AGILE DATA

ENGINEERING
Introduction to Data Vault 2.0

KENT GRAZIANO, CHIEF TECHNICAL EVANGELIST

KentGraziano
 Agenda

• Bio
• Agile & DW
• What is a Data Vault & Where does
it fit?
• How to design a Data Vault model
• Foundational Keys
• Benefits of Data Vault
• Who is using Data Vault?
• References

© 2018 Snowflake Computing Inc. All Rights Reserved. Snowflake Proprietary. Not for Redistribution.
© 2018 Snowflake Computing Inc. All Rights Reserved
 My Bio › Chief Technical Evangelist, Snowflake Computing

› Blogger: The Data Warrior

› Certified Data Vault Master and DV 2.0 Practitioner

› Oracle ACE Director (Alumni)

› OakTable Member

› Member – DAMA Houston & DAMA International

› Data Modeling, Data Architecture and Data Warehouse

Specialist
› 30+ years in IT

› 25+ years of Oracle-related work

› 20+ years of data warehousing experience

› Former-Member: Boulder BI Brain Trust

(http://www.boulderbibraintrust.org/)

› Author & Co-Author of a bunch of books

› Past-President of ODTUG and Rocky Mountain Oracle User

Group

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4

3 years in stealth + 3 years GA

Founded 2012 by
industry veterans First customers
with over 120 2014, general
database patents availability 2015

Over $850M in venture

funding from leading 800+ employees
investors Over 2000
customers today

Fun facts:
Queries processed in Largest single Largest number of Single customer Single customer
Snowflake per day: table: tables single DB: most data: most users:
100 million 68 trillion rows 200,000 > 40PB > 10,000

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© 2018 Snowflake Computing Inc. All Rights Reserved
 Manifesto for Agile Software Development
http://agilemanifesto.org
"We are uncovering better ways of developing software by doing it and helping others do it.
Through this work we have come to value:

★ Individuals and interactions over processes and tools

★ Working software over comprehensive documentation
★ Customer collaboration over contract negotiation
★ Responding to change over following a plan
That is, while there is value in the items on the right, we value the items on the left more.”

Kent Beck James Grenning Robert C. Martin

Mike Beedle Jim Highsmith Steve Mellor
Arie van Bennekum Andrew Hunt Ken Schwaber
Alistair Cockburn Ron Jeffries Jeff Sutherland
Ward Cunningham Jon Kern Dave Thomas
Martin Fowler Brian Marick

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 Applying Agile to DW

• User Stories instead of requirements documents

• Time-based iterations
• Iteration has a standard length
• Choose one or more user stories to fit in that iteration
• Rework is part of the game
• There are no “Missed requirements”…only those that haven’t been
discovered yet

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© 2018 Snowflake Computing Inc. All Rights Reserved
 Data Vault Model Definition

The Data Vault is a detail oriented, historical tracking and uniquely linked
set of normalized tables that support one or more functional areas of
business.
It is a hybrid approach encompassing the best of breed between 3rd normal
form (3NF) and star schema. The design is flexible, scalable, consistent
and adaptable to the needs of the enterprise.

Architected specifically to meet the needs of today’s

enterprise data warehouses

Dan Linstedt: Defining the Data Vault

© 2018 Snowflake Computing Inc. All Rights Reserved

What is Data Vault Trying to Solve?
• What are our other Enterprise Data
Warehouse Options?
• Third-Normal Form (3NF): Complex
primary keys (PK’s) with cascading
snapshot
• Star Schema (Dimensional): Difficult
to reengineer fact tables for
granularity changes
• Difficult to get it right the first time
• Not adaptable to rapid business
change
• NOT AGILE!

