Galala University Fall 2024-2025

Faculty of Science Mathematics I (MAT 111)

Department of Mathematics

Lecture 1
Functions_Part 1

Dr. Sameh Basha

 Standard Sets of Numbers
• Natural numbers: ℕ = 1,2,3, … ,
• Integer numbers: ℤ = … , −3, −2, −1,0,1,2,3, …
𝑝
• Rational numbers: ℚ = { :𝑝 ∈ ℤ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 ∈ ℕ}
𝑞
• Real numbers: ℝ

2
• Notes:
• Every natural number n in ℕ also will be integer number in ℤ
• Natural numbers: ℕ = 1,2,3, … ,
• Integer numbers: ℤ = … , −3, −2, −1,0,1,2,3, …
• Notice that every integer n is also a rational number, since
we can write it as the quotient of two integers: n = n/1.

3
4
Note
• There exist some number not in ℚ and exist in the real line ℝ (i.e.,
𝑝
can not represent in the form )
𝑞
as 𝜋, 2, 5, …
• Which are called irrational numbers (ℝ\ℚ).
• ℝ = ℚ ∪ (ℝ\ℚ)

5
Equations and Inequalities
• Equations and inequalities are both mathematical sentences formed
by relating two expressions to each other.
• In an equation, the two expressions are deemed equal which is
shown by the symbol =.
• Ex: x=y.
• Ex: 3𝑥 + 5 = 11
• In an inequality, the two expressions are not necessarily equal which
is indicated by the symbols: >, <, ≤ or ≥.
• Ex: X>y, x<y, x ≥y, x ≤ y
• Ex: 3𝑥 + 5 ≤ 11

6
Equation (=) Inequality (>, <, ≤ or ≥)
• Ex: Solve the following equation: • Ex: Solve the following inequality:
(Find a value of x that satisfy the (Find all possible values of x that
equation) satisfy the inequality)
3𝑥 + 5 = 11 (Find all possible values of x that
⇒ 3𝑥 = 11 − 5 make the inequality true)
⇒ 3𝑥 = 6 3𝑥 + 5 ≤ 11
6
⇒𝑥= ⇒ 3𝑥 ≤ 11 − 5
3 ⇒ 3𝑥 ≤ 6
⇒𝑥=2 6
⇒𝑥≤
3
⇒𝑥≤2
S.s= −∞, 2
7
 Inequalities
• If a and b are real numbers, then we can say
that:
• 𝑎 < 𝑏 if 𝒃 − 𝒂 is a positive number.
• 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 if 𝒃 − 𝒂 is a non-negative number.
• If we use any of two symbols < and ≤ in a
mathematical relation this is called an Inequality.
• In an equation, the two expressions are deemed equal
which is shown by the symbol =.
8
 Inequalities Properties
• If a,b,c, and d are real numbers then:
• (i) for any two real numbers a and b one of the following is
hold: 𝒂 = 𝒃, 𝒂 < 𝒃, or 𝒂 > 𝒃
• (ii) if 𝑎 > 𝑏 and b > 𝑐 then 𝐚 > 𝒄
• (iii) if 𝑎 > 𝑏 and 𝑐 ∈ ℝ then 𝒂 + 𝒄 > 𝒃 + 𝒄
• (iv) if 𝑎 > 𝑏 and 𝑐 ∈ ℝ then 𝒂 − 𝒄 > 𝒃 − 𝒄
• (v) if 𝑎 > 𝑏 and 𝑐 > 0 then 𝒂𝒄 > 𝒃𝒄
• (vi) if 𝑎 > 𝑏 and 𝑐 < 0 then 𝒂𝒄 < 𝒃𝒄
• (vii) if 𝑎 > 𝑏 >0 then 𝟏 < 𝟏
𝒂 𝒃
9
Absolute Value Functions

• The distance from number 3 to zero is: 3

• The distance from number -3 to zero is: 3

• The absolute value of a number is the distance from the

number to zero.
𝒙, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎
• 𝒙 =ቊ
−𝒙, 𝒙 < 𝟎
• Ex:
𝟑 =𝟑, −𝟑 = 𝟑, −𝟕 = 𝟕
10
Note:
• 𝒙𝟐 = ±𝒙
𝒙, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎
• 𝒙 =ቊ
−𝒙, 𝒙 < 𝟎

