Single Phase Rectifiers

EE328 Power Electronics

Prof. Dr. Mutlu BOZTEPE
Ege University, Dept. of E&E

Single phase half-wave rectifier

 It is the simplest type of rectifiers.

 During the positive half cycle D1 conducts
and the input voltage appears across
the load.
 During the negative half cycle Diode D1
is blocking condition, and output voltage
is zero.
 Note that there is a small forward
voltage drop across the D1.
 Disadvantages of half wave rectifier
– DC output voltage is discontinues and contains harmonics.
– Input current is not sinusoidal
– Transformer output current has dc component (saturation problem!)
EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 2

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 Single phase half-wave rectifier

 Average output voltage

T T 2
1 1
Vdc  
T 0
vL (t )dt   Vm sin t dt
T 0
2
 Vm  T   Vm
  cos  1 
T
 Vdc 
T  2  

 Effective output voltage

T T 2

 V sin t  dt
1 2 1 Vm
T 0
Vrms  vL (t )dt   Vrms 
2
m
T 0
2

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 3

Exercise 4
 For half-wave rectifer, determine; a) efficiency, b) form factor, c)
ripple factor, d) TUF, e) PIV of D1, f) CF of input current.
 Solution:
V V
Vdc  m  0.318Vm Vrms  m  0.5Vm
 2
Vdc 0.318Vm Vrms 0.5Vm
I dc   I rms  
R R R R

Pdc  Vdc I dc 
0.318Vm 2 Pac  Vrms I rms 
0.5Vm 2
R R
P
a)   dc 
0.318Vm   40.5% 2

Low rectifier efficiency

Pac 0.5Vm 2
b) FF  Vrms  0.5Vm  1.57 or 157%
Vdc 0.318Vm

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 4

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 Exercise 4
c) RF  FF 2  1  1.572  1  1.21 or 121% Very high ripple factor.
d)
– Rms voltage of transformer V
Vs  m  0.707Vm
secondary is 2
0.5Vm
– Rms value of transformer secondary current Is 
is equal to rms value of the load current R
– The Volt-ampere rating (VA) 0.5Vm 0.3535Vm2
of transformer VA  Vs I s  0.707Vm 
R R
– Transformer utilization factor
Pdc 0.3182 Transformer should be 1/0.286=3.496
TUF    0.286 times larger than that when it
Vs I s 0.3535 delivers pure ac power to a load.

e) The peak reverse blocking voltage PIV  Vm

I s , peak Vm R
f) Crest factor, CF   2
Is 0.5Vm R
EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 5

Exercise 5
 The source voltage is 120Vrms
at frequency of 60Hz. The load resistor
is 5 . Determine;
a) Average load current
b) Average power absorbed by the load
c) Power factor of the circuit
Solution:

2
Vrms 84.9 2
P   1441.6 W
R 5

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 6

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 Exercise 6
 In the circuit the battery voltage is 12V and its capacity is 100Wh.
The average current should be Idc=5A. The primary input voltage
Vp=120V, 60Hz, and the transformer turns ratio is n=2:1. Calculate;
a) the conduction angle of diode 
b) the current-limiting resistor R
c) the power rating PR
d) the charging time in hours
e) the rectifier efficiency 
f) the peak inverse voltage PIV of the diode

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 7

Solution
 E= 12 V
 Vp= 120 V
 Vm =2 Vs= 84.85 V

a) for Vs > E the diode D1 conducts

E
Vm sin   E    sin 1  
 Vm 
 12 
 sin 1    8.13
 84.85 
  180    180  8.13  171.87

The conduction angle

      171.87  8.13  163.74

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 8

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 Solution
b) The current limiting resistance R is

Vm sin t  E
d t 
1
I dc 
2 
 R
   


1
2Vm cos  2 E  E 
2R

which gives

R
1
2Vm cos  2 E  E 
2I dc

 284.85cos8.13  2120.1419   12

1
2 5
 4.26

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 9

Solution
c) The power rating of R is
PR  I rms
2
R

The rms current Irms is

1

Vm sin t  E 2 d wt 
 
2
I rms
2  R2
 Vm2  V2 
 E 2   2   m sin 2  4Vm E cos 
1
 
2R 2  2  2 
 67.4

I rms  67.4  8.2 A

The power rating is

PR  67.44.26  286.4W

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 10

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 Solution
d) The power delivered to the battery is

Pdc  EI dc  12x5  60W

Charging time is
Energy 100Wh
hour    1.667h
Pdc 60W

e) Rectifier efficiency
Pdc 60W
   17.32%
Pdc  PR 60W  286.4W

f) PIV =Vm+E=84.85+12=96.85V

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 11

Psim verification of Ex.6

Average current=4.995A
RMS current=8.204 A
=8.13°
See exercise2.psimsch file on course web page.
EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 12

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 Half-wave rectifier with RL load
 Due to the inductive load the conduction
period of diode D1 will extend beyond
180° until the current is zero.
 Remember that the average inductor
voltage is zero.
 The average output voltage is
 

 sin t d t   2  cost 

Vm Vm  
Vdc 
2
0
0

Vm
1  cos   
Note that, the average
 output voltage decreases
2 with inductive load.