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© 2018 Snowflake Computing Inc. All Rights Reserved
 Data Vault Timeline
E.F. Codd invented
Mid 70’s: AC Nielsen
relational modeling
popularized Mid 80’s: Bill Inmon
Dimension & Fact Terms
Chris Date and Hugh popularized Data
1990: Dan Linstedt begins
Harwin refined Warehousing
R&D on Data Vault
modeling concepts 1976: Dr. Peter Chen Modeling
created E-R
diagramming

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Early 70’s: Bill Inmon

Late 80’s: Barry Devlin and
began discussing Data
Dr. Kimball release
Warehousing
“Business Data Warehouse”
Mid 60’s: Dimension & Fact modeling Mid-Late 80’s: Dr. Kimball
presented by General Mills and popularizes Star Schema
Dartmouth University
2000: Dan Linstedt release
first 5 articles on Data Vault
Modeling

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 Data Vault Evolution
• The work on the Data Vault approach began in the early 1990s;
completed around 1999.
• Throughout 1999, 2000, and 2001, the Data Vault design was
tested, refined, and deployed into specific customer sites.
• In 2002, the industry thought leaders were asked to review the
architecture.
• Kent meets Dan at a Lunch & Learn in Denver!
• In 2003, Dan began teaching the modeling techniques to the mass
public.
• Kent & Team take their 1st Data Vault Modeling class
• In 2014, Dan introduced DV 2.0!
© 2018 Snowflake Computing Inc. All Rights Reserved. Snowflake Proprietary. Not for Redistribution.
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 WHAT DOES THE DATA VAULT
MODEL LOOK LIKE?

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 Data Vault: 3 Simple Structures

1 HUB

2 LINK
EDW
Data Vault
3 SATELLITE

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 Data Vault Core
Architecture

HUBS LINKS SATS

------------------- ------------------- -------------------
Unique List of Unique List of Descriptive
Business Keys Relationships Data
across Keys

● Satellites have one and only one parent table

● Satellites cannot be parents to other tables
● Hubs cannot be child tables

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 Standard Data Vault Model

• Hub: List of UNIQUE business keys.

• Link: List of UNIQUE relationships
across keys
• Satellite: Historical descriptive data.

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 1. Hub = Business Keys
H HUB_CUSTOMER
H HUB_ORDER
P * MD5_HUB_CUSTOMER VARCHAR2 (32)
U * C_NAME VARCHAR2 (80) P * MD5_HUB_ORDER VARCHAR2 (32)
LDTS TIMESTAMP U * O_ORDERID INTEGER
RSCR VARCHAR2 (256) * LDTS TIMESTAMP
* RSCR VARCHAR2 (256)
C_CUSTKEY INTEGER
O_ORDERKEY INTEGER
HUB_CUSTOMER_PK (MD5_HUB_CUSTOMER)
HUB_CUSTOMER__UN (C_NAME) HUB_ORDER_PK (MD5_HUB_ORDER)
HUB_ORDER__UN (O_ORDERID)

H HUB_SUPPLIER H HUB_PART
P * MD5_HUB_SUPPLIER VARCHAR2 (32) P * MD5_HUB_PART VARCHAR2 (32)
U * S_NAME VARCHAR2 (80) U * P_NAME VARCHAR2 (80)
* LDTS TIMESTAMP U * P_BRAND VARCHAR2 (80)
* RSCR VARCHAR2 (256) U * P_TYPE VARCHAR2 (80)
* S_SUPPKEY INTEGER U * P_SIZE INTEGER
HUB_SUPPLIER_PK (MD5_HUB_SUPPLIER) U * P_CONTAINER VARCHAR2 (80)
HUB_SUPPLIER__UN (S_NAME) * LDTS TIMESTAMP
* RSCR VARCHAR2 (256)
P_PARTKEY INTEGER
HUB_PART_PK (MD5_HUB_PART)
HUB_PART__UN (P_NAME, P_BRAND, P_TYPE, P_SIZE, P_CONTAINER)

Hubs = Unique Lists of Business Keys

Business Keys are used to TRACK and IDENTIFY key information
DV 2.0 uses MD5 Hash of the BK for the PK
Natural Business Keys also acceptable for PK

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 What Does the MD5 Look Like?
• MD5 hash function – Snowflake
• MD5 (UPPER(RTRIM(RMC.CAFCUSCHN)))
• MD5 hash function – Oracle
• rawtohex(sys.utl_raw.cast_to_raw(dbms_obfuscation_toolkit.md5 (input_string
=> ...)
• NEW: dbms_crypto.HASH(utl_raw.cast_to_raw(<input string>), 2);
• 2 is for MD5 algorithm option
• MD5 hash function - SQL Server
• CONVERT([Char](32),HASHBYTES('MD5’,
UPPER(RTRIM(RMC.CAFCUSCHN))))
• Need to minimize chance of duplicates
• 12||3||45 and 1||2||345 hash to same value
• Need a separator between each
• Example: Col1||’^’||Col2||’^’||Col3
• Need to account for NULLs too
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 Other Considerations

• To generate most consistent string: standardize!