• 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙

11
• 𝟑 = 𝟑 , −𝟑 = 𝟑
𝟐 𝟐
• (𝟑) = 𝟗 , (−𝟑) = 𝟗

12
 Inequalities Properties
• If a,b,c, and d are real numbers then:
• (viii) if 𝑎2 ≥ 𝑏 2 then 𝑎 ≥ 𝑏
• (ix) if 𝑎 > 𝑏 >0 then 𝒂𝟐 > 𝒃𝟐
• (x) if 0 > 𝑎 > 𝑏 then 𝒂𝟐 < 𝒃𝟐
• (xi) if 𝑎 > 𝑏 >0 then 𝒂 > 𝒃
• (xii) if 0 > 𝑎 > 𝑏 then 𝒂 < 𝒃

13
Absolute Value Functions

• The distance from number 3 to zero is: 3

• The distance from number -3 to zero is: 3

• The absolute value of a number is the distance from the

number to zero.
𝒙, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎
• 𝒙 =ቊ
−𝒙, 𝒙 < 𝟎
𝒂𝒏𝒚𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈, 𝒂𝒏𝒚𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈 ≥ 𝟎
• 𝒂𝒏𝒚𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈 = ቊ
−(𝒂𝒏𝒚𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈), 𝒂𝒏𝒚𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈 < 𝟎
14
 𝒂𝒏𝒚𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈, 𝒂𝒏𝒚𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈 ≥ 𝟎
• 𝒂𝒏𝒚𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈 = ቊ
−(𝒂𝒏𝒚𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈), 𝒂𝒏𝒚𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈 < 𝟎
• Ex:
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑, 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 ≥ 𝟎
• 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 = ቊ
−(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑), 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 < 𝟎
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑, 𝟐𝒙 ≥ 𝟑
=ቊ
−(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑), 𝟐𝒙 < 𝟑
𝟑 𝟑
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑, 𝒙≥ 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑, 𝒙≥
= 𝟐= 𝟐
𝟑 𝟑
𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙, 𝒙< −(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑), 𝒙<
𝟐 𝟐

15
Theorem
• Let 𝑎 > 0, then
𝒙 ≤𝒂 ⟹ −𝒂≤𝒙≤𝒂
𝒙 > 𝒂 ⟹ 𝒙 > 𝒂 𝑶𝑹 𝒙 < −𝒂

16
• Ex: Solve the following inequalities:
• 2𝑥 − 3 < 5
• Sol:
• 2𝑥 − 3 < 5
• ⇒ −5 < 2𝑥 − 3 < 5
• ⇒ −5 + 3 < 2𝑥 < 5 + 3
• ⇒ −2 < 2𝑥 < 8
−2 8
•⇒ <𝑥<
2 2
• ⇒ −1 < 𝑥 < 4
• 𝑆. 𝑠 = −1,4

17
• Ex: Solve the following inequalities:
• 2𝑥 − 3 ≥ 5
• Sol:
• 2𝑥 − 3 ≥ 5
• ⇒ 2𝑥 − 3 ≥ 5 OR 2𝑥 − 3 ≤ −5
• ⇒ 2𝑥 ≥ 5 +3 OR 2𝑥 ≤ −5+3
• ⇒ 2𝑥 ≥ 8 OR 2𝑥 ≤ −2
8 −2
•⇒𝑥 ≥ OR 𝑥≤
2 2
•⇒ 𝑥≥4 OR 𝑥 ≤ −1
• 𝑆. 𝑠 = −∞, −1 ∪ 4, ∞
• 𝑆. 𝑠 = ℝ − −1,4

18
• Ex: Solve the following inequalities:
• 2𝑥 + 3 ≤ 4
• Sol:
• 2𝑥 + 3 ≤ 4
• ⇒ −4 ≤ 2𝑥 + 3 ≤ 4
• ⇒ −7 ≤ 2𝑥 ≤ 1
−7 1
• ⇒ ≤𝑥 ≤
2 2
−7 1
• S.s= ,
2 2

