4

Logarithm

4.1 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION a xy a x a y, x, y > 0, a > 0,

aπ
For x ŒR aŒR x
x 2
x 3
x n
x • n •
ex = 1 + x + + + + += Â xa = ea ex = Â ( a log e x ) n
2! 3! n! n= 0 n! n=0
xŒR ex xy = y x " x > 0, y Œ R
ex (Change of base formula) a > 0, a π
Properties log e x
ex xŒR a x = a, b, c
log e a
ex xŒR
e0 log c x
a, c π a b=
a, b ΠR, a < b ea < eb log c a
ex × e y = e x + y x, y Œ R a x<y ax a y a x
ex x
= ex Рy x, y ΠR x x x
ey a a
a x<y ax y ax <
ex) y = e x y x, y ΠR y
a
a a x<y a x a y
x
y ax > ay
y e =x
ex

4.2 LOGARITHM

x, there
y ey = x
y x ex ln x
a a > 0, a π
xx y ay = x ( (
y a x ay = x a 10x
( (

common logarithm a=e ex natural Fig. 4.1

logarithm.
Properties
1 = 0, a > 0, a π
a
a = 1, a > 0, a π
a
e e x
= x " x ΠR e ex = x " x
ex ex
a xy a x a y x, y
a > 0, a π
a x a x " x > 0, a > 0, a π Fig. 4.2
4.2

Solution: a x, b y, c z a,
x2 x3 x 4
x x) = x – + - + so b, c
2 3 4
Ê a b cˆ
Ê x 2 x3 x 4 ˆ E = (a + b + c) Á + +
x) = - Á x + + + + ˜ Ë bc ca ab ˜¯
Ë 2 3 4 ¯
Ê a 2 b2 c2 ˆ Ê a b ˆ Ê b c ˆ Ê a c ˆ
Ê1+ xˆ È x3 x5 ˘ = Á + + ˜ +Á + ˜ +Á + ˜ +Á + ˜
ÁË 1 - x ˜¯ = 2 Í x + 3 + 5 + ˙ Ë bc ca ab ¯ Ë b a ¯ Ë c b ¯ Ë c a ¯
Î ˚
1/ 3
Ê a 2 b2 c2 ˆ a b b c a c
1 1 ≥ 3Á ◊ ◊ ˜ +2 ◊ +2 ◊ +2 ◊
+ –
2 3 Ë bc ca ab ¯ b a c b c a
=9
j x j x) f x) ≥ j x) g x) Example 2
¤ f x) ≥ g x) > 0 e ex =x
is
j x j x) f x) ≥ j x) g x)
¤ 0 < f x) £ g x)
Ans.
j x j x) f x) ≥ a
¤ f x) ≥ aj x) Solution: x

j x j x) f x) ≥ a f x) = e ex – x, x > 0
j x)
¤ 0 < f x) £ a e e- x
f ¢ x) = - 1 =
Characteristics and Mantissa x x
characteristic fi f¢ x x<e
mantissa x>e
f x e
e, •)
fi f x) < f e x<e
f x) < f e e<x
e ex <x xπe
x = e,
e ee =e
SOLVED EXAMPLES \
a, b ≥ 1, a + b
SINGLE CORRECT ANSWER Example 3

TYPE QUESTIONS
3a 3b
Example 1 x 10x x
is
x, y, z
35
È log x log y log z ˘ 1
E = log( xyz ) Í + + ˙ log3 5
Î log y log z log z log x log x log y ˚ 2
is
Ans.
Solution: a, b ≥ 1, a + b = 10, 1 £ a, b £
Ans.
f x) = x x), 1 £ x £ 9
 4.3

fi f ¢ x) = x x x Ans.
fi f ¢ x) = 0 fi x Solution:
x > 0, x π x2 + x – 1 > 0
min f ( x) f f f
1£ x £ 9
fi x > 0, x π x x + 1) > 0
fi x xπ

gt 3t 3 t), 1 £ t £ 10
t t)] ≥ Ê 2 x 2 + x - 1ˆ
3 3
x ÁË 2 ˜¯
x
Example 4 = 7x+1 x
x
1 1
log5 7 + 1 log 7 5 - 1 2 x2 + x - 1 1
<
2 x
7 57
Ans. fi 2x3 + x2 – x < 2
Solution: 5x = 7x + 1 fi x3 – 1) + x x – 1) < 0
fi x 75 =x+1 fi x x2 + 3x + 2) < 0
fi x 75 – 1) = 1 fi x< ∵ 2x2 + 3x + 2 > 0 " x > 0]
1 For x
fi x=
log 7 5 - 1
2 x2 + x - 1 1
>
Example 5 x 0, y 0 2 x
fi x x2 + 3x + 2) > 0
x) y) x
x y x < 1, x
3 =2
x0 Example 7 x
2 x x is
Ans.
Ans.
Solution: x) y)
log 2 x
fi x y Solution: x x= x–1
log2 2-1
2 2
x y
=2 x y
fi 3x – 2 = x–1 fi 3x2 – 2x = 1 fi x = 1 or
x 2 x x
2 2
x 2 2
] x x

fi x x Example 8
\ x0 4log2 log x x x)2 + 1
is
Example 6 x x=4
x +x2 x=e x = e2
x x
is Ans

» •) Solution: 2 x x>1
• 4 log2 log x
= 2 2 log2 log x
2 log2 log x 2
) x)2
4.4

aloga x = x, a > 0, a π 1] Example 12 3x 3y 3

3 x+y
x = 1, y x = 8, y = 1
x)2 x–1=0
x = 3, y x = 9, y = 3
fi x x x > 1,
Ans.
x x x=e
Solution:
Example 9 x 3 xy 3 32 32= 3 18 so xy
log 3 x + ( log3 x ) - 10
2 2 x + y = 32 x = 3, y = 6 or
x x2 is x = 6, y
Example 13
3 x 4 x 5 x 3 x 4 x 4 x 5 x
Ans. x x is
5 3
Solution:

3 x2 3 x)2 3 x 3 x
Ans.
Solution: For x
3 x 3 x 3 x)2 – 8 = 0 x x π 1,
1 1 1
fi x 3 x=- 3 x 3 x=- 1= + + x x x 4
log5 x log3 x log 4 x
2 -4
x = 1, 3 , 3
x 60
Example 10
fix
2
-2 x
(1/2) x 5=d
Example 14 30 30
-• - •, 1)
8
• •) 30
-c-d c + d)
Ans.
c-d c – d)
Solution:
Ans.
Solution: 30 30 30
2
-2 x
(1/2) x 2
¤ x 2 - 2x > 2 30 30 - 30 3- 30 5)
¤ x- 3 x- - 3 )) > 0 -c-d

¤ x>1+ 3 or x < 1 - 3 Example 15 a 12 18, b 24

ab a - b) is
x Œ - •, 1 - 3)» 3 , •) … •
Example 11
1-x x - 2) ≥ - 1 is Ans.
-• •) Solution:
-• f log2 18 1 + 2 log2 3
a 12 18 = =
Ans. log2 12 2 + log2 3
Solution: log2 54 1 + 3log2 3
b 54 = =
x - x > 0, x - 2 > 0, 24
log2 24 3 + log2 3
1-xπ
x 2
 4.5

1 + 2 x 1 + 3x Ê 1 + 2 x 1 + 3x ˆ Example 19 x log 4 ( x 2 - 5)
ab a - b) = ◊ + 5Á -
2+ x 3+ x Ë 2 + x 3 + x ˜¯
•)
6 x 2 + 5 x + 1 + 5( - x 2 + 1) x2 + 5x + 6
= = =1 6 , 3)
( x + 2)( x + 3) ( x + 2)( x + 3)
- 3, – 6 ) » 6 , 3)
log2 24 log2 192
Example 16 - is 6 , •)
log96 2 log12 2
Ans.
Solution: x 4 x2 -
Ans.
x 4 x2 -
Solution: 2 12 = a,
x : 1 < x2 -
1
2 2 23 × 12 = 3 + a, x : 6 < x2
log96 2
24 = 1 + a × 12) = 4 + a 6)» 6 , 3)
2 2 2
1 Example 20
2 12 = a
log12 2 4 x 2 x – 3) is

a a) - a)a = 3 Ans.
Solution: x – 1 > 0,
Example 17 x
x – 3 > 0, x – 1 π x–3π1 fi x xπ
x log x (1- x ) = 9 is
2

R N log ( x - 1) log ( x - 3)
R I =
log 4 log 2
fi x x – 3)
Ans. fi x x – 3) fi x2 – 7x + 10 = 0
2

Solution: Note that x > 0, x π fi x x – 2) = 0 fi x x > 3 so x

a ax =a 2
x) = 9 fi x = 4, – 2 Example 21
x x 1
3 x x x + 2) < log 3
7
Example 18 x - x - x 2
is

• •) •)
Ans.
Ans. Solution: x x + 4) > 0, x + 2 > 0
Solution: x£ x≥ fi x
x+2=3- - x
x£
x-1+2=3- xfi x=2fi x =1 (log 7) / 2
x 3 x x 3 x + 2) <
(log 3) / 2
x- x-
• fi 3 x 3 7
fi x + 4 < 7 or x
4.6

Example 22 x2 – 8x + 23) Solution: x π

x
p
3 1 + cos x π 0 so x π kp, k = 0, 1, … n, x π k + 1) ,
> 2
log2 |sin x| k = 0, 1, … n
Ê 3p ˆ Ê 3p ˆ x x) = 2
xŒ p) » Á p , ˜ » Á , 5˜ ¤ 1 + cos x x2 2
x = 1 – cos2 x
Ë 2¯ Ë 2 ¯
fi x x) = 0
xŒ p) » p, 5)
¤ cos x = 0 or cos x = –1
Ê 5p ˆ fi cos x = 0 fi x k + 1) p
x Œ Á 3,
Ë 2 ˜¯
x
xΠp
Example 25
Ans.
Solution: x π n + 1)p np where n Œ I log(7 /15) log(49) log(49)
D = log(25) log(5/ 21) log(25)
log(9) log(9) log(3/ 35)
log2 ( x 2 - 8 x + 23) 3
>
log2 | sin x | log2 | sin x | D
2 3
2 x
3 3
2 x2 – 8x + 23) <3
fi x2 – 8x + 23 < 23 = 8 Ans.
fi x2 – 8x + 15 <0
Solution: a b c
fi x x – 3) <0 fi 3 < x < 5
p 3p a-b-c 2a 2a
For x Œ x π p, , D= 2b b-c-a 2b
2 2
2c 2c c-a-b
Ê 3p ˆ Ê 3p ˆ
xŒ p) » Á p , ˜ » Á , 5˜
Ë 2¯ Ë 2 ¯ R1 Æ R1 + R2 + R3