• Convert data types
• If 'NUMBER', 'VARCHAR', ‘TEXT’
• THEN 'TO_CHAR(' || column_name || ‘)‘
• If LIKE 'DATE%‘
• THEN 'TO_CHAR(' || column_name || ', ''YYYY-MM-DD’’)‘
• If LIKE 'TIME%‘
• THEN 'TO_CHAR(' || column_name || ', ''YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'')'

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 Final Input String

(
UPPER(TRIM(T1.GENERICNAME)) ||'^'||
UPPER(TRIM(TO_CHAR(T1.MED_STRNG_AMT))) ||'^'||
UPPER(TRIM(T1.UOM_CD)) ||'^'||
UPPER(TRIM(T1.MED_FORM_NM)) ||'^'
)

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 2: Links = Associations
H HUB_CUSTOMER
H HUB_ORDER
P * MD5_HUB_CUSTOMER VARCHAR2 (32)
U * C_NAME VARCHAR2 (80) P * MD5_HUB_ORDER VARCHAR2 (32)
LDTS TIMESTAMP U * O_ORDERID INTEGER
RSCR VARCHAR2 (256) * LDTS TIMESTAMP
C_CUSTKEY INTEGER * RSCR VARCHAR2 (256)
O_ORDERKEY INTEGER
HUB_CUSTOMER_PK (MD5_HUB_CUSTOMER)
HUB_CUSTOMER__UN (C_NAME) HUB_ORDER_PK (MD5_HUB_ORDER)
HUB_ORDER__UN (O_ORDERID)

L LNK_CUSTOMER_ORDER
P * MD5_LNK_CUSTOMER_ORDER VARCHAR2 (32)
UF * MD5_HUB_CUSTOMER VARCHAR2 (32)
UF * MD5_HUB_ORDER VARCHAR2 (32)
* C_NAME VARCHAR2 (80)
* O_ORDERID INTEGER
* LDTS TIMESTAMP
* RSCR VARCHAR2 (256)
LNK_CUSTOMER_ORDER_PK (MD5_LNK_CUSTOMER_ORDER)
LNK_CUSTOMER_ORDER__UN (MD5_HUB_CUSTOMER, MD5_HUB_ORDER)
LNK_CUSTOMER_ORDER_HUB_CUSTOMER_FK (MD5_HUB_CUSTOMER)
LNK_CUSTOMER_ORDER_HUB_ORDER_FK (MD5_HUB_ORDER)

Links = Transactions and Associations

They are used to hook together multiple sets of information
In DV 2.0 the BK attributes may migrate to the Links for faster query

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© 2018 Snowflake Computing Inc. All Rights Reserved
 Modeling Links - 1:1 or 1:M?

Today Tomorrow With DV

Relationship is a 1:1 The business rule can No need to change

so change to a 1:M EDW structure
why model a Link?
You discover new Existing data is fine
data later
New data is added

© 2018 Snowflake Computing Inc. All Rights Reserved

 3. Satellites = Descriptors
S SAT_ORDER
PF * MD5_HUB_ORDER VARCHAR2 (32)
P * LDTS TIMESTAMP
O_ORDERSTATUS VARCHAR2 (1)
H HUB_ORDER O_TOTALPRICE NUMBER (12,2)
O_ORDERDATE DATE
P * MD5_HUB_ORDER VARCHAR2 (32)
O_ORDERPRIORITY VARCHAR2 (15)
U * O_ORDERID INTEGER
O_CLERK VARCHAR2 (15)
* LDTS TIMESTAMP
O_SHIPPRIORITY INTEGER
* RSRC VARCHAR2 (256)
O_COMMENT VARCHAR2 (79)
HUB_ORDER_PK (MD5_HUB_ORDER) * HASH_DIFF VARCHAR2 (32)
HUB_ORDER__UN (O_ORDERID) * RSRC VARCHAR2 (256)
SAT_ORDER_PK (MD5_HUB_ORDER, LDTS)
SAT_ORDER_HUB_ORDER_FK (MD5_HUB_ORDER)

