EPEG 301

Chapter 4
Protection and Control of Electrical Power System
(Lecture 9)

Power Apparatus and Systems

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4/29/24 **Y.G Paithankar & S.R Bhide, “Fundamentals ofSystems
Power Apparatus and powersystem Protection”PHI Publication 10
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Power System Protection Devices
Some elemental components in the power protection
system:
• Fuse
• Instrument Transformer
• Relay
• Circuit Breaker
• Batteries
• Surge Protection Device

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 Fuse
• Fuse is the self-destructing device.
• It passes the current in a power circuit endlessly and
sacrifices by blowing itself up under abnormal
conditions.
• These are independent protection components in an
electrical system unlike a circuit breaker, which
necessarily requires the support of external
components.
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 Instrument Transformer
Accurate protection cannot be achieved without properly
measuring the normal and abnormal conditions of a system.
Instrument transformers work as a transducer in electrical
systems.
Voltage and Current measurements give feedback on whether a
system is healthy or not.
Voltage transformers and current transformers measure these
basic parameters.

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 Relay
• Relays are sensing devices. Due to the ability to make decisions
about fault recognition, these relays are regarded as the brain of
power systems.

• Relays are operated by measuring the voltage and current values

and converting them into digital and/or analog signals, which in
turn isolate the circuits by opening the faulty circuits.

• Most often, the relays serve two objectives, alarm and trip, once
the abnormality is noticed.

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 Circuit Breaker

• The circuit breaker is an electrically operated switch,

which is capable of safely opening and closing circuits.

• The circuit breaker functions by the output of the linked

relay.

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 Batteries

• The other component which is crucial in a protective

system is batteries that are used to ensure
uninterrupted power to relays and breaker coils.

• The operation of relays and breakers require power

sources, which shall not be affected by faults.

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 Surge Protection Device
• A surge protector is a device used to protect electrical
equipment by suppressing voltage spikes.

• This device attempts to limit the supplied voltage to an

electrical device by maintaining it below a safe threshold.

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 Protection Schemes
There are several protection schemes invented along the line as
protection engineers face new challenges with the advancement
in power systems. Here, we will discuss the most basic ones.

1.Overcurrent Protection Scheme

2.Differential Protection Scheme
3.Distance Protection Scheme
4.Directional Protection Scheme

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 Overcurrent Protection Scheme
An over-current protection scheme is regarded as the
most obvious principle of protection as it can detect a
sudden buildup of current magnitude that is considered
as an effect of fault.

But, the magnitude of the fault current is related to the

type of fault and the source impedance.

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 Differential Protection Scheme
Differential protection is based on the assertion that the
current leaving a protected section must be equal to that
entering it. Any difference between the two endpoints of
a single section indicates a fault.
Thus, we can compare the two currents either their phase
or magnitude or both.

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 Distance Protection Scheme
• A distance protection scheme relates the voltage with the current
at the same end.
• This scheme computes the impedance between the protection
location and the fault point. Then it compares it with a pre-set
value to make the trip decision.
• Since the impedance of a transmission line can be directly
proportional to the distance of the fault in a line due to the
simple series model, it helps in identifying fault location.

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 Directional Protection Scheme

• Directional protection scheme becomes functional in the case of

a double-end feed system or parallel lines or a ring main system,
where a fault gets fed from both sides.
• From the selection perspective, this type of protection is
sensitive enough to detect the direction of the fault power flow.

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 Objective of Power System
Protection
v To isolate a faulty section of electrical power system from rest of the live system
so that the rest portion can function satisfactorily without any severe damage due
to fault current.

vThe main philosophy about protection is that no protection of power system can
prevent the flow of fault current through the system, it only can prevent the
continuation of flowing of fault current by quickly disconnect the short circuit path
from the system.

vFor satisfying this quick disconnection the protection relays should have following
functional requirements.

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Protection System in Power System

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Basic Requirements of Power System
Protection

The following are the basic requirements of any power system

protection system:
1.Reliability
2.Simplicity
3.Selectivity
4.Sensitivity
5.Speed of operation
6.Economy

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Primary protection and Backup protection

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 Primary protection

• The primary protection scheme ensures fast and

selective clearing of any circuit fault within the
boundaries of the circuit element, that the zone is
required to protect.
• It is a first line of defense for our system, very sensitive,
the fault clearing time and the current setting value is
lesser as compared with back up protection.
• It is responsible for all system protection.

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 Reason for Primary protection failure:
1. Current or voltage supply to the relay.
2. D.C. tripping voltage supply-absence of DC tripping
voltage.
3. Protective relays- Relays’ malfunctioning.
4. Failure in the Tripping circuit.
5. Failure in the Circuit Breaker.
6. Loose contact or insufficient contact to reach the trip
circuit.

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 Backup protection
• Used whenever the primary protection failed to operate
during fault condition.

• The back-up protection by definition is slower than the

primary protection system.

• The design of the back-up protection needs to be

coordinated with the design of the primary protection and
essentially it is the second line of defense after the primary
protection system.
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