A Seminar Report on

SOFTWARE
TESTING
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the Requirements
for the Degree

Bachelor of Technology
In

Computer Science and Engineering

By

Prabin Ballav Panigrahi

Regd. No -2101337018
Department of computer science
Under the guidance of Ms. Monali Patel
(Asst Prof., Department of computer science)

Department of CSE, Vikash Institute of

Technology,
Bargarh
2024 – 25
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the report entitled, " Operating
System" submitted by " Prabin Ballav Panigrahi " in
partial fulfilment for the requirements for the award of
'Bachelor of Technology' Degree in Computer Science
and Engineering, is Bonafede work carried out at Vikash
Institute of Technology, Bargarh, Odisha.

The matter embodied in this report is original and

has not beer submitted for the award of any other
degree.

Date - Ms. Monali

Patel
Asst
Professor
Vikash Institute of Technology
Bargarh, Odisha
 DECLARATION

I, Prabin Ballav Panigrahi, hereby declare that

seminar report submitted by me entitled as-
“Operating System” is an original work and has not
been submitted to anywhere else for the award of
any other degree.

Name signature Regd. No. Signature

Prabin Ballav Panigrahi 2101337018
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction on the successful completion of any task
would be incomplete without the mention of the people who
made it possible and whose constant guidance and
encouragement crowned out effort with success. I would like to
acknowledge the following persons who directly or indirectly
supported me.
I sincerely thank to Er. Ajay Kumar Mohapatra,
Principal, Vikash Institute of Technology and Dr. Purnendu
Mishra, Vice-Principal, Vikash Institute of Technology for
providing his technical platform.

I am grateful to the Department of CSE for giving me the

opportunity to execute this seminar, which is an integral part
the curriculum in B. Tech at Vikash Institute of Technology.

I would like to extend My Sincere thanks to the entire

faculty members and my classmates for their valuable help.

Prabin Ballav Panigrahi

Regd. No.- 2101337018

Department of Computer
Science Vikash Institute of
Technology, Bargarh
 CONTENTS

I. Abstract ……………………………………………. (1)

II. Introduction to operating system ……… (2)
III. Evolution of OS …………………………………… (3)
IV. What is operating system? …………………. (6)
V. Function of operating system ……………… (8)
VI. Objectives of operating System ………….. (10)
VII. Types of operating system …………………… (11)
VIII. Conclusion ………………………………………. (19)
IX. References ………………………………………. (20)
 Abstract

Operating systems are used in computers, and computers are highly

useful in saving time, therefore operating system play an essential part in
people's life. Computers mostly utilize operating systems. Users can
describe an operating system as a system that runs their application
programs and provides a user interface through which they can connect
with computer hardware. The majority of commercial operating systems
on the market today include flawed code and security faults and
vulnerabilities. The author decides to create this review paper due to a
lack of understanding about operating systems. In this paper, the author
discusses operating systems, their history and evolution, applications,
functions and types, as well as their benefits and problems. The author
feels that this work will aid in the comprehension of operating systems.
The foundation of the robotics operating system is also used to write
robot software. New updates have been released to address problems
and defects, allowing OS to give its users with the safest computing
environment possible. As a result, the future of operating systems seems
promising.

1
 Introduction to operating
System

Operating system is an integrated set of programs that is used to

manage the various resources and overall operations of a
computer system. It is designed to support the activities of a
computer installation. Its prime objective is to improve the
performance and efficiency of a computer system and increase
facility the ease with which a system can be used.

Thus like a manager of a company an operating system is

responsible for the smooth and efficient operation of the entire
computer system. Moreover, images the computer system user
friendly. That is, it makes it easier for people to interface with and
majeure of the computer.

Operating system goes by many different names depending on the

manufacture of the computers other term used to describe the
operating are monitor executive supervisor controller and master
controller programs.

