GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL ENGINEERING (17)

Bachelor of Engineering
Subject Code: 3131705
Semester – III
Subject Name: Dynamics of Linear Systems

Type of course: Basic Science

(Basic course for the foundation of signals and systems for control engineering.)

Prerequisite: Basic knowledge of integration, differentiation and complex numbers.

Rationale: This course will provide the students (i) understanding of the mathematical description of
continuous and discrete time signals and systems, (ii) to classify signals into different categories, (iii) to
analyze Linear Time Invariant (LTI) systems in time and transform domains, and (iv) to build foundation
for understanding of courses such as control system and signal processing.

Teaching and Examination Scheme:

Teaching Scheme Credits Examination Marks Total

L T P C Theory Marks Practical Marks Marks
ESE (E) PA (M) ESE (V) PA (I)
4 0 2 5 70 30 30 20 150

Content:

Sr. No. Content Total

Hrs

1 Classification of Signals and Systems 5

Introduction to signals and systems: Continuous Time (CT) and Discrete Time (DT)
signals, Periodic and Aperiodic signals, Even and Odd signals, Energy and Power signals,
Deterministic and Random signals.
Standard signals: Impulse, Step, Ramp, Pulse, Real and Complex exponential and
Sinusoidal.
Classification of systems: CT and DT, Memory and Memoryless, Casual and Noncasual,
Inverse, Stable and Unstable, Time-variant and Time-invariant, Linear and Non linear
systems.
2 Linear Time Invariant (LTI) systems 7
Discrete time LTI systems, Continuous time LTI systems, Properties of LTI systems.
3 Fourier Series Representation of Periodic Signals 9
Introduction, A historical perspective, The response of LTI systems to complex
exponentials, Fourier series representation of continuous time periodic signals and discrete
time periodic signals, Properties of CT Fourier series and DT Fourier series, Fourier series
and LTI systems, Filtering, Examples of CT filters described by differential equations.

4 The Continuous Time Fourier Transform (CTFT) 8

Introduction, Representation of aperiodic signals – CTFT, Fourier transform for periodic
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w.e.f. AY 2018-19
 GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL ENGINEERING (17)
Bachelor of Engineering
Subject Code: 3131705
signals, Properties of CTFT, Convolution property.

5 The Discrete Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) 8

Introduction, Representation of aperiodic signals, Fourier transform for periodic signals,
Properties of DTFT, Convolution property.
6 The Laplace Transform (Review) 3
Introduction, Definition, Region of convergence (ROC), Inverse Laplace transform,
Properties of the Laplace transform, Analysis and characterization of LTI systems using
the Laplace transform: Causality, Stability.
7 The Z-Transform 8
Introduction, Definition, Region of convergence (ROC), Inverse z-transform, Geometric
evaluation of the Fourier transform from the pole-zero plot of First order and Second order
systems, Properties of the Z-transform, Analysis and characterization of LTI systems using
Z-transform, System function algebra and block diagram representations.

Suggested Specification table with Marks (Theory):

Distribution of Theory Marks

R Level U Level A Level N Level E Level C Level

0 to 10 10 to 21 21 14 14 -

Legends: R: Remembrance; U: Understanding; A: Application, N: Analyze and E: Evaluate C:

Create and above Levels (Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy)

Note: This specification table shall be treated as a general guideline for students and teachers. The actual
distribution of marks in the question paper may vary slightly from above table.

Reference Books:

1. Signals & Systems, Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan S. Willsky and S. Hamid Nawab, Second Edition,
PHI publications.
2. Signals and Sytems, Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition,
2004.
3. Signal and Linear System Analysis, Gordon E. Carlson, Allied Publishers Limited.
4. Signals and Systems, A Anandkumar, PHI publications.
5. Signals and Systems, S Poornachandra and B Sasikala, McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Course Outcomes:

Sr. CO statement Marks %

No. weightage
After successful completion of course students will be able to

Page 2 of 3

w.e.f. AY 2018-19
 GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL ENGINEERING (17)
Bachelor of Engineering
Subject Code: 3131705
CO-1 classify various types of signals and systems, and perform various operations on 15
them.

CO-2 analyze CT and DT systems in time domain using convolution. 20

CO-3 use transforms for the analysis of signals and systems in continuous and discrete 40
time domain.