 The average load current is

Vdc
I dc 
R

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 13

Adding a freewheeling diode

 Freewheeling diode prevents negative
voltage appearing across the load.
 The magnetic energy stored in inductor
increased. Freewheeling
 The current transferred from D1 to Dm diode

this process is called as commutation.

 The load time constant is

L
 
R

 If the load time constant is large enough

the load current can be continues.

Note that, the average output voltage is

equal to the case of the resistive load

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 14

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 Exercise 7

In the circuit, R=2, Vm=100V, and the frequency is 60Hz. Determine ;

a) the average load voltage and current
b) the power absorbed by the resistor in the circuit.
c) Verify solution via PSIM simulation (Homework)

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 15

Solution (cont.)
a) Average load voltage Note that, the output voltage is
V 100 not negative due to the
Vdc  m   31.8V freewheeling diode
 
b) Average load current
V 31.8
I dc  dc   15.9 A
R 2
c) We need Irms to find power absorbed by the resistor. We can
calculate it by using integrals, but fourier series is another method.

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 16

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 Solution (cont.)
c) The fourier series of half-wave rectified sinewave

V0  Vdc  n1, 2...an sin nt  bn cos nt 




Vm Vm 2Vm
V0   sin t   cos nt
 2 n  2 , 4 , 6... ( n  1)
2

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 17

Solution (cont.)
c) Lets calculate the rms current for first 5 terms of fourier series
Vm Vm 2V 2V 2V
V0   sin t  m cos 2t  m cos 4t  m cos 6t  ...
 2 3 15 35
V0  31.8  50 sin t  21.2 cos 2t  4.24 cos 4t  1.82 cos 6t

the current for each term can be found using load impedance

Vn Vn
In  
Zn R 2  nL 
2

Resulting rms current

5.192 1.122 0.112 0.032
I rms  15.92      16.34 A
2 2 2 2
The resistor power
PR  I rms
2
R  16.342 x 2  534W

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 18

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 Single-phase center tap full-wave rectifier

 Each half of transformer constitutes

a half-wave rectifier.
 There is no dc current flowing through
the transformer (no dc saturation prob.)
 The average output voltage is
T 2
2 2V
Vdc  
T 0
Vm sin t dt  m

 PIV of the diodes is 2Vm

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 19

Single-phase full-wave bridge rectifier

 Full utilization of transformer

 Requires four diodes
 PIV of the diodes is Vm
 The average output voltage is
T 2
2 2V
Vdc  
T 0
Vm sin t dt  m


EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 20

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 Exercise 8
 A full wave center tap rectifier has a purely resistive load of R.
Determine; a) Efficiency, b) Form factor, c) Ripple factor,
d)Transformer utilization factor, e) Peak inverse voltage of the diode,
f) Crest factor of input current
 Solution: V
2Vm Vrms  m
 0.707Vm
Vdc   0.6366Vm 2

Vrms 0.707Vm
V 0.6366Vm I rms  
I dc  dc  R R
R R
0.6366Vm 
2
Pac  Vrms I rms 
0.707Vm 2
Pdc  Vdc I dc 
R R

a)   Pdc  0.6366Vm 2  81%

2

Pac 0.707Vm 
b) Vrms 0.707Vm
FF    1.11or 111%
Vdc 0.6366Vm
EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 21

Exercise 8 (cont.)
c) RF  FF 2  1  1.112  1  0.482 or 48.2%
d)
– Rms voltage of transformer V
Vs  m  0.707Vm
secondary is 2
0.5Vm
– Rms value of transformer secondary current Is 
is equal to rms value of the load current R
– The Volt-ampere rating (VA) 0.5Vm 0.707Vm2
of transformer VA  2Vs I s  2  0.707Vm 
R R
– Transformer utilization factor
Pdc 0.63662 Transformer should be 1/0.573=1.74
TUF    0.573 (57.3%) times larger than that when it
Vs I s 0.707 delivers pure ac power to a load.

e) The peak reverse blocking voltage PIV  2Vm

I s , peak Vm R
f) Crest factor, CF    1.4142
Trans. input current
Is 0.707Vm R
EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 22

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 Comparison of single phase rectifiers

Rectifier Full-Wave Transformer Rectifier

(R Load) (R Load)
Performance
Half-Wave Center-Tapped Bridge
Parameter
Efficiency () 40.5% 81% 81%
Form Factor (FF) 157% 111% 111%
Ripple Factor (RF) 121% 48.2% 48.2%
Transformer
Utilization Factor 28.6% 57.32% 81.1%
(TUF)
Peak Inverse Vm
Vm 2Vm
Voltage (PIV)
Crest Factor (CF) 2 1.414 1.414
EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 23

Exercise 9

 A single-phase bridge rectifier supplies

power to a highly inductive load such as a
DC motor. The motor current is ripple-
free. Transformer turns ratio is 1:1.
Determine;
a) Harmonics factor (HF),
b) Input power factor (PF) of rectifier.

