FIRST YEAR: 1ST SEM, MIDTERMS ● He believe that answer to our pursuit in knowing

ourselves lies ion our own abilities (questioning

BSHM-A2024
introspection)
Understanding The Self
Plato
INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY ● Created the book “The Republic”
● Talks about justice, balance, equality
Philosophy ● He represented the idea that one soul is divided into
● From the greek word “Philos” & “Sophia” means Love three:
for wisdom Appetitive soul: Satisfy oneself
● Study of the fundamentals of Knowledge, Reality, & Spirited soul: Courageous part of oneself
Existence Rational Soul: Conscious mind; thinks & plans for the
● Acquiring knowledge through rational knowledge future
● Using Philosophical Perspective would help us better ● “There is more to man than his worldly body
understand ourselves and other ppl.
St. Augustine
Philosophers: Studies philo regarding the self ● Philosopher of the Church
● Everything will be better if we’re with God
Socrates ● Man is bifurcated nature; Part of man dwells in the
● First martyr of education, knowledge, & philosophy world in years to be divine
● The more na kilala mo sarili mo, the more na buo kang ● Capable of reaching immortality
tao. ● Body dies on earth, soul lives eternally w God
● Socratic Method: Method of questioning oneself ● Believes that people is in need to established their
● Answers will always be subjective, no right or wrong relationship through being virtuous
● His works was never published, we were only able to
know him & his work because of his students. Rene Descartes
● “Gnothi seauton” - "know thyself" if you know who you ● Father of modern philosophy
are are then everything would be clearer & simpler ● Believes in modern dualism/existence of body & mind
● By fully knowing one self a person will be able to ● “Cognito Ergo Sum” - “I think therefore I am”
achieve happiness ● Person, Mind: Different senses
● Oossession of knowledge is a virtue and that ignorance ● Person, Body: Questions, doubts, experiences
is depravity
 ● Humans are self aware, conscious, & proves their own ● collection of impressions & diff. contents is what it only
placement on the universe; Create our own reality & takes to define a person.
masters of our own universe. ● to fully understand who we are, a certain level of
● “Man is rational animal” consciousness uses intuition
● Believes that being in constant doubt regarding ones ● "Transcendental Apperception" is an essence of our
existence is proof that a person actually exist. consciousness that provides the basis & establishing
their notion of "self" synthesizing one's accumulation of
John Locke experience, intuition & imagination.
● Father of classical liberalism
● Work is represented by the concept “Tabula Rasa” Sigmun Freud
means “Blank State” ● Father of psychoanalysis
● A person is born with knowing nothing and susceptible ● Known for his works on human nature &
to stimulation and accumulation of learning from unconsciousness believes that man nas a different
experiences, failure, reference, and observation of a constructs uf personality interacting with each otner &
person. concept of other. levels of consciousness, provide idea
of how persin develops sense of self.
David Hume
● 3 notable contontion in philosophy: empiricism, 3 Levels of Consciousness:
Skepticism, & nationalism. 1. Conscious - minority of memories are stored and
● Disagrees with all philosophers memories are easier to access.
● "To see is to believe" 2. Preconscious - middle part of entirety, where memories are
● "The self is not an entity beyond the physical body" stored in this are can still be accessed w/ little difficulty.
● in life, it is not what you know, but rather what you can
3. Unconscious - majority of memories since childhood are
prove
deeply stored; very difficult to access.
● "said that there is no permanent self" since our
impressions of things are based on our experience,
Aspects of Personality
impressions, & ideas change = improve/replaced
ID - child aspect of a person. the attention is on the
safisfaction of needs a self gratification driven by pleasure
Immanuel Kant
principle.
● Known for his work on Empiricism & Rationalism
● there's the mind that regulates these impressions
EGO - police/ mediator between id and superego, operates in ● Phenomenology - study of essence of of perception
boundaries of reality, to maintain impusses of ID to an and consciousness
acceptable degree reality principle ● Perception - background of experience which quide
SUPEREGO - conscious of ones personality, indicates to every conscious action ne commit separate ourselves
uphold justice and do what is morally right and socially from perception of the world.
acceptable; moralistic idealistic principle.