CO-4 analyze DT systems using z-transforms. 25

List of Experiments:

Write the programs in MATLAB/Scilab

1. Generate an impulse, step, and square waveforms in continuous and discrete domain.
2. Generate sinusoidal waveforms of different frequencies in continuous and discrete domain.
Understand the difference between CT and DT waveforms.
3. Generate growing exponential, decaying exponential, and exponentially damped sinusoidal signals.
4. Find the discrete/continuous convolution between two sequences/signals. Verify the commutative,
distributive and associative properties of convolution.
5. Perform folding, shifting and scaling on a given signal x(t) to obtain a signal of the form x(at+b).
6. Find the output of the system with given input (e.g. x[n]=2 {u[n+2] – u[n-12]}) and given impulse
response ( e.g. h[n]= 0.9n {u[n+2] – u[n-12] }.
7. Obtain the impulse response h[n] of the systems.
8. Compute FT and DTFT of the continuous time signals and discrete time sequences.
9. Find the partial fraction expansion of the given z-transform.
10. Given an LTI system with transfer function, plot its (i) pole-zero plot in the z-plane and (ii)
frequency response.
11. Convert pole-zero gain form of z-transform to second order systems.

Major Equipment:
Computer Lab
MATLAB/Scilab software

List of Open Source Software/learning website:

1. MIT open courseware, Signals and Systems, Prof. Dennis Freeman

https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-003-signals-and-
systems-fall-2011/lecture-videos/

2. NPTEL lectures on signals and systems.

Page 3 of 3

w.e.f. AY 2018-19
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTER– III (NEW) EXAMINATION – SUMMER 2022
Subject Code:3131705 Date:13-07-2022
Subject Name:Dynamics of Linear Systems
Time:02:30 PM TO 05:00 PM Total Marks:70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
4. Simple and non-programmable scientific calculators are allowed.
Marks

Q.1 (a) Find the DTFT of x(n) = 2n u(n) 03

(b) Explain the Standard test input Signal in brief. 04
(c) Find the Convolution of x1(n) and x2(n).when 07
x1(n) = { 1,-1, 2, 3, 0, 1} for -1≤ n≤ 4 & x2(n) = { 1, 0,-2, 2, 3,1} for -2≤ n≤3.
333.
Q.2 (a) Explain the Basic Operation on Discrete time Signal. 03
(b) List the merit and limitation of Fourier transform. 04
(c) Give a broad Classification of System. 07
OR
(c) Input sequence x(n) = {2 -1, 3,-1,2,3,1,1} for -3≤ n≤ 4 07
Find: 1. x (-n+2)u(n) 2. x (n+3)u(-n) 3. x (-n-1)u(-n+2).

Q.3 (a) Find the zero input response of system of second order Difference equation: 07
y(n) - 0.9y(n-1) = 0.5 + (0.9)n-1 , with initial condition y(-1) = 5.
(b) Explain the Properties of Continues time LTI System. 07
OR
Q.3 (a) Discuss Various Properties of Convolution Integral. 03
(b) Find the Convolution of x1 = {1, -1, 2, 0} & x2 ={-1, 0, 1, 1}. 04
(c) Discuss the Properties of Discrete time Fourier Series in brief. 07

Q.4 (a) State and prove Frequency Shifting and Time Reversal Property of Discrete- 03
time Fourier Transform.
(b) Determine the Periodic Signal whose fundamental frequency is 3π and 04
1 1 1
Fourier Coefficient are a0 = 1, a1 = a-1 = 2 , a2 = a-2 = 3 , a3 = a-3= 4 .
(c) Compute the Laplace transform of x (t) = (t2 – 2t) u (t-1). 07
OR
Q.4 (a) State and prove Time shifting and Time scaling Property of Continues - time 03
Fourier Series.
(b) Find the Discrete time Fourier Coefficient for 04
2𝜋𝑛 4𝜋𝑛 𝜋 6𝜋𝑛 𝜋
x (n) =1+ cos ( 𝑁 ) + 2cos ( 𝑁 + 3 ) + 4cos ( 𝑁 + 4 ).
(c) Determine the Discrete time Fourier transform(DTFT) of x(n)= sin(3n) u(n) 07

Q.5 (a) Define: 1. Frequency Response 2. Causality 3. Stability 03

(b) Find Z- transform and sketch the ROC of 04
x (n) = (-1)n 2-n u(n).

1
 (c) Find the linear coefficient difference equation, for a system with transfer 07
function

OR
Q.5 (a) Differentiate : 1. Deterministic signal and Random Signal 03
2. Even and ODD Signal
(b) Find the Initial & final value of given Z- transform 04
(𝑍−2)
X(Z) = (𝑍−3)(𝑍−1)
(c) Determine the inverse Z-transform of the following for X (n) anticausal. 07
(1 + 3𝑧 −1 )
1 + 3𝑧 −1 + 2𝑧 −2

*************

2
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE- SEMESTER–III (NEW) EXAMINATION – WINTER 2020
Subject Code:3131705 Date:10/03/2021
Subject Name:Dynamics of Linear Systems
Time:10:30 AM TO 12:30 PM Total Marks:56
Instructions:
1. Attempt any FOUR questions out of EIGHT questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.