Example 23 n D a + b + c)D1

1 1 1 1 1 1
+ +…+ is where D1 = 2b b - c - a 2b
log2 n log3 n log53 n
2c 2c c-a-b
1
C 2 Æ C 2 – C 1, C 3 Æ C 3 – C 1
log53! n
1 0 0
1 1
D1 = 2b -(a + b + c) 0 a + b + c)2
log n ! 53 53
2c 0 -(a + b + c)
Ans.
\ D a + b + c)3 3
Solution:

n n 3+… n 53 MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS

… 53! =
1 TYPE QUESTIONS
n n
log53! n
Example 26 p, q, r, s Œ N p ≥ q ≥ r
Example 24 xΠnp ], n ΠI p q r
5log5 ( 2 ) + 7log7 ( 2 ) + 11log11 ( 2 )
= 2s
x x) = 2 is
n n
Ans. q=p r=p–1
 4.7

s=p s=q+r 1 1 1 1
Ans. fi 3a £ + + + =b
x y z t
Solution: a > 0, a π 1,
log a ( x )
a, 2a £ 3a
a =x x
For a = b = c = d
p q r s 4
2 +2 +2 =2
a= , b = 4, so 4a £ b
Note that s > p 3
1 1 1
+ +
2s - p 2s - q 2s - r
Example 28 x
s Рp, s Рq, s Рr ΠN,
2
+2 2
+2
4x - 2x
£
\

s – p = 1, s – q = s – r = 2
fi s = p + 1, q = r = s – 2 = p – 1
Example 27 a, b, c, d Œ • Ans.
a abc acd abd bcd Solution: 2x
2
+2
=t
b
2
+2
a b c d to t - 9t + 8 = 0 fi t
2
t 2x = 1 fi x2
2
+2
2x x2 + 2 =
a£b a£b 3fix
a£b a£ È 2 9 ˘
Í(log5 x ) - 2 log5 x + 5˙
Example 29 xÎ ˚ = 5 5
Ans.
has
Solution: x a y b z c
t d

1
fi 10a
x
1 1 1 1 Ans.
\ a= + + +
x+ y+ z x+ z+t x+ y+t y+ z+t
Solution:
1 1 1 1
b= + + + Ê 9 ˆ 3
ÁË (log5 x) - 2 log5 x + 5˜¯
x y z t 2
5 x=
2
≥
1 3 5 x)3 5 x)2 5 x–3= 0
( x + y + z) ≥
3 1 1 1 ¤ x x x – 1) = 0
+ + 5 5 5
x y z ¤ x x x= 1
5 5 5
1 1 Ê 1 1 1ˆ ¤
fi £ + + x = 5, 125, 5.
x + y + z 9 ÁË x y z ˜¯
2x – 2 x–1
Example 30 2 2 + 1)
x
1 Ê 1 1 1 ˆ 1 Ê 1 1 1ˆ
\ a£ Á + + ˜+ Á + + ˜
9 Ë x y z¯ 9 Ë y z t¯
1 Ê 1 1 1ˆ 1 Ê 1 1 1ˆ Ans.
+ Á + + ˜+ Á + + ˜
9Ë x y t¯ 9Ë x z t¯
4.8

Solution: Ans.
2x – 2 x–1
2 2 + 1)
Solution: x
fi 32x – 2 x–1
+ 1) as
fi x–1 2
) x–1
)+3= 0 x- - x -

fi x–1 x–1
– 3) = 0 fi x fix

fi 3x – 1 = 1, 3x – 1 = 3 Example 34 x- x- x
fi x – 1 = 0, x – 1 = 1
• •)
fi x
•
Example 31 Ans
x2 + 6x + 8 2x2 + 2x + 3 x2 – 2x) = 0 is Solution: x- x - 1)
¤ x - 1) < log (0.5)2 x - 1)

log0.5 ( x - 1) 1
Ans. fi x – 1) < = x - 1)
2 2
log0.5 (0.5)2 2
Solution: x + 6x + 8 > 0, 2x + 2x + 3 > 0
¤ x - 1) < 0
x 2 + 6x + 8 π 1, 2x2 + 2x + 3 π 1
¤ x-1>1¤xŒ •)
fi xŒ •, – 4) » •), x π – 3 ± 2
Example 35 N = n n ΠN, n
x2 – 2x xŒ •, 0) » •)
lim 2 N)-1 3 N)-1 +  n N)-1
N Æ•

x2 + 2x + 3) x2 – 2x) = 1
Ans.
fi x2 – 2x = 2x2 + 2x + 3 Solution: N)-1 N)-1 +  -1
2 3 n N)
fi x + 4x + 3 = 0 fi x = – 1, – 3 N 3 + 
2
N N n
x x N n N N

Example 32 x 5x Example 36 x 3 x 3 x

xŒ • xŒ » •)
xŒ • xŒ Ê – 1 , 0ˆ
ÁË ˜
Ans. 2 ¯
Solution: x
Ans.
x 5x >5fi 5 x 5 x) > 1
Solution: x
fi 5 x 5 x + 1) > 0 x x + 1 < 5 so x Π-
fi x x<–1
5 5
Example 37 x ΠR 10 x))2 +
fi x > 5 or x 10x)2 x£ x
10 10
xŒ » •) -
, 1]
Example 33 x2 - x - x • •)
Ans.
Solution: u 10 x
 4.9

u)2 u)2 + u £ 14
fi 2u2 + 7u - 9 £ 0 a+b a
 < 2 or a < 2b
fi u u - 1) £ 0 fi - £u£1 a + b +1 a +1
x +1
Ê 1ˆ
fi - £ 10 x £ 1 fi 10 -
£ x £ 10 Example 39 S ÁË ˜¯ = 3x
2
x +1
For x, y, z Ê 1ˆ
Example 38 T ÁË ˜¯ = 2x
3
ln( xy ) ln( yz ) ln( zx)
a= + + S
ln( xye) ln( yze) ln( zxe)
T
b=
ln( x)
+
ln( y )
+
ln( z )
, S«T=f
ln( xe) ln( ye) ln( ze) S»TÕ
Ans.
a>b a < 2b x +1
Ê 1ˆ 1
a=b a+b=0 Solution: For x ≥ 0, Á ˜ £ x
≥1
Ë 2¯ 2
Ans. x +1
Ê 1ˆ
Solution: a x), b y), c z a, b, For x £ –1, Á ˜ ≥1 x
£
c Ë 2¯

