Sub: Ele. Machine & Instruments Prof.

Sandesh Berde

Unit. 3 Special Purpose Machine

Q) Explain the Construction & working principle of Stepper motor.

Ans: A stepper motor is an electromechanical device that converts electrical pulses into discrete
mechanical movements. Unlike other motors, it moves in precise steps rather than continuous rotation,
making it ideal for applications requiring precise position and speed control.

Construction:

 The rotor consists of permanent magnet poles of high retentivity steel and is cylindrical in shape.
 The concentrating windings on diametrically opposite poles are connected in series to form a two
phase winding on the stator.
 The rotor poles align with the stator teeth depending on the excitation of the winding.
 The two coils AA‟ connected in series to form a winding of Phase A with terminals A 1 and A 2 .
Similarly the two coil BB‟ is connected in series forming a phase B windings with terminals B 1 and
B2.

Operation:

1. In figure (a) the phase A is excited, causing current iA flowing from A 1 to A 2 of phase A, whereas
phase B is not excited.
2. Due to the current iA the poles are created on stator as shown. The south pole of the rotor is
attracted by the north pole of stator phase A. Thus, the magnetic axis of the stator and rotor
coincide and α = 0:.
3. In figure (b) the phase B is excited, causing current i B flowing from B 1 to B 2 of phase B, whereas
phase A is not excited.
4. Due to the current iB the poles are created on stator as shown. The south pole of the rotor is
attracted by the north p
5. Thus, the magnetic axis of the stator and rotor coincide and α = 90:.
6. Similarly, if phase A alone is excited with reversed current i A , the rotor moves
when the magnetic axis of the stator and rotor coincide, we get α = 180:.
7.
when the magnetic axis of the stator and rotor coincide, we get α = 270:.
8. In this way, the sequential excitation of phases A and B with forward and reverse current, the rotor
Sub: Ele. Machine & Instruments Prof. Sandesh Berde

9. It is also possible

Applications of Stepper Motors

Stepper motors are widely used in applications requiring precise position, speed, and directional control.
Some of the key applications include:

 3D Printers:
 CNC Machines:
 Robotics
 Medical Equipment:
 Camera and Telescope Positioning.
 Automotive:.
 Textile and Packaging Machines:

Q.) Explain construction and working of variable Reluctance motor.

Ans:

Construction:

 The reluctance motor has basically two main parts called stator and rotor. the stator has a
laminated construction, made up of stampings.
 It consist of main winding & auxillary winding.
 The rotor in this motor does not include any field winding.
 The rotor has a particular shape. Due to its shape, the air gap between stator and rotor is not
uniform. No d.c supply is given to the rotor. The rotor is free to rotate.

Working:

1. When stator winding is supplied with 1 phase supply, rotor starts rotating near synchronous speed
as a squirrel cage induction motor.
2. When the rotor speed is about synchronous, stator magnetic field pulls rotor into synchronism i.e.
minimum reluctance position and keeps it magnetically locked.
3. Then rotor continues to rotate with a speed equal to synchronous speed.
4. Such a torque exerted on the rotor is called the reluctance torque. Thus finally the reluctance
motor runs as a synchronous motor.
Sub: Ele. Machine & Instruments Prof. Sandesh Berde

Applications of Reluctance Motor:

 Signalling Devices
 Recording Instruments
 Clocks
 All timing devices
 Teleprinters
 Gramophones
Reluctance Motor Advantages:
1) No d.c. supply is necessary for the rotor. 2) Constant speed characteristics.
3) Robust construction. 4) Less maintenance.
Reluctance Motor Disadvantages:
1) Less efficiency 2) Poor power factor
3) Need of very low inertia rotor 4) Less capacity to drive the loads

Q.) Explain construction and working of AC servomotor.

Ans:

Construction of AC Servo Motor:

 AC servo motor is mainly composed of a stator and a rotor.

 Laminated stator core is usually made of silicon steel.
 Two phase windings are placed in the stator slots at 90 degree electrically apart from each other.
 One phase winding is the field winding and the other is the control winding.
 The rotor is squirrel cage type or drag cup type rotor.

Working of AC Servo Motor:

1. These motors are used for position control or in servo mechanisms, hence are termed as
servomotors.
2. A voltage V m is applied to the main or reference winding at zero angle, while V a is the voltage
applied to control winding which controls the torque-speed
3. space displacement of the two difference between
the voltages applied to them result in production of rotating magnetic field in the air gap.
4. This rotating magnetic field is cut by rotor conductors and emf is induced in them.
Sub: Ele. Machine & Instruments Prof. Sandesh Berde

5. Since rotor is short-circuited, the rotor currents flow. The interaction between rotor currents and
rotating magnetic field results in force (or torque) acting on rotor. Due to the force or torque acting
on the rotor, hence motor starts to rotate.

Applications of Servomotor:

1) Computers 2) Robotics and toys

3) CD/DVD players 4) Textile industries

5) Instrument servos 6) Tracking and guidance system

7) Self-balancing recorders 8) Remote positioning devices

9) Process controllers 10) Electromechanical actuators

11) Air-craft control system 12) Programming device

Q.) Explain construction and working of Hysteresis Motor.

Ans: A hysteresis motor is a type of synchronous motor that relies on the magnetic hysteresis effect to
generate torque. It is unique due to its simple construction, quiet operation, and ability to start smoothly
without requiring a separate starting mechanism.