MARKS

Q.1 (a) Explain the following signals. 03

i) Continuous time signal
ii) Discrete time signal
(b) Determine the linearity of the given discrete time sequences. 04
i) y(n) = Ax(n) + B
ii) y(n) = nx(n)
(c) Define ROC for z-transform? List the properties of the z-transform. 07

Q.2 (a) Calculate the z transform of finite duration sequence x(n)  1,2, 3,4,5 03
 
  
.
(b) Explain Following Signals in brief. 04
i) Impulse Signal
ii) Step Signal
iii) Ramp Signal
iv) Sinusoidal Signal
(c) Define linear time invariant systems. Discuss properties of continuous 07
and discrete LTI system.

Q.3 (a) Explain Fourier series representation of continuous time periodic signal. 03
(b) Determine Fourier series coefficient for 04

x(t )  1  sin  0t  2 cos  0t  cos(2 0t  ).
4
(c) Discuss properties of continuous time Fourier series in brief. 07

Q.4 (a) Explain Fourier series representation of discrete time periodic signal. 03
(b) Evaluate Fourier series coefficient for 04
 2   2   4 
x(n)  1  sin  n  3 cos n  cos n   .
N  N  N 2
(c) Discuss properties of discrete time Fourier series in brief. 07

Q.5 (a) Find continuous time Fourier transform of (CTFT) x(t )  at u(t ) , 03
e
a0

1
 (b) Evaluate discrete time Fourier transform (DTFT) of LTI system with 04
impulse response ℎ(𝑛) = 𝛼 𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) with |𝛼| < 1, and input of system 𝑥(𝑛) =
𝛽 𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) with |𝛽| < 1.
(c) Explain properties of continuous time Fourier transform (CTFT) in brief. 07

Q.6 (a) Find discrete time Fourier transform (DTFT) of x(n)  n u(n) . 03
3a
(b) Find continuous time Fourier transform (CTFT) of rectangular pulse 04
1, t  T1

signal x(t )   and draw the result.
0, t  T1

(c) Explain properties of discrete time Fourier transform (DTFT) in brief. 07

Q.7 (a) Compute Laplace transform of 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡. 03

(b) Determine Laplace transform of x(t )  2t u(t )  t u(t ) . 04
3e 2e
1 1 07
1 z
2 1
(c) Compute inverse z- transform of x( z )  . |𝑍| > 2
1 2
1 z
4

Q.8 (a) Find Z- Transform of 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) 03

(b) Determine the Discrete time Fourier transform(DTFT) of 04
2𝜋
𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔0 𝑛 , 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝜔0 = 5 ,
(c) Determine Z- Transform of x(n)  n (cos 0 n)u(n) . 07
a

*************

2
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTER– III EXAMINATION – SUMMER 2020
Subject Code: 3131705 Date:27/10/2020
Subject Name: Dynamics of Linear Systems
Time: 02:30 PM TO 05:00 PM Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.

Marks
Q.1 (a) Explain continuous-time and discrete-time signals with 03
suitable example.
(b) For each of the following input-output relationships, 04
determine whether the corresponding system is linear, time
invariant or both.
1. y(t) = t2 x(t- 1)
2. y[n] = x[n + 1] - x[n- 1]

(c) What is time-variant and time-invariant system? Determine 07

causality and stability of the following discrete-time systems
with justification. Consider y[n] is the system output and x[n]
is the system input.
1. y[n] = x[- n]
2. y[n] = x[n - 2] - 2x[n - 8]

Q.2 (a) Explain LTI systems with and without memory. 03

(b) A linear time-invariant system is characterized by its impulse 04
n
1
response h[ n ] =   u (n).
2
Determine energy density spectrum of the output signal when the
n
1
x[n]    u (n).
system is excited by the signal 4
(c) Compute and plot the convolution y[ n ] = x[ n ] * h[ n ], where 07
n
1
x[ n ] =   and h[ n ] = u[ n - 1].
3
OR
Explain commutative and distributive property of a LTI
(c) 07
system.
Q.3 (a)   03
For x(t )  1  sin w0 t  2 cos w0 t  cos 2w0 t  
 4 .
Determine Fourier series coefficient using complex exponential
representation.
(b) Discuss applications of frequency-selective filters. 04
(c) Discuss the properties of continuous-time Fourier series. 07