a+b b+c c+a •, –1] » •

a= + +
a + b +1 b + c +1 a + b +1 Ê 1ˆ
x +1
f x) = 3x – Á ˜ , –1 £ x £ 0
a b c Ë 2¯
b= + +
a +1 b +1 c +1
= 3x – 2–x–1
For a, b, > 0,
f ¢ x) = 3x –x–1
x<0
a+b a (a + b)(a + 1) - a(a + b + 1)
- = fif x
a + b +1 a +1 (a + b + 1)(a + 1)
1 2
=
b
>0 f -1 = - < 0
(a + b + 1)(a + 1) 3 3
1 1
f 1- = >0
2 2
\a>b
fif x x1 Œ
a+b a b
- - \ S x1
a + b +1 a +1 b +1
x +1
E Ê 1ˆ
= ÁË ˜¯ = 2x x2 Œ
(a + b + 1)(a + 1)(b + 1) 3
where Note that x2 π x1 x 2 = x 1,
E a+b a b + 1) 3- x1 -1 = 2 x1 fi 3x1 +1 = 2- x1
a+b ab + a + b)
3
= ab a + b a + b)2 a + b) fi (2- x1 -1 )(3) = 2- x1 fi
2
– 2ab a + b a + b)2 – 2ab – a – b
= – ab a + b) – 2ab < 0 S«T=f
a+b a b S, T Õ S»TÕ
fi < <
a + b +1 a +1 b +1
4.10

Example 40 x+1
= 7x x= fi x 2 + 2x x – x2
fi x x x–x x)
1
1 1
log5 7 - 1 fi x= ( 313 – 1), ( 73 – 7)
6 2
log 5 log 7
t 2 x2 2 x
log 7 - log 5 log 7 - log 5
t t fi t 2 – 5t + 6 = 0 fi t = 2, 3
Ans.
Ê x2 + 7 ˆ x2 + 7
Solution: 5x+1 = 7x fi 2 Á x ˜ = 2, 3 fi = 4, 8
Ë ¯ x
fi x + 1) = x 57 fi x = 1, 7
fi x 57 – 1) = 1 x > 0, 1 – 2x π 1, 1 – 3x > 0, 1 – 3x π 1,
1 log 5 6x 2 – 5x + 1 > 0, 4x2 – 4x + 1 > 0
fi x= =
log5 7 - 1 log 7 - log 5

x x)]
MATRIX-MATCH TYPE QUESTIONS
x)
2
x) x) = 2
Example 41 2
fi 1+t– =2
Column 1 Column 2 t
x 2 + 2x – 8)2 where t x x)
x – x 2) fi 2
t –t–2=0 fi t = – 1, 2 fi x
=1
x)2 x 2)
2 x 2 + 7) = 5 + 10 10

6 10 x)
2x –
log 2 ( x + 7 / x) fi x ) = 1 fi 1 + x = 10 fi x = ±
2 2
10
Ï1 x < 1, x = – 3
x) x 2 – 5x Ì ( 313 – 1),
Ó6
Example 42
1 ¸
x) x - 4x + 1)
2
( 73 - 7) ˝ Column 1 Column 2
=2 2 ˛
4 x 2 y
10 x2 – 2x) + 1 2 2
x – 5y + 4 = 0
x 2)
yx xy
10

10 x x y = 27
2 2
Ans p q r s 2 x + y

a p q r s 4 x +
2y = 4
b p q r s
4 x 4 y
c p q r s 2 x x + y) = 3
d p q Ans p q r s
r s
a p q r s
Solution: b p q r s
| x + 2x – 8 |
2
| x + 2x – 8 |
2
1 c p q r s
=1 fi =
10 + 3x – x 2 10 + 3x – x 2 2 d p q r s
 4.11

1 10
Solution: 2 x 2 y fi x = y2 fi 0 < x2 –x+1£1
2 3
\ x 2 – 5x + 4 = 0 fi x = 1, 4 fi –•<x x<• £x£
x, y £x x£

y x fi x = y 2, y
\ x, y x2 x x2 x 2)

x2 + y2 x y = 16
fi x – y) = 0 2
fi x=y x2 > 1, 2 + x < x 2, 2 + x > 0

\ x, y or
2 2
xy = 2 0 < x < 1, 2 + x > x , 2 + x > 0
4

x + y = 23 = 8 fi xŒ » •) » »

fi xy = 16, x + y = 8 x –1 x –1
<1 fi –1< <1
fi x=y=4 2x + 1 2x + 1
x –1 x –1
Example 43 fi –1<0
2x + 1 2x + 1
Column 1 Column 2
3x x+2
Ê fi >0
x2 + x ˆ 2x + 1 2x + 1
Á log 6 x + 4 ˜ »
Ë ¯
fi xŒ •, – 2) » » •)
1 Ê 2 10 ˆ Example 44
ÁË x – x + 1˜ £ » •)
5 3 ¯

x2 x » •) Column 1 Column 2
2 5 1
x –1 5x) 5x x=
10 •, – 2) » x 5
2x + 1 » •) x 25)2 x x=1
Ans p q r s x

a p q r s x x2 x=5
3
b p q r s 14 log 625 x ( x ) 25x x =0
1
c p q r s x)2 5 5 x x=
25
-9
d p q r s =
log5 x - 1