L LNK_PART_SUPPLIER
P * MD5_LNK_PART_SUPPLIER VARCHAR2 (32)
UF * MD5_HUB_SUPPLIER VARCHAR2 (32) S SAT_LNK_PART_SUPPLIER
UF * MD5_HUB_PART VARCHAR2 (32)
PF * MD5_LNK_PART_SUPPLIER VARCHAR2 (32)
* S_NAME VARCHAR2 (80)
P * LDTS TIMESTAMP
* P_NAME VARCHAR2 (80)
PS_AVAILQTY INTEGER
* P_BRAND VARCHAR2 (80)
PS_SUPPLYCOST NUMBER (12,2)
* P_TYPE VARCHAR2 (80)
PS_COMMENT VARCHAR2 (199)
* P_SIZE INTEGER
* HASH_DIFF VARCHAR2 (32)
* P_CONTAINER VARCHAR2 (80)
* RSRC VARCHAR2 (256)
* LDTS TIMESTAMP
* RSRC VARCHAR2 (256) PK_SAT_LNK_PART_SUPPLIER (LDTS, MD5_LNK_PART_SUPPLIER)
LNK_PART_SUPPLIER_PK (MD5_LNK_PART_SUPPLIER) SAT_LNK_PART_SUPPLIER_LNK_PART_SUPPLIER_FK (MD5_LNK_PART_SUPPLIER)
LNK_PART_SUPPLIER__UN (MD5_HUB_SUPPLIER, MD5_HUB_PART)
LNK_PART_SUPPLIER_HUB_PART_FK (MD5_HUB_PART)
LNK_PART_SUPPLIER_HUB_SUPPLIER_FK (MD5_HUB_SUPPLIER)

Satellites provide context for the Hubs and the Links

Tracks changes over time - Like SCD 2
In DV 2.0 use HASH_DIFF to detect changes

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 MD5-Based Change Detection
• Think Type 2 SCD (Slowly Changing Dimensions)
• Old Way:
• Compare column by column
• Source value != Current value in DW table
• 20 columns, then 20 compares
• New Way:
• Concatenate all columns to one string
• Convert to one char(32) string with hash function
• Compare to hashed value (HASH_DIFF) in target table
• Does not matter how many columns

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 Easily Getting Current Rows

• Use the Hub/Link PK columns

• Filter on LEAD of LOAD_DTS

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 Example – Virtual Expire Date!

CASE
WHEN LEAD(stg.LOAD_DTS)
OVER (PARTITION BY stg.CDC_KEY
ORDER BY stg.LOAD_DTS) IS NULL
THEN 'Y'
ELSE 'N'
END CURR_FLG,

LEAD(stg.LOAD_DTS) OVER (PARTITION BY

stg.CDC_KEY ORDER BY stg.LOAD_DTS) EXPR_DTS

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 Foundational Keys

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 Data Vault Model Flexibility (Agility)

Highly normalized
Highly normalized
Goes beyond › › Hubs
Hubsand Links
and only
Links hold
only keys
hold and
keys meta
and data
meta data
standard 3NF › › Satellites
Satellitessplit byby
split rate ofof
rate change and/or
change source
and/or source

Enables
Enables Agile
Agiledata
data modeling
modeling
› › Easy
Easytoto
add toto
add model
modelwithout having
without toto
having change existing
change existing
structures and
structures andload routines
load routines
• •Relationships (links)
Relationships can
(links) bebe
can dropped and
dropped created
and on-demand.
created on-demand.
› › NoNo
more reloading
more history
reloading because
history ofof
because a missed requirement
a missed requirement

Not system
Not surrogate
system keys
surrogate keys
Based on natural
business keys Allows forfor
integrating data across functions
Allows integrating data across functions
and source systems more easily
and source systems more easily
› › AllAll
data relationships
data areare
relationships keykey
driven
driven

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 Data Vault Agility

Adding new components to

the EDW has NEAR ZERO
impact to existing:

Ø Loading Processes
Ø Data Model
Ø Reports & BI Functions
Ø Downstream Systems
Ø Star Schemas or Data Marts