2
 Evolution Of OS
Generation of Operating System:
Below are four generations of operating systems.
The First Generation
The Second Generation
The Third Generation
The Fourth Generation

1. The First Generation (1940 to early 1950s):

In 1940, an operating system was not included in the creation of the
first electrical computer. Early computer users had complete control over
the device and wrote programs in pure machine language for every task.
During the computer generation, a programmer can merely execute and
solve basic mathematical calculations. an operating system is not needed
for these computations.

2. The Second Generation (1955 – 1965):

GMOSIS, the first operating system (OS) was developed in the early
1950s. For the IBM Computer, General Motors has created the operating
system. Because it gathers all related jobs into groups or batches and
then submits them to the operating system using a punch card to finish all
of them, the second-generation operating system was built on a single-
stream batch processing system.

3
3. The Third Generation (1965 – 1980):

Because it gathers all similar jobs into groups or batches and then
submits them to the second-generation operating system using a punch
card to finish all jobs in a machine, the second-generation operating
system was based on a single stream batch processing system. Control is
transferred to the operating system upon each job’s completion, whether
it be routinely or unexpectedly. The operating system cleans up after each
work is finished before reading and starting the subsequent job on a
punch card. Large, professionally operated machines known as
mainframes were introduced after that. Operating system designers were
able to create a new operating system in the late 1960s that was capable
of multiprogramming—the simultaneous execution of several tasks in a
single computer program.

In order to create operating systems that enable a CPU to be active at all

times by carrying out multiple jobs on a computer at once,
multiprogramming has to be introduced. With the release of the DEC
PDP-1 in 1961, the third generation of minicomputers saw a new phase of
growth and development.

4. The Fourth Generation (1980 – Present Day):

The fourth generation of personal computers is the result of these

PDPs. The Generation IV (1980–Present). The evolution of the personal
computer is linked to the fourth generation of operating systems.
Nonetheless, the third-generation minicomputers and the
4
personal computer has many similarities. At that time, minicomputers
were only slightly more expensive than personal computers, which were
highly expensive.

The development of Microsoft and the Windows operating system was a

significant influence in the creation of personal computers. In 1975,
Microsoft developed the first Windows operating system. Bill Gates and
Paul Allen had the idea to advance personal computers after releasing the
Microsoft Windows OS.

As a result, the MS-DOS was released in 1981, but users found it

extremely challenging to decipher its complex commands. Windows is
now the most widely used and well-liked operating system available.
Following then, Windows released a number of operating systems,
including Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows XP, and Windows 7, the
most recent operating system. The majority of Windows users are
currently running Windows 10. Apple is another well-known operating
system in addition to Windows.

What is an operating System? 5

Operating System lies in the category of system software. It basically
manages all the resources of the computer. An operating system acts as
an interface between the software and different parts of the computer or
the computer hardware. The operating system is designed in such a way
that it can manage the overall resources and operations of the computer.

Operating System is a fully integrated set of specialized programs that

handle all the operations of the computer. It controls and monitors the
execution of all other programs that reside in the computer, which also
includes application programs and other system software of the
computer. Examples of Operating Systems are Windows, Linux, Mac OS,
etc.

An Operating System (OS) is a collection of software that manages

computer hardware resources and provides common services for
computer programs. The operating system is the most important type of
system software in a computer system.

What is an Operating System Used for: -

The operating system helps in improving the computer software as

well as hardware. Without OS, it became very difficult for any application
to be user-friendly.
The Operating System provides a user with an interface that makes
any application attractive and user-friendly.

The operating System comes with a large number of device drivers

6
that make OS services reachable to the hardware environment. Each and
every application present in the system requires the Operating System.
The operating system works as a communication channel between system
hardware and system software.

The operating system helps an application with the hardware part

without knowing about the actual hardware configuration. It is one of the
most important parts of the system and hence it is present in every
device, whether large or small device.

(Operating system)

7
Functions of the Operating System
Resource Management: The operating system manages and allocates
memory, CPU time, and other hardware resources among the various

programs and processes running on the computer.