Ê x2 + x ˆ x2 + x Ans. p q r s
Solution: 6 Á x+4˜ > 1 ¤ >6
Ë ¯ x+4 a p q r s
b p q r s
x2 + x ( x + 3) ( x – 8)
¤ –6>0 ¤ >0
x+4 x+4 c p q r s
¤ – 4 < x < – 3, x > 8 d p q r s
Ê 2 10 ˆ
ÁË x – x + 1˜ ≥ 0 Solution: x=t
3 ¯ 5
4.12

1- t Ans
t2 + =1
1+ t Solution:

fi t +t +1–t=1+t
3 2
fi t + t – 2t = 0
3 2

5 x2 5 x)2 5x 5x
fi t = 0, 1, – 2 fix
fi 5 x 5 x) 2
5x –8=0
fi x 5 x = 2, – 4
4 3 1 2
1 fi x
2
- + =2 fi 2 - -1 = 0
t t t t t
fi t2 + t – 2 = 0 fi t = 1, – 2 fi x = 5,
1 COMPREHESION-TYPE QUESTIONS
25
2t 42t 20t Paragraph for Question Nos. 47 to 51
- + =0
t -1 4 + t t + 2
f x) g x)
fi t = 0, t = 2, t fix 5
-9 xy = a y ax
2
t +t+1= fi t3 – 1 = – 9 where a > 0, a π
t -1
fi t=–2fix Example 47
2
x – 2)x – 6x + 8
ASSERTION-REASON TYPE QUESTIONS >1 is
» • •)
Example 45 Statement-1: •
Example 48
Ê x2 + x ˆ
ÁË log 6 x + 4 ˜¯ 3x x–3
£ x
is
•, – 1]
» •)
•
Statement-2: For x ax
a a Example 49
Ans x x x
)≥0 is
Solution: • •)
•
Ê x( x + 1) ˆ
>1
ËÁ x + 4 ¯˜ Example 50
6

2x + 1
–3
x2 + x x2 + x Ê 1ˆ 1– x Ê 1ˆ
¤ >6 ¤ –6>0 ÁË ˜¯ >Á ˜ is
x+4 x+4 5 Ë 5¯

x 2 + x - 6 x - 24 ( x - 8) ( x + 3) •, – 2) » •
¤ >0 ¤ >0 •, 1) » •
x+4 x+4
¤ –4<x<–3 or x>8 Example 51
» •)
13x – 5 £ 2(13x + 12) – 13x + 5 is
Example 46 Statement-1: x
x2 x – 12
• •)
x 5 5 x4
13 135]
Ans.
Statement-2: n
n
 4.13

Solution: is
x x 2 – 6x 10 x – 2) > 0
¤ x x 10 x – 2) > 0
or Example 53
x x 10 x – 2) < 0 x – 12x 2 x – 1)
is
¤ x x–2>1
or
f
2<x x–2<1
Example 54
¤ x > 4 or 2 < x < 3
1
x= x + 1)
is 2
1 x-3
3x ÊÁ ˆ˜ £ 3–3x Ï1 ¸
Ì ( 5 – 1) ˝
Ï1 ¸
Ì ( 5 + 1) ˝
Ë 3¯
Ó 2 ˛ Ó 2 ˛
¤ 33 £ 3–3x ¤ 3 £ – 3x ¤ x ≥ –1
Ï1 1¸ Ï1 ¸
2x x x 2x
)≥0 Ì , ˝ Ì ( 5 + 7) ˝
Ó2 3˛ Ó2 ˛
2x x
Ê 5ˆ Ê 5ˆ
¤ 2Á ˜ – 5Á ˜ + 2 ≥ 0 Example 55
Ë 2¯ Ë 2¯
10 x 10 2x – 1 = 2
¤ x x
– 1] ≥ 0 is
¤ x
≥ x
£
¤ x≥ x f

Example 56
2x + 1
2x + 1 1
5 x –1
> 53 ¤ –3>0 3 x 9 x 9 x + 3) is
x –1 2
–x+4 Ï1 ¸ Ï1 ¸
¤ >0¤1<x<4 Ì ( 5 – 1) ˝ Ì ( 5 + 1) ˝
x –1 Ó 2 ˛ Ó 2 ˛
x
=t Ï1 1¸
Ì , ˝ f
t – 5 + t + 5 £ 2(t + 12) Ó 2 3˛

fi t – 5 + t + 5 + 2 t 2 – 25 £ 2t + 24 Ans.
Solution:
fi t 2 – 25 £ 12 fi t 2 £ 169 fi t £ 13
x x – 15)
t≥ ¤ 2x, 4x x x – 15)2
£t£ 13 5£x£1 ¤ x 2
x – 122x + 225 = 0
¤ x
Paragraph for Question Nos. 52 to 56
x – 1 > 0, 8 – 10x – 12 x 2
8 – 10x – 12x2 x – 1)3
2n a f x a g x), a > 0, a π 1, n Œ N
¤ x x2 + 2 x
2n
f x f x) =g x x
Example 52 x x + 1)
x x – 15) 1
¤ x > 0, x 2 = x + 1 fi x = ( 5 + 1)
2
4.14

x – 9 > 0, 2x x x – 1) = 100
Solution: x 2 – 3 > 0, 6x – 10 > 0 fi x > 3
fix
Ê x2 – 3 ˆ x2 – 3 1
x + 1 > 0, 1 – x > 0, 2 x + 3 > 0 fi x<1 2 Á 6 x – 10 ˜ = – 1 fi =
Ë ¯ 6 x – 10 2