19
• Ex: Solve the following inequalities:
• 2𝑥 + 3 > 7
• Sol:
• 2𝑥 + 3 > 7
• ⇒ 2𝑥 + 3 > 7 OR 2𝑥 + 3 < −7
• ⇒ 2𝑥 > 4 OR 2𝑥 < −10
•⇒𝑥>2 OR 𝑥 < −5
• S.s= −∞, −5 ∪ 2, ∞
• =ℝ − −5,2

20
Theorem
• Let 𝑎 > 0, then
𝒙 ≤𝒂 ⟹ −𝒂 ≤𝒙≤𝒂
𝒙 > 𝒂 ⟹ 𝒙 > 𝒂 𝑶𝑹 𝒙 < −𝒂

• Note:
• 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙
• (𝒂𝒏𝒚𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈)𝟐 = 𝒂𝒏𝒚𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈

21
Example: Solve the following inequalities:
• 1- 2𝑥 − 1 < 5
• 2- 5𝑥 + 2 ≥ 3
• 3- 2𝑥 + 3 ≤ 4
• 4- 3 𝑥 2 − 1 < 7

22
Function

23
Function
• Overview: Functions are fundamental to the study of calculus.
• In this chapter we review what functions are and how they
are visualized as graphs, how they are combined and
transformed, and ways they can be classified.
• Functions are a tool for describing the real world in
mathematical terms.
• A function can be represented by an equation (algebraically),
a graph, a numerical table, or a verbal description.

24
Definition

25
Function
• A function is a rule that assign to each element 𝑥 in a
set 𝐷 exactly one element 𝑦 in a set 𝐸.

26
Function
• A function is a rule that assign to each element 𝑥 in a
set 𝐷 exactly one element 𝑦 in a set 𝐸.

27
Function
D E D E
1
1 1
1 4
2 2
4 5
3 3
5 8
4 4
9

Not Function Not Function

D E D E
1 1
1 1
2 4
4 2
3 5
5 4
4 7

Function Function 28
Function
• A function is a rule that assign to each element 𝑥 in a
set 𝐷 exactly one element 𝑦 in a set 𝐸.

29
Function

D E
Domain f 1 1
Co-domain f
= Df 2 4
3 5
4 8

30
Function

D E
Domain f 1
1 Co-domain f
= Df 4
2 = 𝟏, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟖, 𝟏𝟎
5
3
= 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑 , 𝟒 8
4
10 Range f
= Rf
= 𝟏 , 𝟒, 𝟓 , 𝟖

31
 Function
D E D E
Domain f = Df = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒 Domain f = Df = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒 1
1 1 1
4
2 4 2
Co-domain f = 𝟏, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟖 Co-domain f = 𝟏, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟖, 𝟏𝟐 5
3 5 3
8
4 8 4
Range f = Rf = 𝟏, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟖 Range f = Rf = 𝟏, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟖 12

Function Function
D E D E
Domain f = Df = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒 1
1 1
1 4
Co-domain f = 2 2
𝟏, 𝟒, 𝟓
4 5
3 3
5 8
4 4
Range f = Rf = 𝟏, 𝟒, 𝟓 9

Function Not Function

32
Function

Co-domain f =
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟖, 𝟐𝟎
1
3
Domain f = Df = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒
4 Range f = Rf = 𝟑, 𝟔, 𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟖
1
5
2
6
3
11
4
18
20

33
Function

𝟏 Generally,
𝒇 𝒙 = Domain f = Df=ℝ − {𝟐}
𝒙−𝟐 −𝟏
Domain f = Df = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟒
0 𝟐
1
3 -1
4
1

2 𝟏
𝟐
34
Domain function
• Generally, Domain the function 𝑓(𝑥) is the set of all
possible values of the input 𝑥 that acceptable by the
function 𝑓(𝑥).
• (i.e., that can be processed by the function 𝑓(𝑥) ).
• 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ − {𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 (𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝑥))}

Points that make the Points that make the

denominator = zero value inside the
square root is negative

35
Function

𝟏
𝒇 𝒙 =
𝒙−𝟐

Domain f = Df=ℝ − {𝟐}

36
Example: Find 𝐷𝑓
• 1- 𝑓 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑥 2
• 2- 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 9
1
• 3- f(x)=
𝑥−4
1
• 4- 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥 2 +2
• 5- 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 2