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© 2018 Snowflake Computing Inc. All Rights Reserved
 Perhaps You Wish to Split for Security Reasons?
To THIS!
From This In Snowflake – DV “Physical” Partitioning
DV Physical
DV “Logical” Partitioning
Partitioning might split for
Snowflake DB 1 Snowflake DB 2
security reasons

Single Snowflake Database

Non-sensitive PII or sensitive data with
data a Link to non-sensitive
data

© 2018 Snowflake Computing Inc. All Rights Reserved. Snowflake Proprietary. Not for Redistribution.
© 2018 Snowflake Computing Inc. All Rights Reserved
 Productivity
• Standardized modeling rules
• Highly repeatable and learnable modeling technique
• Can standardize load routines
• Delta Driven process
• Re-startable, consistent loading patterns.
• Load multiple objects in parallel!
• Can standardize extract routines
• Rapid build of new or revised Data Marts
• Can be automated (e.g. WhereScape)
• Can use a BI-meta layer to virtualize the reporting structures
• Example: Looker using LookML semantic layer
• Example: BOBJ Universe Business Layer
• Can put views on the DV structures as well
• Simulate ODS/3NF or Star Schemas

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Productivity - Loading Less Scheduling

Non-Deterministic Keys

Deterministic Keys

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 Other Benefits of a Data Vault
• Modeling the EDW as a DV forces integration of the
Business Keys upfront
• Good for organizational alignment
• An integrated data set with raw data extends it’s
value beyond BI:
• Source for data quality projects
• Source for master data
• Source for data mining
• Source for Data as a Service (DaaS) in an SOA
(Service Oriented Architecture)

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 Other Benefits of Data Vault
• Upfront Hub integration simplifies the data integration
routines required to load data marts
• Helps divide the work a bit
• Much easier to implement security on these granular
pieces
• Granular, re-startable processes enable pin-point
failure correction
• Designed and optimized for real-time loading in its
core architecture (without any tweaks or mods)

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 Organizations Using Data Vault
• University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center
• Denver Public Schools
• Micron
• Independent Purchasing Cooperative (IPC, Miami)
• Kaplan
• US Defense Department
• Colorado Springs Utilities
• State Court of Wyoming
• Federal Express
• US Dept. of Agriculture
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 Snowflake Customers using Data Vault

Ø Aptus Health
Ø ResearchNow
Ø F+W Media
Ø Sainsbury’s

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© 2018 Snowflake Computing Inc. All Rights Reserved
 Data Vault Training & Certification

• Several Snowflake Partners offer Data Vault classes

• ScaleFree - in EMEA
• PerformanceG2 – in USA
• Empowered Holdings (Dan Linstedt) – globally
• Talk to you Snowflake account rep for contact information

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The Experts Say…
“The Data Vault is the optimal choice
for modeling the EDW in the DW 2.0
framework.” Bill Inmon

“The Data Vault is foundationally

strong and exceptionally scalable
architecture.” Stephen Brobst

“The Data Vault is a technique which some

industry experts have predicted may spark a
revolution as the next big thing in data modeling
for enterprise warehousing....” Doug Laney

© 2018 Snowflake Computing Inc. All Rights Reserved. Snowflake Proprietary. Not for Redistribution.
 References

© 2018 Snowflake Computing Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Intro ebook by
Kent Graziano:

› Available on Amazon:
http://www.amazon.com/Better-
Data-Modeling-Introduction-
Engineering-ebook /dp/
B018BREV1C/

© 2018 Snowflake Computing Inc. All Rights Reserved. Snowflake Proprietary. Not for Redistribution.
 Super Charge
Your Data Warehouse

› Available on Amazon.com

› Soft Cover or Kindle Format

› Now also available in PDF at

LearnDataVault.com

› Kent was the Technical Editor

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 New DV 2.0 Book
from Dan Linstedt
› Available on Amazon:
http://www.amazon.com/Buildin
g-Scalable-Data-Warehouse-
Vault/dp/0128025107/

© 2018 Snowflake Computing Inc. All Rights Reserved. Snowflake Proprietary. Not for Redistribution.
 Contact Information
Kent Graziano
Snowflake Computing
[email protected]
On Twitter @KentGraziano

More info at
http://snowflake.com

Visit my blog at
http://kentgraziano.com

© 2018 Snowflake Computing Inc. All Rights Reserved..

 THANK YOU

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