x +1 1 fi x 2 – 3 = 3x – 5
= 2x + 3 fi x = ( 5 – 1)
1– x 2 fi x2 – 3x + 2 = 0 fi x = 1, 2
x
INTEGER-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Example 62 x
Example 57 x x x + 25)
x+2 Ê 2 ˆ x
+ log5 Á = 0 is
10 Ë x + 1˜¯ x
Ans. 3 Ans. 4
Solution: x + 2 > 0, x + 1 > 0 fi x Solution: x > – 5, x x > 15 fi x > 15
x+5 x – 15
=
x+2 2 3x + 25 17
= fix
10 x +1
fi 17x + 85 = 3x 2 – 20x – 375
x > – 1, x
fi 3x2 – 37x – 460 = 0
Example 58 fi x = 20 as x
5 x2 – 4x 5 x + 21) is
Ans. 2 Example 63 x x

Solution: x 2 – 4x + 3 > 0, 3x + 21 > 0, x2 – 4x + 3 π 1, 1– x 1– x

3x + 21 π x2 – 4x + 3 = 3x + 21 fi x Ans. 5
Solution: 1 – x > 0, 1 – x π 1 fi x < 1, x π 0
Example 59 x Ê 3ˆ 1 3
1–x Á ˜ = fi x)
x2 – 3x + 1) = 1 is Ë 2¯ 2 2
x+1
Ans. 4 9 9 –5
fi = 1–xfix=1– =
4 4 4
Solution: x + 1 > 0, x + 1 π 1
fi –4x = 5
x2 – 3x + 1 = x + 1 fi x
Example 64 x
Example 60 x 2
5 x + 3x + 2) 25 x) is
3 5 x Ans. 2
Ans. 3 Solution: x x 2 + 3x x)2
Solution: x – 7 > 0 or x x – 7)
5
3
)=3 fi 2x 2 – 3x – 2 = 0 fi x = 2 as x
fi 5 x – 7) = 1 fi x – 7 = 5 or x Example 65
fi x
x x
Example 61 x Ans. 1
x2 x – 10) + 1 = 0 is Solution: x x = t so that
2 2
t t fit£1
Ans. 2
fi x≥
 4.15

x
Example 66 x 2 x
= 2 is x + 2018x
x x
+ 2019 = 3018 is
Ans
2
Solution: x =1fix
log 2 x
ex = xe is
Example 67

Ê ˆ
1 1 1 1 x, y a) a a
6 + log3/ 2 Á 4- 4- 4- ˜ x y xy
ÁË 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 ˜¯ a > 0, a π
x+y x+y=1
is
x=y xy = a2
Ans. 4 x

1 1 1 3 x – 2) – 3 3x + 1 = 1 – 3 4 is
Solution: t= 4- 4- 4- 
3 2 3 2 3 2
b a c b a c) is
1 1 1
fi t2 – 4 = - 4- 4-  abc
3 2 3 2 3 2

= -
1
t S xŒR 5 - 2x) £ S
3 2
1 •
fi t2 + t-4 = 0
3 2

fi t=
8
,
-9 {
S = x ΠN : 2 + log 2 x + 1 > 1 Рlog1/2 4 - x 2 }
3 2 3 2
S S=f
8 S=N
t > 0, t =
3 2 x + 1) 10
x + 1)
x
È 1 Ê 8 ˆ˘
6 + log (3/ 2) Í Á ˜˙
Î3 2 Ë 3 2 ¯ ˚
2
Ê 2ˆ -
ÁË ˜¯ =6–2=4
3

EXERCISE
3 11 13 15 27 81) is
LEVEL 1
1/ 2 + log 1/5 27 + log 125 81)
x = 25( is
SINGLE CORRECT ANSWER
TYPE QUESTIONS
x 10x x, y, z

Ê log x log y ˆ log1/2 x log1/2 y log1/2 z

E xyz) Â Á + is = =
Ë log y log z log x log z ˜¯ b-c c-a a-b
x a yb z c is
4.16

xyz 12 24
abc

10 x 10 y = 2, x - y
x, y y = 4x + 3 11 7 ( x + 5 + x) = 0 is
x, y y2 = 4x
x, y x = 4y
x, y x=y x x2 x
(loge x ) - 3loge x + 3
2
2 2 2 2 , •)
x
loge x - 1
•) – {2 2} 2 2 , 5)
e e)
e MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWER
b TYPE QUESTIONS
bx 5 x – x2) has
x
x–1 x–1
b b=4 2 2 + 1)
b = 4 or b b = – 4 or b = 12
3 xŒQ
x<p x=
10 xŒ xŒQ:x
10 x 10 cos x 10 x xŒN
x ΠNe
log x log y log z
= =
2 x b-c c-a a-b
•)
xyz = 1
•, 0) » •) xa yb zb = 1
xb + c yc + a za + b = 1
2
a + 4b = 12ab 2
a + 2b) = xyz = xa yb zc
x)2 x + 11
1 Ê ab ˆ x 2 2 x
log Á ˜
2 Ë 2¯
1 1 log2 (4 x 2 - x - 1)
log a + log b x
2 2 log2 ( x 2 + 1)
1 Ê 16a ˆ • •)
ÁË ˜
2 b ¯
1 Ê ab ˆ a, b, c
Á log ˜¯ ac) = 2K K is
2 Ë 16
b a

10 x2 – 16) £ 10 x – 11) is
a bc = x b ca = y c ab = z
•
1 1 1
• + + is
x +1 y +1 z +1
12 18 = a 24 54 = b
ab a – b) is
 4.17