37
Example: Find 𝐷𝑓
• 1- 𝑓 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑥 2
• Answer:
• The function 𝑓(𝑥) to be defined should:
• 4 − 𝑥2 ≥ 0
• ⟹ 4 ≥ 𝑥2
• ⟹ 𝑥 2≤ 4
•⟹ 𝑥 ≤2
• ⟹ −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
• 𝐷𝑓 = −2,2

38
Example: Find 𝐷𝑓
• 2- 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 9
• Answer:
• The function 𝑓(𝑥) to be defined should:
• 𝑥2 − 9 ≥ 0
• ⇒ 𝑥 2≥ 9
•⇒ 𝑥 ≥3
• ⇒ 𝑥 ≥ 3 𝑂𝑅 𝑥 ≤ −3
• 𝐷𝑓 = −∞, −3 ∪ 3, ∞
• = ℝ − −3,3

39
Example: Find 𝐷𝑓
1
• 3- f(x)= Draft:
𝑥−4
• Answer: 𝒙−𝟒=𝟎
⇒𝒙=𝟒
• 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ − 4

40
Example: Find 𝐷𝑓
1
• 4- 𝑓 𝑥 = Draft:
𝑥 2 +2
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
• Answer:
⇒ 𝒙𝟐 = −𝟐
• ∵ 𝑥 2 + 2 ≠ 0, ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ Impossible
• ∴ 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ

41
Example: Find 𝐷𝑓
• 5- 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2
• Answer:
• 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ, Since it is a polynomial

42
Example: Find Df and Rf:
• 1- 𝑓 𝑥 = 9 − 𝑥 2
• 2- 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4
• 3- f(x)=1 − 3 9 − 𝑥 2
• 4- f(x)=1 − 3 2𝑥 2 − 1
• 5- 𝑓 𝑥 = 4− 𝑥
1
• 6- 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥−4
1
• 7- 𝑓 𝑥 =
4+𝑥 2

43
Example: Find Df and Rf:
• 1- 𝑓 𝑥 = 9 − 𝑥 2 • To find 𝑅𝑓 : Let 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑓
• Answer: • ⟹ −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
• The function 𝑓(𝑥) to be defined • ⟹ 0 ≤ 𝑥2 ≤ 9
should: • ⟹ 0 ≥ −𝑥 2 ≥ −9
• 9 − 𝑥2 ≥ 0 • ⟹ −9 ≤ −𝑥 2 ≤ 0
• ⟹ 9 ≥ 𝑥2 • ⟹ 0 ≤ 9 − 𝑥2 ≤ 9
• ⟹ 𝑥 2≤ 9 • ⟹ 0 ≤ 9 − 𝑥2 ≤ 3
•⟹ 𝑥 ≤3 • ⟹ 0 ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 3
• ⟹ −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3 • ⟹ 𝑅𝑓 = 0,3
• ⟹ 𝐷𝑓 = −3,3
44
Note:

If −𝟑 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑
⟹ 𝟗 ≤ 𝒙𝟐 ≤ 𝟗

If −𝟑 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑
⟹ 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙𝟐 ≤ 𝟗

45
Note:

If −𝟑 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑
⟹𝟑≤ 𝒙 ≤𝟑

If −𝟑 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑
⟹𝟎≤ 𝒙 ≤𝟑

46
Example: Find Df and Rf:
• 1- 𝑓 𝑥 = 9 − 𝑥 2
• 𝐷𝑓 = −3,3
• 𝑅𝑓 = 0,3

47
Example: Find Df and Rf:
• 2- 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4 • To find 𝑅𝑓 : Let 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑓
• Answer: • ⟹ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − −2,2
• The function 𝑓(𝑥) to be defined •⟹ 𝑥 ≥2
should: • ⟹ 𝑥2 ≥ 4
• 𝑥2 − 4 ≥ 0 • ⟹ 𝑥2 − 4 ≥ 0
• ⟹ 𝑥2 ≥ 4 • ⟹ 𝑥2 − 4 ≥ 0
•⟹ 𝑥 ≥2 • ⟹ 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0
• ⟹ 𝑥 ≥ 2 𝑂𝑅 𝑥 ≤ −2 • ⟹ 𝑅𝑓 = 0, ∞
• ⟹ 𝐷𝑓 = −∞, −2 ∪ 2, ∞
• ⟹ 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ − −2,2