Process Management: The operating system is responsible for starting,

stopping, and managing processes and programs. It also controls the
scheduling of processes and allocates resources to them.

Memory Management: The operating system manages the computer’s

primary memory and provides mechanisms for optimizing memory usage.

Security: The operating system provides a secure environment for the

user, applications, and data by implementing security policies and
mechanisms such as access controls and encryption.

Job Accounting: It keeps track of time and resources used by various jobs
or users.

File Management: The operating system is responsible for organizing and

managing the file system, including the creation, deletion, and
manipulation of files and directories.

Device Management: The operating system manages input/output

devices such as printers, keyboards, mice, and displays. It provides the
necessary drivers and interfaces to enable communication between the
devices and the computer.

8
Networking: The operating system provides networking capabilities such
as establishing and managing network connections, handling network
protocols, and sharing resources such as printers and files over a network.

User Interface: The operating system provides a user interface that

enables users to interact with the computer system. This can be a
Graphical User Interface (GUI), a Command-Line Interface (CLI), or a

combination of both.

Backup and Recovery: The operating system provides mechanisms for

backing up data and recovering it in case of system failures, errors, or
disasters.

Virtualization: The operating system provides virtualization capabilities

that allow multiple operating systems or applications to run on a single
physical machine. This can enable efficient use of resources and flexibility
in managing workloads.

Performance Monitoring: The operating system provides tools for

monitoring and optimizing system performance, including identifying
bottlenecks, optimizing resource usage, and analyzing system logs and
metrics.

Time-Sharing: The operating system enables multiple users to share a

computer system and its resources simultaneously by providing time-
sharing mechanisms that allocate resources fairly and efficiently.
 9
Objectives of operating system

1. To make the computer system convenient to use in an

efficient manner.
2. To hide the details of the hardware resources from the

users.
3. To provide users a convenient interface to use the
computer system.
4. To act as an intermediary between the hardware and its
users, making it easier for the users to access and use other
resources.
5. To manage the resources of a computer system.
6. To keep track of who is using which resource, granting
resource requests, and mediating conflicting requests from
different programs and users.
7. To provide efficient and fair sharing of resources among
users and programs.
 10

Types of Operating Systems

There are several types of Operating Systems which are

mentioned below: -

1. Batch Operating System

2. Multi-Programming System
3. Multi-Processing System
4. Time-Sharing Operating System
5. Distributed Operating System
6. Network Operating System
7. Real-Time Operating System
 11

1. Batch Operating System

This type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly. There is
an operator which takes similar jobs having the same requirement and groups
them into batches. It is the responsibility of the operator to sort jobs with similar
needs.

Advantages of Batch Operating System: -

The system accepts the various jobs from the user and place them in queue for
getting CPU time. Processors of the batch systems know how long the job would be
when it is in the queue.
Multiple users can share the batch systems.
The idle time for the batch system is very less.
It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems.

Disadvantages of Batch Operating System: -

The computer operators should be well known with batch systems.

Batch systems are hard to debug.
It is sometimes costly.
The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job fails.
Examples of Batch Operating Systems: Payroll Systems, Bank Statements, etc.
 12

2. Multi-Programming Operating System

Multiprogramming Operating Systems can be simply illustrated as more

than one program is present in the main memory and any one of them
can be kept in execution. This is basically used for better execution of
resources.

Advantages of Multi-Programming Operating System: -

Multi Programming increases the Throughput of the System.

It helps in reducing the response time.

Disadvantages of Multi-Programming Operating System: -

There is not any facility for user interaction of system resources with the
system.
 (Multi-Programming Os)

13

3. Multi-Processing Operating System

Multi-Processing Operating System is a type of Operating System in which
more than one CPU is used for the execution of resources. It betters the
throughput of the System.

Advantages of Multi-Processing Operating System: -

It increases the throughput of the system.

As it has several processors, so, if one processor fails, we can proceed
with another processor.