10 ( 2)3 x + (2 2) x
2 100 x
)≥0
x2 x
» •)
x 24 12, y 36 24, z 144
1 + 2xyz ASSERTION-REASON TYPE QUESTIONS
Statement-1:
10 x x
x2 4 1
x 2 x =
• x–3
is 4
x 2 ln x - y 2 ln y Statement-2: n
x, y Œ •), x π y D x, y) =
a<b<c<d x- y n
D a, b) < D b, c D b, c) < D c, d)
Statement 1:
D a, b) < D b, d D a, b) < D c, d) p 2p
x 5 5 5 +
5 5
MATRIX-MATCH TYPE QUESTIONS
3p 4p
5 5
5 5
is 1
Column 1 Column 2
7 x
6
Statement-2:
1
4
( 5 –1 )
8 x)
5 f

x= 1
3
1
4
( 5 +1 )
x 3
4
Ê x + 1ˆ
1
x x
Statement-1: ÁË x ˜¯ ≥
4 16
2
xŒ
Column 1 Column 2 Statement-2: a a x≥ a y
x x ¤ y≥x>0
2 16 2

log8 x COMPREHENSION-TYPE QUESTIONS

log 2 x (2)
Paragraph for Question Nos. 39 to 43
2x x) = 0
Change of Base
x – 150) + log
4 3 a, b > 0, a, b π 1, c
4 x)2 logb c
a c= b c a b)
1 Ê 1ˆ logb a
x– ÁË x – ˜¯
2 2
Ê 1ˆ 1 Ê 1ˆ x4 x2
ÁË x + ˜¯ – ÁË x + ˜¯
5
2 2 8

Column 1 Column 2
1
x 2–6x+8 È2 1 ˘ 3 x)+ log 3
x 2) = 0 is
x – 2) Í 7 , 7 log 2 6˙ 2
Î ˚ •)
7x–1 1–7x
)–5£ •, 0] f
4.18

x
3 2
x 5) x 5) – 12 log 5=0 is 1
x x2 – 4x) – x2 x)
x 2
x
Ê x – 1ˆ
log x x x=9 is 5 x 2 + 3x 5 ÁË x + 4 ˜¯
2 2
x
f x
x
2 ) = 3 – x, is
2
5 x) 5x x) = 1 is a x = bc, b y = ca, c z = ab
5Ê x y z ˆ
+ +
2 ÁË 1 + x 1 + y 1 + z ˜¯
Paragraph for Question Nos. 44 to 48 x
x x x
a ab = b, b > 0, a > 0, a π x
4 2 x 2 4 x x
2
x x x + 3) = 16 is
S= x
2x 3x 3 x3 2 x 2) - S
P x satis
2 x
3x 5 +2 5 = 64 is
3x x 3 x)2 P is
P x

1
2x2 – 1 x2
1 log 2 x x)2 log3 (2 x 2 – 1)
x ) 2 is
4
P
f

{4 } 2 LEVEL 2

SINGLE CORRECT ANSWER

2 6
x)
7 2401 is TYPE QUESTIONS
x
x2
x 3 x x – 1)7 is

x x + 3)
x 4 =2 4 is

x( y + z – x) y( z + x – y) z( x + y – z)
f = = ,
log x log y log z
INTEGER-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS x yyx + zyyz – 2xzzx
x
2
2 x) 2 x2 = 2 2 is
 4.19

xy 2 MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS

3 2 x y) = 1, TYPE QUESTIONS
x
yx xy xy
x = 8, y x y = 64
x+1 x
x = 4, y x = 64, y
2 2 2 x
2 x+y 2 x–y xy = 3,

x = 3, y x = 1, y = 3

2 2 x 2 (2 )
2x = 1 is x= 3
3
7
,y=
7
3
x=
7
3
,y= 3
3
7

log 3 + | x 2 – 1|
x2 x 2)
Ê 15 ˆ
x ÁË 1 – 2 x ˜¯ < – 2 is = log x2 – x)
3 + | x 2 – 1|

•
f
f
x y
•
x) y) =3 x
7
5 x)2 5 x+1=
log5 x – 1
x
x x + 1) + log x) < 1 f
3

x x2 + x
•)
•
log 2 x 2 x x •

Ê 3x – 1ˆ 3
Á 16 ˜ £ 4
x
2 x –1
x ≥ x 4
Ë ¯
•)
• 35 )
•

x 2 – 6x x – 4) < 0 is
5 x x ( 5) = 1 is
•)
f
•)

x2 – 4x) x log3 2 = x + 1 + ( 2 x + 1)log3 2

x 2 + 6)

= log 7 + x – x 2) is 3
{ 3}
x
f
4.20

MATRIX-MATCH TYPE QUESTIONS COMPREHENSION-TYPE QUESTIONS

Paragraph for Question Nos. 25 to 28
Column 1 Column 2

9 x ( x – 1) – 5 > 3 aa f x)
+ bb f x)
+ gc f x)
£0
5x + 1 or
(0.25) 2 – •)
aa + bb
f x)
+ gc f f x) x)
≥0
£ 4 2 ( 5x + 1
) where a π 0, b, g Œ R, f x
f ( x)
a, b, c
Ê bˆ
x2–3
5x –3
2
cf x)
ÁË ˜¯ =t
x–1 2 a
) <0
3 )6–x R
2x x
£ 2x
is
• f
Column 1 Column 2 •, •
x2
15
)£3 –15 12–12x

( 2) 2 x + (2 2) x ≥ x
) is
x 2 – 5 x /7
5 •
•, • •, 0]
» •)
• f
5 x (x – x)
» •)
( x -1)/ x
-25 £0 x x x
<0 is
x2 – 11x
>4 •, – 2) •, 0) » • •, 0)
» •) •
ASSERTION-REASON TYPE QUESTIONS
22x+1 x
) + 32 x+1 £ 0 is
Statement-1: x, y, z