48
Example: Find Df and Rf:
• 2- 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4
• 𝐷𝑓 = −∞, −2 ∪ 2, ∞
• ⟹ 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ − −2,2
• 𝑅𝑓 = 0, ∞

49
Example: Find Df and Rf: • To find 𝑅𝑓 : Let 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑓
• 3- f(x)=1 − 3 9 − 𝑥 2 • ⟹ −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
• Answer: • ⟹ 0 ≤ 𝑥2 ≤ 9
• ⟹ 0 ≥ −𝑥 2 ≥ −9
• The function 𝑓(𝑥) to be
defined should: • ⟹ −9 ≤ −𝑥 2 ≤ 0
• ⟹ 0 ≤ 9 − 𝑥2 ≤ 9
• 9 − 𝑥2 ≥ 0 • ⟹ 0 ≤ 9 − 𝑥2 ≤ 3
• ⟹ 9 ≥ 𝑥2 • ⟹ 0 ≤ 3 9 − 𝑥2 ≤ 9
• ⟹ 𝑥2 ≤ 9 • ⟹ 0 ≥ −3 9 − 𝑥 2 ≥ −9
• ⟹ −9 ≤ −3 9 − 𝑥 2 ≤ 0
•⟹ 𝑥 ≤3
• ⟹ −8 ≤ 1 − 3 9 − 𝑥 2 ≤ 1
• ⟹ −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3 • ⟹ −8 ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 1
• ⟹ 𝐷𝑓 = −3,3 • ⟹ 𝑅𝑓 = −8,1

50
Example: Find Df and Rf:
• 3- f(x)=1 − 3 9 − 𝑥 2
• 𝐷𝑓 = −3,3
• 𝑅𝑓 = −8,1

51
Example: Find Df and Rf:
• To find 𝑅𝑓 : Let 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑓
• 4- f(x)=1 − 3 2𝑥 2
−1
1 1
• Answer: • ⟹𝑥 ∈ℝ− − ,
2 2
• The function 𝑓(𝑥) to be defined should: • ⟹ 𝑥 ≥
1
2
• 2𝑥 2 − 1 ≥ 0 1
• ⟹ 𝑥2 ≥
• ⟹ 2𝑥 2 ≥1 2
1 • ⟹ 2𝑥 2 ≥ 1
• ⟹ 𝑥2≥
2
1
• ⟹ 2𝑥 2 − 1 ≥ 0
• ⟹ 𝑥 ≥
2 • ⟹ 2𝑥 2 − 1 ≥ 0
1 1
• ⟹ 𝑥≥ 𝑂𝑅 𝑥 ≤− • ⟹ 2𝑥 2 − 1 ≥ 0
2 2
1 1
• ⟹ 𝐷𝑓 = −∞, − ∪ ,∞ • ⟹ −3 2𝑥 2 − 1 ≤ 0
2 2
1 1 • ⟹ 1 − 3 2𝑥 2 − 1 ≤ 1
• ⟹ 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ − − ,
2 2
• ⟹ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 1
• ⟹ 𝑅𝑓 = −∞, 1

52
Example: Find Df and Rf:
• 4- f(x)=1 − 3 2𝑥 2 − 1
1 1
• 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ − − ,
2 2
• 𝑅𝑓 = −∞, 1

53
Example: Find Df and Rf:
• 5- 𝑓 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑥 • To find 𝑅𝑓 : Let 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑓
• Answer: • ⟹ −4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4
• The function 𝑓(𝑥) to be defined •⟹0≤ 𝑥 ≤4
should: • ⟹ 0 ≥ − 𝑥 ≥ −4
• ⟹4− 𝑥 ≥0 • ⟹ −4 ≤ − 𝑥 ≤ 0
•⟹4≥ 𝑥 • ⟹0≤4− 𝑥 ≤4
•⟹ 𝑥 ≤4 • ⟹0≤ 4− 𝑥 ≤2
• ⟹ −4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4 • ⟹ 0 ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 2
• ⟹ 𝐷𝑓 = −4,4 • ⟹ 𝑅𝑓 = 0,2