Disadvantages of Multi-Processing Operating System: -

Due to the multiple CPU, it can be more complex and somehow difficult
to understand.
 (Multi-Processing OS)

14

4. Time-Sharing Operating Systems

Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks work
smoothly. Each user gets the time of the CPU as they use a single system.
These systems are also known as Multitasking Systems. The task can be
from a single user or different users also. The time that each task gets to
execute is called quantum. After this time interval is over OS switches
over to the next task.

Advantages of Time-Sharing OS: -

Each task gets an equal opportunity.

Fewer chances of duplication of software.
CPU idle time can be reduced.
Resource Sharing: Time-sharing systems allow multiple users to share
hardware resources such as the CPU, memory, and peripherals, reducing
the cost of hardware and increasing efficiency.
Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS: -

Reliability problem.
One must have to take care of the security and integrity of user programs
and data.
Data communication problem.
High Overhead: Time-sharing systems have a higher overhead than other
operating systems due to the need for scheduling, context switching, and
other overheads that come with supporting multiple users.

15
5. Distributed Operating System

These types of operating system are a recent advancement in the world

of computer technology and are being widely accepted all over the world
and, that too, at a great pace. Various autonomous interconnected
computers communicate with each other using a shared communication
network. Independent systems possess their own memory unit and CPU.
These are referred to as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems.
These systems’ processors differ in size and function.

Advantages of Distributed Operating System: -

Failure of one will not affect the other network communication, as all
systems are independent of each other.
Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed.
Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast and durable.
Load on host computer reduces.
These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily added to
the network.
Delay in data processing reduces.

Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System: -

Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication.

To establish distributed systems the language is used not well-defined yet.
These types of systems are not readily available as they are very
expensive. Not only that the underlying software is highly complex and
not understood well yet.
16

6. Network Operating System

These systems run on a server and provide the capability to manage data,
users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions.
These types of operating systems allow shared access to files, printers,
security, applications, and other networking functions over a small private
network. One more important aspect of Network Operating Systems is
that all the users are well aware of the underlying configuration, of all
other users within the network, their individual connections, etc. and
that’s why these computers are popularly known as tightly coupled

systems.

Advantages of Network Operating System: -

Highly stable centralized servers.

Security concerns are handled through servers.
New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily integrated into
the system.
Server access is possible remotely from different locations and types of
systems.

Disadvantages of Network Operating System: -

Servers are costly.

User has to depend on a central location for most operations.
Maintenance and updates are required regularly.

17
7. Real-Time Operating System
These types of OSs serve real-time systems. The time interval required to
process and respond to inputs is very small. This time interval is called
response time.
Real-time systems are used when there are time requirements that are
very strict like missile systems, air traffic control systems, robots, etc.

Types of Real-Time Operating Systems

Hard Real-Time Systems:

Hard Real-Time OSs are meant for applications where time constraints are
very strict and even the shortest possible delay is not acceptable. These
systems are built for saving life like automatic parachutes or airbags which
are required to be readily available in case of an accident. Virtual memory
is rarely found in these systems.
Soft Real-Time Systems:
These OSs are for applications where time-constraint is less strict.

Conclusion 18

-> An operating system (OS) is the programme that controls all other
application programmers in a computer after being installed into the
system first by a boot programme.

-> Running system (OS), Computer operating system software that

coordinates data input and output, manages files, and regulates the
execution of computer programmes.

-> To sum up, an operating system is a piece of software that controls

computer hardware and software resources and offers common services
for software applications.

-> An essential component of a computer system's system software is the

operating system.
 References 19

1. www.geeksforgeeks.org/operating-system
2. www.tutorialspoint.com/operating_system/os_overview
3. www.javatpoint.com/operating-system
4. wikipedia.com/operating-system
5.M.V. Wilkes: "Software and the programmer”, Comm.ACM
6.K. Skytte: "Engineering a small system",
7.M.G. Lane, J.D. Mooney: A practical approach to operating
systems
(Boyd and Fraser, 1988).