both are of the same order and their
corresponding elements are equal.

For Example – A=[ ], B=[ ]

11.Symmetric Matrix:-

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A matrix is termed as asymmetric matrix if it is equal to its transpose. In
other words, if A . A’ the matrix A is called a symmetric one.

For Example –[ ]

12.Skew-Symmetric Matrix:-

A matrix is called a skew-symmetric matrix if its negative is equal to its

transpose. In other words, if A’= -A, the matrix A is termed as skew-
symmetric one.

For Example –[ ]

13.Sub Matrix:-

A matrix obtained from a given matrix by deleting some rows or columns or

both is called a sub- matrix.

If A=[ ] , its sub matrices will be

[3 2 8] ,[ ] ,[ ] ,[ ] and so on.

14.Singular Matrix:-

A square matrix whose determinant is zero, is called a singular matrix.

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 For Example –[ ]

15.Non-singular Matrix:-

A square matrix whose determinant is not equal to zero is called a non-

singular matrix.

For Example- [ ] , |A| = 24 – 15 =9 ≠ 0

16.Orthogonal Matrix:-

A sqare matrix is which the product of the matrix with its transpose and vice-
versa is a unit matrix it is termed as an orthogonal matrix. In other words,
matrix A is called an orthogonal matrix if,

A’ x A =I and A x A’ = I

PROPERTIES OF MATRIX

PROPERTIES OF MATRIX ADDITION:-

1. Associative law A+B = B+A

2. Commutative law A+(B+C) = (A+B)+C
3. If 0 denotes null matrix of the same order as that of A then, A+0 =0+A
=A
4. Existence of inverse if A+B=0 , Then B= -A OR A =-B

PROPERTIES OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION:-

1. If A and B are two matrices then AB may not be equal to BA

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 2. If A, B and C are three matrices then (AB) = A(BC)
3. Multiplication is distributive with respect of addition of matrices, i.e. ;
A(B+C) = AB+BC
4. (AB)’ = B’ x A’
5. AI =A = IA, where, I is a unit matrix.
6. (AB) = ( A) B = A ( B)
7. The product of two non-zero matrices may be a zero matrix.

Example A=[ ], B=[ ]

then AB=[ ]

DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX:-

The standard formula to find the determinant of 3X3 matrix is a breakdown of

smaller 2X2 determinant problems which are very easy to handle. If you need a
refresher how to find the determinant of a 2X2.

Suppose we are given a square matrix A, where, A

A=[ ]

The determinant of Matrix A is calculated as.

|A|= a[ ] -b[ ] c| |

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If A=[ ], then the determinant of A or |A| written as | | whose value

will be

(3X8) – (5X4) = 4

The co factors of the element of |A| can be found by applying the formula.

Aij X Mij

INVERSE OF A MATRIX

The inverse of a square matrix A exists if |A| ≠0 . in other words, inverse exists if the square
matrix is non-singular. The inverse of a matrix A is denoted by .

The inverse of A is given = Adj A / |A|

APPLICATION OF MATRIX IN DAILY LIFE

Matrices are used much more in daily life than people would have
thought. In fact it is front of us every day when going to work, at the university
and even at home. Graphic software such as adobe Photoshop on your personal
computer uses matrices to process linear transformations to render images. A
square matrix can represent a linear transformation of aerometric project. In a
video game , this would render the upside-down mirror image of an assassin
reflected in a pond of blood. If the video game has curved reflecting surfaces,
such as a shiny metal shield , the matrix would be more complicated, to stretch
or shrink the reflection. In physics related applications, matrices are used in the
study of electrical circuits, quantum mechanics and optics. Engineers use matrix
or model physical systems and perform accurate calculations needed for
complex mechanics to work. Whereas in programming which is taught at the
universality. Matrices are inverse matrices are used for coding and encrypting
messages. A message is made as a sequence of numbers in a binary format for
communication and it follows code theory for solving. Many IT company also
use matrices as data structure to track user information, perform search queries

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and manage databases. In the world of information, security, many systems are
designed to work with matrices. Matrices are used in the compression of
electronic information, for example in the storage of biometric data in the new
identity card in maturities. In geology, matrices are used for making seismic
surveys. They are used for plotting graphs, statistics and also to do scientific
fields. Matrices are also used in representing the real world data’s like the
population of people, infant mortality rate, etc. they are best representation
methods for plotting surveys. In economics very large matrices are used for
optimization of problems, for example in making the best use of assets, whether
labor or capital, in the manufacturing of a product and managing very large
supply chains.

CONCLUSION

Matrices are very easy to add the data together, like we do with matrices in
mathematics. Like in some problems of our homework, matrices could be useful
to figuring out things like price and quantitative, like with the foods and prices
in our homework. As we can see, there are many and very useful ways matrices
could be applied in our everyday lives and even in the future.

REFERENCE:-

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)
2. NCERT TEXT BOOK

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