54
Example: Find Df and Rf:
• 5- 𝑓 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑥
• 𝐷𝑓 = −4,4
• 𝑅𝑓 = 0,2

55
Example: Find Df and Rf:
1
• 6- 𝑓 𝑥 = • To find 𝑅𝑓 : Let 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑓
𝑥−4
• Answer: Note:
• ⟹𝑥 ∈ℝ− 4
• ⟹ 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ − 4
𝑥−4=0 • ⟹ 𝑥 ∈ −∞, 4 ∪ 4, ∞
𝑥=4
𝑥 ∈ −∞, 4 𝑥 ∈ 4, ∞
• ⟹ 𝐷𝑓 = −∞, 4 ∪ 4, ∞ ⟹ −∞ < 𝑥 < 4 ⟹4<𝑥<∞
⟹ −∞ < 𝑥 − 4 < 0 ⟹0<𝑥−4<∞
1 1
⟹0> ≻ −∞ ⟹∞> >0
𝑥−4 𝑥−4
1 1
⟹ −∞ < <0 ⟹0< <∞
𝑥−4 𝑥−4
⟹ −∞ < 𝑓(𝑥) < 0 ⟹ 0 < 𝑓(𝑥) < ∞

• ⟹ 𝑓(𝑥) ∈ ℝ − 0
• ⟹ 𝑅𝑓 = ℝ − 0
56
Example: Find Df and Rf:
1
• 6- 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥−4
• ⟹ 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ − 4
• ⟹ 𝐷𝑓 = −∞, 4 ∪ 4, ∞
• ⟹ 𝑅𝑓 = ℝ − 0

57
Example: Find Df and Rf:
1
• 7- 𝑓 𝑥 = • To find 𝑅𝑓 : Let 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑓
4+𝑥 2
• Answer: •⟹𝑥∈ℝ
• ∵ 4 + 𝑥 2 ≠ 0; ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ • ⟹ −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞
• ⟹ 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ Note: • ⟹ 0 ≤ 𝑥2 < ∞
2
4 + 𝑥 =0
𝑥 2= − 4 • ⟹ 4 ≤ 4 + 𝑥2 < ∞
Impossible 1 1
•⟹ ≥ >0
4 4+𝑥 2
1 1
•⟹ 0< 2 ≤
4+𝑥 4
1
•⟹ 0 < 𝑓(𝑥) ≤
4
1
•⟹ 𝑅𝑓 = 0,
4
58
Example: Find Df and Rf:
1
• 7- 𝑓 𝑥 =
4+𝑥 2
• ⟹ 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ
1
• ⟹ 𝑅𝑓 = 0,
4

59
Theorem
• Let 𝑎 > 0, then
𝒙 ≤𝒂 ⟹ −𝒂 ≤𝒙≤𝒂
𝒙 > 𝒂 ⟹ 𝒙 > 𝒂 𝑶𝑹 𝒙 < −𝒂

• Note:
• 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙
• (𝒂𝒏𝒚𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈)𝟐 = 𝒂𝒏𝒚𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈

60
• The graph of a function is a curve in the xy-plane.
• But the question arises:
• Which curves in the xy-plane are graphs of functions?

61
The Vertical Line Test

•A curve in the xy-plane is the graph of a

function of x
•If and only if
No vertical line intersects the curve
more than once.

62
The Vertical Line Test
• A curve in the xy-plane is the graph of a function of x if
and only if no vertical line intersects the curve more than once.

63
Four Ways to Represent a Function
• There are four possible ways to represent a function:
● verbally (by a description in words)
● numerically (by a table of values)
● visually (by a graph)
● algebraically (by an explicit formula)

64
Four Ways to Represent a Function
• A. Verbally:
• The cost C of mailing an envelope depends on its weight w. Although there is no simple
formula that connects w and C, the post offie has a rule for determining C when w is known.
• Numerically:
• The human population of the world P depends on the time t. The table gives estimates of
the world population P(t) at time t, for certain years. For instance, P(1950)= 2,560,000,000
• Graphically:
• The vertical acceleration a of the ground as measured by a seismograph during an
earthquake is a function of the elapsed time t.
• Algebrically:
• The area A of a circle depends on the radius
2
r of the circle. The rule that connects r
and A is given by the equation 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 .

65
piecewise Defined Functions
• The functions in the following four examples are defied by different
formulas in different parts of their domains.
• Such functions are called piecewise defied functions.

66