• •)
3x 9y 9z =2
4x 2y 4 z=2 INTEGER-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
25 x 25 y 5z = 2 x
3731 5 x x
yz + zx + xy is
900
Statement-2: x, y a, b > 0, a, b π x x – 7) = 5 is
x, y, z
xy x ay
(x + )
a a

logb x x x2 + 1 = y
ax =

Statement-1:
logb a
x + 1) ≥
2 2
cx + 4x + c)
y (y + y + 1) = z
2

(z + z + 1) = x,
5 5
x ŒR cŒ z 2

Statement-2: ax 2 + bx + c > 0 " x ΠR x)2 y)2 z)2 is

a b2 – 4ac < 0
 4.21

x, y, z £ x
xy x y, x x2 – 3x x – 2 is
yz y z, x
3 2
zx z x, x2–1 x x2–1 x – 4) is
x + 3y + 4z is x

10 x 10 2 x – 1 = 1 is

PAST YEARS’ IIT QUESTIONS

SINGLE CORRECT ANSWER x0, y0
TYPE QUESTIONS x) y)
x y
3 =2
10x x x > 1 is
x0 is
1 1
6 3
1
x x x
2
•
MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS
TYPE QUESTIONS
27 is + log 2 x - 5/4
2
x (3/4) (log 2 x ) = 2 has

a+c a–c a – 2b + c
x
a, b, c 2. = 4x – 1 x=
a2, b2, c2 2 log3 2 2
a, b, c
2 log3 2 - 1 2 - log 2 3
a, b, c
x > 1, y > 1, z 1 2 log 2 3
1 - log 4 3 2 log 2 3 - 1
1 1 1
, ,
1 + log x 1 + log y 1 + log z
INTEGER-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Ê ˆ
Á 1
Á 4- 1 4- 1 4- 1 ... ˜˜ is
ÁË 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 ˜¯
4 x 2 x – 3) is
4.22

FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS MATRIX-MATCH TYPE QUESTIONS

y = 10 x
y x p q r s
10
a p q r s
b p q r s
–1 Ê x2 ˆ
f x Á log 2 2 ˜
Ë ¯ c p q r s
d p q r s
7 5 x+5 + x )=0
p q r s

TRUE/FALSE TYPE QUESTIONS a p q r s

a<x b p q r s
ax xa is
c p q r s
SUBJECTIVE-TYPE d p q r s
a x p q r s
xa ax a + 3log a 2 x a a p q r s
x b p q r s
x + 3) x2 + 23x + 21) c p q r s
x2 + 12x
x + 7) d p q r s
2
x x 4 6
x •
x2 – 9x
cos x p ASSERTION-REASON TYPE QUESTIONS
, 0<x<
cos x + sin x 2

Answers COMPREHENSION-TYPE QUESTIONS

LEVEL 1

SINGLE CORRECT ANSWER

TYPE QUESTIONS INTEGER-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

LEVEL 2

MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS SINGLE CORRECT ANSWER

TYPE QUESTIONS TYPE QUESTIONS
 Logarithm 4.23

MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS

TYPE QUESTIONS 1. y = x 2. [–2, –1] » [1, 2] 3. 4
13. (a), (b) 14. (a), (c)
15. (a) 16. (b), (c) TRUE/FALSE TYPE QUESTIONS
17. (c), (d) 18. (a), (b) 1. False.
19. (b) 20. (b), (d)
SUBJECTIVE-TYPE QUESTIONS
MATRIX-MATCH TYPE QUESTIONS 1
21. p q r s 1. a–1/2, a–4/3 2. –1/4 3. ( 3 - 1)
2
a p q r s
b p q r s Hints and Solutions
c p q r s
LEVEL 1
d p q r s

22. p q r s SINGLE CORRECT ANSWER

a p q r s TYPE QUESTIONS
b p q r s 1. Let a = log x, b = log y, c = log z, then a, b, c > 0 and
c p q r s Ê a bˆ
E = (a + b + c) Â Á + ˜
d p q r s Ë bc ca ¯

Ê a 2 b2 b a a b ˆ
ASSERTION-REASON TYPE QUESTIONS = ÂÁ + + + + + ˜
Ë bc ca c c b a ¯
23. (d) 24. (a)
a2 b2 a b
= Â + Â + 2Â + 2Â
COMPREHENSION-TYPE QUESTIONS bc ca b a
25. (d) 26. (b) 27. (d) 28. (a) ≥ 3 + 3 + 2(3) + 2(3) = 18
[A.M. ≥ G.M.]
INTEGER-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
2. Write the given equation as ax + bx + cx = 1
29. 4 30. 0 31. 3 32. 8
2017 2018 2019
33. 2 34. 4 35. 1 where a = ,b= ,c=
3018 3018 3018
PAST YEARS’ IIT QUESTIONS Note that 0 < a, b, c < 1
Let f (x) = ax + bx + cx
SINGLE CORRECT ANSWER
f ¢(x) = ax ln a + bx ln b + cx ln c
TYPE QUESTIONS
< 0 for each x ΠR
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (d)
5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (c) \ f (x) is strictly decreasing on R.
Also, f (x) Æ • as x Æ – •
MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYPE
and f (x) Æ 0 as x Æ •.
1. (a), (b), (c) 2. (a), (b), (c)
Thus, f (x) = 1 has exactly one solution.
INTEGER-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 3. Note that x > 0.
1. 4 Let f (x) = elnx – x, x > 0