1
 OR
Q.3 (a) Each of the two sequences x1[n] and x2 [n] has a period N = 03
4, and the corresponding Fourier series coefficients are
specified as x1 [n] 
 a k and x 2 [n] 
 bk
Where,
1 1
a 0 = a3 = a1 = a 2 =1 and b0 = b1 = b2 = b3 =1. Using the
2 2
multiplication property, determine the Fourier series coefficients
c k for the signal g[n] = x1[n] x2 [n] .
(b) Discuss applications of frequency-shaping filters. 04
Determine whether each of the following statements is true or 07
(c) false. Justify your answers.
1. An odd and imaginary signal always has an odd and
imaginary Fourier transform.
2. The convolution of an odd Fourier transform with an
even Fourier transform is always odd.
Q.4 (a) Explain time reversal and linearity property for the discrete 03
time Fourier transforms.
(b) Determine the Fourier transform for    w <  for the 04
 
periodic signal x(n)  sin  n  
3 4 .
(c) Consider a discrete-time LTI system with impulse response 07
n
1
h(n)    u (n).
2
Use Fourier transforms to determine the response for the input
n
3
x(n)    u (n).
4
OR
Q.4 (a) Explain differentiation and integration property for the 03
continuous time Fourier transforms.
(b) Determine the Fourier transform of periodic signal 04
 
x(t )  1  cos 6t  
 8 .
(c) Compute the Fourier transform of each of the following 07
signals:
1. x[n]  u[n  2]  u[n  6]
n
1
2. x[n]    u[n  1]
2
Q.5 (a) Determine the Laplace transform and the associated region of 03
convergence for x(t )  e 2t u(t )  e 3t u(t ).

(b) Determine the function of time x(t), for the following Laplace 04
transforms and their associated regions of convergence:
1
, e{s} >0.
s 9
2

(c) Explain properties of the Z-transform. 07

2
 OR
Q.5 (a) Find Z-transform and region of convergence of 03
n n
1 1
x(n)  7  u (n)  6  u (n).
 3 2
(b) Find inverse Z-transform for X ( z)  log(1  az 1 ) , z > a . 04

(c) Consider the system function corresponding to causal LTI 07

1
systems: H(z)= .
1 1 2 2 1 1 2
(1  z  z )(1  z  z )
4 3 9
1. Draw a direct-form block diagram.
2. Draw a block diagram that corresponds to the cascade
connection of two second-order block diagrams. Each
second-order block diagram should be in direct form.

*******************

3
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTER–III (NEW) EXAMINATION – WINTER 2021
Subject Code:3131705 Date:19-02-2022
Subject Name:Dynamics of Linear Systems
Time:10:30 AM TO 01:00 PM Total Marks:70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
4. Simple and non-programmable scientific calculators are allowed.

MARKS
Q.1 (a) Explain (a) Periodic Signal (b) Aperiodic Signal with suitable example. 03
(b) Describe Standard Test Signals. 04
(1) Step Signal (2) Complex Exponential Signal
(c) Classify Time variant and Time invariant System with suitable example. 07

Q.2 (a) Explain Commutative Property of LTI Systems. 03

(b) Evaluate the discrete-time convolution given below. 04
y[n] = u[n + 3] ∗ u[n − 3]
(c) Find Convolution y(t) = x(t)*h(t) for given 07
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑡) − 𝑢(𝑡 − 1) and ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 . 𝑢(𝑡)
OR
(c) Find Convolution y(n)=x(n)*h(n) for given 07
For 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝛼 𝑛 . 𝑢(𝑛), ℎ(𝑛) = 𝑢(𝑛), with 0 < 𝛼 < 1
Q.3 (a) Consider a System H with input x(t) and output y(t) related by 𝑦(𝑡) = 03
𝑡. 𝑥(𝑡). Determine system H is linear or not.
(b) Consider a continuous-time system with input x (t) and output y (t) 04
related by y (t) = x (sin (t)).
(a) Is this system causal?
(b) Is this system linear?
(c) For a continuous time signal given by 07
𝜋
𝑥(𝑡) = 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔0 𝑡 + cos (2𝜔0 𝑡 + )
4
Derive its exponential fourier series and its coefficients.
OR
Q.3 (a) Explain time shifting property of fourier series. 03
(b) Describe Fourier Series and LTI Systems relationship. 04
(c) For a discrete time signal given by 07
2𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋 𝜋
𝑥[𝑛] = 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑛 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑛 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝑛 + )
𝑁 𝑁 𝑁 2
Derive its exponential fourier series and its coefficients.
Q.4 (a) Derive Continuous time FT of a given signal. 03
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 . 𝑢(𝑡), 𝑎 > 0
(b) Prove the duality property of Fourier transform. 04
(c) Compute the Fourier transform of the following signal. 07
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −3|𝑡| 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡

1
 OR
Q.4 (a) Explain the linearity property of Laplace transform. 03
(b) Use the Fourier transform synthesis equation to determine the inverse 04
Fourier transform of:
𝑋(𝑗𝜔) = 2𝜋𝛿(𝜔) + 𝜋𝛿(𝜔 − 4𝜋) + 𝜋𝛿(𝜔 + 4𝜋)
(c) Compute DTFT of a given signal. 07
𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑎|𝑛| , |𝑎| < 1
Q.5 (a) For a given signal find Laplace transform and ROC. 03
𝑥(𝑡) = −𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 . 𝑢(−𝑡)
(b) Find inverse laplace transform of a signal. 04
1
𝑋(𝑠) = (𝑠+1)(𝑠+2)
(c) For a given signal find laplace transform 07
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −2𝑡 . 𝑢(𝑡) + 𝑒 −𝑡 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡. 𝑢(𝑡)
OR
Q.5 (a) Find Z Transform of a signal. 03
𝑥[𝑛] = −𝑎𝑛 . 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1]
(b) Explain ROC for Z Transform in detail. 04
(c) Find inverse transform of a given signal in Z domain. 07
𝑋[𝑧] = 4𝑧 2 + 2 + 3𝑧 −1 , 0 < |𝑧|< ∞.

*************

2
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTER–III (NEW) EXAMINATION – SUMMER 2021
Subject Code:3131705 Date:08/09/2021
Subject Name:Dynamics of Linear Systems
Time:10:30 AM TO 01:00 PM Total Marks:70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
4. Simple and non-programmable scientific calculators are allowed.
MARKS
Q.1 (a) What is the sampling? 03
(b) Compare Causal and non-Causal system with example. 04
(c) Describe the power and energy signals in detail. 07

Q.2 (a) List the classification of signals. 03

(b) Define the inverse system, how to make non invertible system to an 04
invertible system.
(c) In the circuit given, the values of R and C are 1 MΩ and 1µF 07
respectively. Obtain the express for the current flowing in the circuit
if it is supplied with an input of step voltage of 1 V at t=0.

OR
(c) The output of an LTI system in response to an input (𝑡) = 𝑒−2𝑡𝑢(𝑡) is 𝑦(𝑡) 07
= 𝑒−𝑡𝑢(𝑡). Find the frequency response and the impulse response of this
system.

Q.3 (a) Explain the following terms: 03

Step signal, Impulse signal, Ramp signal
(b) Explain the concept of poles and zeros with respect to z-transform. 04
(c) Determine the appropriate Fourier representations of the following time 07
domain signals:
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 cos(2𝜋t) u(t)
𝑥(𝑡) = |sin⁡(2𝜋t)|
OR
Q.3 (a) Find DFT of the unit sample δ(n). Write your comment on that. 03
(b) Find the IDFT of Y(K)={1,0,1,0} 04
(c) Prove the following properties in context of Continuous Time Fourier 07
Transform:
(i) Time shifting
(ii) Time and frequency scaling

1
Q.4 (a) Find Z-transform of x(n) = [2(4)n – 4(2)n ] u(n) 03
(b) Prove the duality property of Fourier transform. 04
(c) Find linear and circular convolution of the sequences x(n)={1,2,3,4} and 07
h(n)={2,1,2,1}. Compare it and write your comment.
OR
Q.4 (a) Explain linearity & periodicity properties of DFT. 03
(b) Explain need of linear convolution with one example. 04
(c) Determine the inverse z-transform of the function 07
1
𝑋(𝑧) = , |𝑧| > 1
(1 − 1.5𝑧 −1 + 0.5𝑧 −2 )

Q.5 (a) Determine the signal having following Fourier transform 03

x(w) = cos2w.
(b) Derive the relationship between Laplace transform and Fourier transform. 04
(c) Calculate DTFT of following signals 07
X(n)=[¼, ¼, ¼, ¼] and x(n)=2(3/4)nu(n)
OR
Q.5 (a) State Dirichlet condition for Fourier series representation. 03
(b) State and prove the differentiation property of Z transform. 04
(c) What is Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)? Why it is periodic? Explain 07
regarding its periodicity property.
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