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MAT111 Week 7 Lesson 2 Trigonometric Functions Sep 2021

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17 views4 pages

MAT111 Week 7 Lesson 2 Trigonometric Functions Sep 2021

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mecharles409
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© © All Rights Reserved
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1

MATH 111: Session 2- Hyperbolic, Exponential and


Logarithmic functions

1 Hyperbolic functions
Having studied trigonometric functions in the previous section, here we study the closely related,
hyperbolic functions. We first consider definition of hyperbolic functions
The hyperbolic sine of x, pronounced as shine x and denoted sinh x is defined by
ex − e−x
sinh x = .
2

We note here that they are expressed as functions of a special function called, exponential function.
The hyperbolic cosine of x, pronounced as cosh x and denoted cosh x is defined by
ex + e−x
cosh x = .
2
The hyperbolic tangent is the ratio of shine and cosh and is denoted by tanh x.
Having defined hyperbolic functions, derivation of inverse of hyperbolic functions is left for the student.
Follow the similar procedure of deriving an inverse functions. However, the derivation of this will be
explained during the lecture (online or physical).

1.1 Hyperbolic identities


Just like the trigonometric functions, the hyperbolic ones come with many wonderful identities. We
shall look at a number of them here. We first introduce more hyperbolic functions below;
1
coth x =
tanh x
1
sech x =
cosh x
1
cosech x =
sinh x
They are pronounced respectively as ’coth’, ’shec’ and ’coshec’.
The first identity we have is that

cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1 (1)

To prove this identity, start from the definition and substitute in (cosh x − sinh x)(cosh x sinh x).
Note that using the definition of hyperbolic functions, we have (cosh x − sinh x) = e−x and (cosh x +
sinh x) = ex , hence multiplying them gives the result.
2

The identity (1) is identical to cos2 x + sin2 x = 1


Now divide the identity (1) by sinh2 x, we obtain

cosh2 x sinh2 x 1
2 − 2 =
sinh x sinh x sinh2 x
∴ cosech x = coth2 x − 1
2
(2)

which is analogous to csc2 x = cot2 x + 1 Similarly, divide the identity (1) by cosh2 x, we obtain

cosh2 x sinh2 x 1
2 − 2 =
cosh x cosh x cosh2 x
∴ sech2 x = tanh2 x − 1 (3)

which is analogous to sec2 x = tan2 x + 1


We notice that the hyperbolic identities are very similar to the trigonometric counterparts, but with
some different signs. This is what Osborne’s rule is all about, which tells you to fliip the sign whenever
we have a product of sinh; this includes cosech2 x, tanh2 x and coth2 x as well as sinh2 x. Otherwise
the hyperbolic identities are essentially the same as their trigonometric versions.
As an assignment, list all the trigonometric identities and their corresponding hyperbolic identities.
Hint; Use Osborne’s rule.

Assignments. Solve for the value of x in following hyperbolic equations


1. 2 cosh 2x + 10 sinh 5x = 5
2. 5 cosh x + 3 sinh x = 4

HINT: Rewrite the hyperbolic functions as exponential functions, then solve this equation after covering
exponential functions in the next section.

2 Exponential and logarithmic functions


2.1 Exponential function
Definition 2.1. The exponential function with base a is the function of the form

f (x) = ax

where a > 0, a ̸== 1, and x is any real number.


Let a be a positive real number, and let x and y be real numbers variables, or algebraic expressions.
The following rules apply to exponential functions.
1. a0 = 1
2. ax · ay = ax+y
ax
3. ay
= ax−y
4. (ax )y = axy
( 1 )x
5. a−x = 1
ax
= a
3

Example 2.1. Evaluate f (x) = 2x when x = 3 and when x = −2.


Example 2.2. A particular radioactive element has a half-life of 25 years. For an initial mass of 10
grams, the mass y (in grams) that remains after t years is given by
( )t/25
1
y = 10 , t > 0.
2
How much of the initial mass remains after 120 years?
The most important base of exponential function is the letter e. The number e is defined by
( )n
1
e = lim 1 +
n7→∞ n
This exponential function is called a Natural exponential function defined by f (x) = ex , where e is an
irrational number, e = 2.71828 · · · . This function is often referred to as the exponential function.

2.2 Logarithmic functions


Every exponential function f (x) = ax , a ̸= 0 is a one to one function, hence it has an inverse. The
inverse function f −1 (x) is called the logarithmic function with base a and is denoted by loga x
Definition 2.2. Let a ̸= 1 be a positive number. The logarithmic function with base a denoted loga
is defined
y = loga (x) ⇐⇒ ay = x.

Since logarithms are exponents(powers), the laws of exponents give rise to the laws of logarithms.
let a be a positive number such that a ̸= 1. Let A, B and C be real numbers such that A and B be
positive, we have the following laws which apply to logarithmic functions.
1. loga (AB) = loga A + loga B
(A)
2. loga B = loga A − loga B
3. loga (AC ) = C loga A
For some purposes, its useful to change from one base to another, and we have the following relation,
which you can prove
loga x
logb x =
loga b
The common logarithm is the one whose base is 10. It’s usually denoted by omitting the base, i.e

log10 (x) = log(x)

The most convenient base for calculus purposes is the base e, which is called the natural logarithm
Definition 2.3 (Natural logarithm). The logarithm with base e is called natural logarithm denoted by
ln and is defined by
ln x = loge x.

By definition of inverse function we know that

y = ln x ⇐⇒ x = ey .

Properties of natural logarithm are:


4

1. ln(1) = 0
2. ln(e) = 1
3. ln(ex ) = x
4. eln(x) = 1
We therefore look at problems involving exponential and logarithmic functions
Example 2.3. 1. Solve
2
4x = 2x

2. Solve the following equation


log5 (x2 + x + 4) = 2

3. Solve
22x + 2x+2 − 12 = 0

4. Solve for x in the following equation,

log3 2x − log3 (x − 3) = 1

5. The concentration of the drug in the body of a person is given by

C = 10e−0.1t

(a) Find the concentration of the drug remaining after 2 hours


(b) When will the amount of the drug be 0.2?
6. If Ksh. 10,000 is invested in a bank at an interest rate of 6% per annum. Find the value of
investment after 8 years if the interest is compounded annually.
7. A bacteria culture starts with 2000 bacteria and the population triples after every 5 hours. If we
express the number of bacteria after t hours as

y = aebt ,

find a and b.
8. If the world population in the year 2010 was 6billion and it were to grow exponentially with
1
growth rate r = 30 ln(2), find the population in the year 2070.

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