Construction of a Hysteresis Motor: Its main components are:

1. Stator:
o The stator is similar to that of an induction motor and has a laminated structure with
windings arranged to create a rotating magnetic field.
o It is powered by an AC supply, generating a rotating magnetic field in the motor.
2. Rotor:
o The rotor is a smooth, cylindrical structure made of a high-retentivity (high-hysteresis)
magnetic material such as hardened steel or an alloy.
o The rotor does not have any windings or permanent magnets; it relies entirely on the
magnetic hysteresis properties of the material to produce torque.
o The rotor’s high hysteresis material retains some magnetism even after the external
magnetic field is removed, which is critical for the motor’s operation.
Sub: Ele. Machine & Instruments Prof. Sandesh Berde

Working Principle of a Hysteresis Motor

The operation of a hysteresis motor is based on two key principles: induced eddy currents and hysteresis
in the rotor material. Here’s how it works:

1. Starting and Synchronizing Torque Generation:

o When AC power is applied to the stator, it produces a rotating magnetic field. As the field
sweeps over the rotor, it induces eddy currents and magnetizes the rotor material.
o Due to the hysteresis property of the rotor material, the rotor magnetization lags behind the
stator’s rotating magnetic field, producing a torque that causes the rotor to start rotating.
o The motor initially operates as an induction motor, with the rotor accelerating to near-
synchronous speed.
2. Hysteresis Effect and Locking into Synchrony:
o As the rotor nears synchronous speed, the hysteresis torque (resulting from the lagging
magnetic alignment) becomes the primary source of torque.
o The rotor “locks” into synchrony with the stator’s rotating field, achieving synchronous
speed and remaining magnetized in synchrony with the stator field.
o Since there is no relative motion between the rotor and stator fields, eddy currents
decrease, and the motor operates as a synchronous motor.

Applications of Hysteresis Motors

1. Clocks and Timers:

2. Tape Recorders and Audio Equipment:
3. Optical Instruments:
4. Medical Equipment:
5. Small Appliances:

Q.) Explain construction and working of Repulsion Motor.

A repulsion motor is a type of single-phase AC motor that operates based on the principle of repulsion
between two magnetic fields, one in the stator and the other in the rotor. This motor is unique because it
provides high starting torque, making it suitable for applications requiring a strong initial push.
Sub: Ele. Machine & Instruments Prof. Sandesh Berde

Construction of a Repulsion Motor :following are the main components:

1. Stator:
o The stator has a single-phase winding similar to an induction motor, which is connected to
an AC power supply.
o This winding creates a magnetic field when the AC power is applied.
2. Rotor:
oThe rotor resembles that of a DC motor, with a distributed winding and a commutator with
brushes.
o The brushes are short-circuited (often through a low-resistance connection) to allow current
to flow through the rotor windings.
3. Brushes and Commutator:
o Brushes make contact with the commutator, allowing current to flow in the rotor winding,
thereby producing a magnetic field in the rotor.
o In many designs, the brushes are not connected to an external power source but are instead
short-circuited, allowing current induced in the rotor windings by stator flux to flow freely.

Working Principle of a Repulsion Motor: The repulsion motor operates on the principle of repulsion
between two magnetic fields (stator and rotor)

1. Generation of Stator Magnetic Field:

o When an AC voltage is applied to the stator winding, it produces an alternating magnetic
field in the stator.
2. Induction of Rotor Current:
o The alternating magnetic field induces a current in the rotor windings due to
electromagnetic induction.
o The rotor, due to the short-circuited brushes, acts similarly to a short-circuited transformer
secondary coil.
3. Magnetic Repulsion:
o The current flowing in the rotor windings generates a magnetic field around the rotor. This
field interacts with the stator’s magnetic field.
o Since the stator and rotor fields are arranged at an angle to each other, they create a
repulsive force that causes the rotor to turn.
4. Self-Starting and Rotation:
o The interaction between the two magnetic fields generates a torque that causes the rotor to
rotate.
o By adjusting the position of the brushes, the direction of the rotor field relative to the stator
field can be optimized for maximum starting torque and direction control.

Applications of Repulsion Motors

 Heavy-Duty Fans and Blowers

 Compressors
 Pumps
 Industrial Machines:

Q.) Compare Stepper motor & Servo motor any 10 points

Sub: Ele. Machine & Instruments Prof. Sandesh Berde

Feature Stepper Motor Servo Motor

Stepper motors move in discrete steps, with Servo motors provide continuous rotation
Operating
each step corresponding to a specific angle of and can be precisely controlled over a full
Principle
rotation. range of motion using feedback.

Closed-loop control (requires feedback,

Open-loop control (no feedback needed) or
typically from an encoder or resolver) to
Control Method closed-loop (with feedback). Operates in
monitor and adjust position, speed, and
discrete steps (usually 1.8° per step).
torque.
Excellent for precise positioning with steps Provides precise control of position, speed,
Position Control (no need for external feedback in open-loop and torque through feedback, ensuring
control). accurate movement.
Speed is directly related to the step rate, and Can run at very high speeds and can be
Speed Control the motor does not provide high-speed controlled for both high and low speeds with
operation as efficiently as a servo. smooth operation.
Generally provides a constant torque
Torque Provides high torque at low speeds but loses
throughout its speed range (depending on
Characteristics torque as speed increases.
the type of motor).
More efficient at higher speeds and under
Less efficient than servo motors, particularly
Efficiency varying load conditions due to feedback-
at higher speeds.
based control.
Good precision with discrete steps, but may
Very precise with feedback, ensuring
Accuracy and lose accuracy due to mechanical play
accurate positioning and high performance
Precision (backlash) or step loss under high load or
even at high speeds or under varying load.
speed.
More expensive due to the additional
Generally less expensive and simpler to
Cost components like encoders and feedback
operate.
systems.
Simpler design with fewer components and More complex design with feedback
Complexity no feedback system (in open-loop mechanisms (encoders, resolvers),
applications). controllers, and motor drivers.