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 24

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 Solution
 The input current can be expressed
in a fourier series as

i1 (t )  I dc   a
n 1, 3,...
n cos nt  bn sin nt 

2
1
I dc 
2  i (t )dt  0
0
1

2

 i (t ) cos nt d t   0

1
an 
 0
1

2

 i (t ) sin nt d t   n

1 4I a
bn 
 0
1

4I a  sin t sin 3t sin 5t 

i1 (t )      ... 
  1 3 5 

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 25

Solution
4I a  sin t sin 3t sin 5t 
i1 (t )      ... 
  1 3 5 

 RMS value of fundamental component

4I a
I s1   0.90I a
 2

 RMS value of input current

2 2 2 2
4I a 1 1 1 1
Is  1              ...  I a
 2  3  5  7   9

a) Harmonic factor b) Displacement angle =0

and cos=1. Then Power
 1 
2 factor,
HF  THD     1  0.4843 or 48.43% I
 0.90  PF  s1 cos  0.90 lagging
Is

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 26

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Single-phase Full-wave rectifier with RL load
 In practice, most loads are inductive
 A battery is added to develop
generalized equations.
 Input ac voltage source
vs  Vm sin t  2Vs
 The load current iL can be found from
diL
L  Ri L  E  2Vs sin t
dt
 The differential equation has a solution E
of the form
R
 t
sint     A1e L 
2Vs E
iL 
Z R
L
Z R 2  (L) 2   tan 1
R
EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 27

Case 1: continues load current

 The constant A1 can be determined
from condition: at t=, iL=I1
 E 2Vs  R
A1   I1   sin  e L 
 R Z 
 Substituting of A1 to diff. equation yields,
  RL   t  E
sint      I1  
2Vs E 2Vs
iL  sin  e 
Z  R Z  R
 Under steady-state condition iL(t=0) = iL(t=) = I1. Applying this
condition,
R

2Vs 1 e L  E
I1  sin  R
 for I1  0
Z  R
1 e L

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 28

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 Case 1: continues load current (cont.)
 Substituting I1 and simplification gives
 R 
 t
sint    
2Vs  2 L 
E
iL  R
sin e  for 0  t   and iL  0
Z    R
 1 e L  
 RMS diode current can be found


 i d t 
1
Ir  2

2
L
0

 And the RMS output current can then be determined by combining

the RMS current of each diode

I rms  I r2  I r2  2I r
 Average diode current


 i d t 
1
Id 
2
L
0
EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 29

Case 2: discontinues load current

 The load current flows only during the
period   t  . The diodes start to
conduct at t=  given by
E
  sin 1
Vm
 The constant A1 can be determined
from condition at t= , iL(t)= 0
E  R
sin    e L 
2Vs
A1   
R Z 
 Substituting it to diff. equation

E  R   t 
sint       sin   e L   
2Vs 2Vs
iL 
Z R Z 

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 30

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 Case 2: discontinues load current (cont.)
 At t= , the current falls zero, and iL(t=)= 0. That is,

E  RL    

sin       sin   e
2Vs 2Vs
0
Z R Z 
  can be found from this transcendental equation by using an
iterative (trial and error) method.

 After  found, the RMS diode current can be calculated as



 i d t 
1
Ir  2

2
L

Idc must be calculated by using
 The average diode current differential equation as shown above.


 i d t 
1 Vdc  E
Id 
2 DO NOT USE I dc 
L
 R !!!!!!

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 31

RL Load Example – Fourier series method (1/3)

 A bridge rectifier has an ac source with Vm =100 V at 60 Hz and
a series RL load with R =10 and L=10 mH.
(a) Determine the average current in the load.
(b) Estimate the peak-to-peak variation in load current based
on the first ac term in the Fourier series.
(c) Determine the power absorbed by the load and the power factor
of the circuit.
(d) Determine the average and rms currents in the diodes.

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 32

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 RL Load Example – Fourier series method (2/3)
Fourier representation of full wave rectified sinusoidal signal

a)

b) For n=2 and n=4, the harmonic voltages and currents

I2 is much larger than I4, then I2 can be used for peak-to-peak

estimation Actual variation will be larger than this
due to higher order harmonics!
EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 33

RL Load Example – Fourier series method (3/3)

c)

d)

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof. Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2023 34

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