Gilbert Ryle SOCIOLOGY

● "self is the behavior presented by the person”
● notion of dualism: the behavior that we shows ● Study of how human is established its structure and
emotions and actions are the reflections of our mind. how it works
● "A host in the machine” view ● How the society affects oneself
● things we do, the behavior. How we react, talk, walk
look generally who we are as a person. Sociology and the Self
● The self does not depend on biological pre desposition
Paul Churchland but the product of social interaction.
● The sense of self emerges as the individual part takes
● Eliminative Materialism - people's common sense
in the society — Magiging Self Aware
understanding of mind is false and that most mental
● Modernization significantly change the society and the
states that people subscribe to, in turn, don’t actually
individual affects this.
exist, applies on an understanding of behavior a
ex: through Social media
emotions
● The Individual seeks for solid and stable identity in
● Neurophilosophy - to fully understand ones behavior,
modern society.
one should understand different neurological
movement of brain pertains to different emotions.
Charles Horton Cooley
● "self" define by movements of our brain
● Looking Glass Self - The self grows out of society’s
perception.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
- Shaping themselves based on other peoples
● Body and mind are not separate entities but rather
perception.
those two components is one the same
- You are assessing how the society sees you.
● Whole is greater than sum of its parts
● Unity of function of mind and body "Phenomenology of
3 components of Glass self
perception"
1. We imagine how we appear to other people
2. We imagine and react to what we feel their judgment of that Development of the Self in three stages
appearance must be Stage 1: Preparatory Stage
3. We develop our sense of self and respond through this ● 0 to 3 years old
perceived judgement of others. ● Childien imitate people around them especially fam
— Since perceptions are subjective, a peron might have wrong member
interpretation of how other people evaluate him|her. ● No sense of self
— Critical if he/she would thinks that the othere gudge him/her ● Imitation
unfavorably. Stage 2: Play Stage
● 3 to 5 years old
George Herbert Mead ● Begins to interact to others
● Father ot American Pragmatism ● Stard to view themselves in relation to other
● Rejected the idea of Biological ● Pretend to take roles of important agents of
● Establishing the self through the construction and socialization
reconstruction of the idea of who we are as a person ● Self is developing
during social experience. ● Pretend Play, Role Playing
● Well known for his theory of the social self which Stage 3: Game Gtage
proposes two components, “me” and “I”. ● 8 to 9 years old
● Understand not only their own social position but also
The theory of the Social Self those around them
1. Self obsering d interacting with others ● Take into account of their behnior, attitudes, viewpoints,
2. Responding to other opinion at the self demands
3.Internalizing external opinions and internal feelings abt ● Ability to respond to numerous numbers
oneself. ● Self is now present
● Generalized other, multiple Role, Significant others
Three Activities hat develop the Self
1. Language: Respond through each other through symbol, — “I” Subjective element and active side of self. Response of
gestures, words, & sound. the individual to the attitude of the community. Represents
2. Play: Take on difterent roles, pretend, and express spontaneous a unique traits.
expectation of others — "me" objective element. What is learned in interaction with
3. Games: Allowing individuals to understand & adhere to the other and environment.
rules of the activity. — Learned behaviors, attitudes, & expectations
— The full development of the self is attained when the "I" and ● Post-modern individuals achieve self-identity through
“me" are united. prestiges symbols that they consume.
— Self is not present at birth, develop only with social ● cultural practice of advertising to social media influence
experience individuals to consume goods not for their primary
— Continue to change; Socialization is a lifetime endeavor. value but for the feeling of goodness and power when
compare to others.
The self as a product of the modern society
Anthropological Pespective of the self
Gerry Lanuza Anthropology
● the constitution' of the self he discussed that in ● study of all the aspect of human condition. Includes
modern societies the attainment and ability of self human history, present human condition and even the
identity are freely chosen. future possibilities. Examines sociology of interactions
● It is no longer restricted by customs and tradition of society, language, and culture.
● While new found freedom often infinite possibilities for ● Explores the interconnectedness & interdependence of
self cultivation problems such as alienation & human cultural experiences in all places and age.
dehumanization of the self appear which hinder the full
development of human potentials The Anthropological Concept of the Self
● There is a need to discover the "authentic core" of the the self is..
self for the individual to freely work towards realization. ● An animal apecies which underwent the process of
● Whereas the dissolution of traditional value & biological evolution & has shared charactenstics with
communities in modern, society has lead to individual other living animals, the hominids.
to construct a solid & stable identity ● Evolved from apes some 33 million years ago; origin
● Postmodern: individual welcomes all possibilities for from hominid species "home sapiens "
self improvement ● Develops a culture both biological & cultural identity
● Self-Identity: continoust charge due to the demands of ● Living animals but superior to other animals due to
multitude of social content into technologies & certain factor
globalization.
Physical Aspects: Self as the only with a larger brain
Jean Baudrilliard capacity making him/her a rational animal, the only animal that
● Exposes the negative consequences of post modernity can straight allowing him her to havebetter mobility in doing
to individuals in the society. things.
Social Aspects: Self was lanquages & symbol in dynamic, ● Self takes a holistic diversion of the individual person.
complicated & yet systematic manner allowing him/her to The genetic component plays significant role in the
communicate & preserve history, knowledge & culture. cultural development of an individual.
● Environmental exposure is also a vital component in
Important concepts of Anthropology: Culture & Tradition the creation of cultural self
- Some anthropologist claims that environmental
Culture - Traditionally defined as systems of human behavior exposure starts soon after birth.
and thought. This covers all customs, traditions, capabilities of - However, contemporary anthropologists suggest that
human as they function in society. the environmental exposure starts during conception.
● The growing years of the child are very crucial from an
Characteristics of Culture anthropological perspective. This is the time when the
Culture is Shared: People living in society shares culture child develops the plychological construct of
Culture is Symbolic: Tools and symbols used by our dependeena a independeng.
ancestors become integral part of the culture.
Culture is learned and Integrated: People are not born with Self-Awareness
culture, they have to learn it. ● Permits one to assume responsibility for one's conduct,
to learn how to react to others, and assume a variety of
Culture and Enculturation roles.
Enculturation - The transmission of culture from one ● Starts to conceptualive at the age of 12
generation to the next. Done through observation, use of ● Faster process ot enculturation and self awareness is
language, adaptation of environment, rituals, formal, and the important of attachment of positive value of self.
informal education. ● Will eventually develop his/her identity
Self Behavioral Environment
Clifford Geertz ● In order to strengthen the identity of the self, one must
● Culture is a system of inherited conceptions expressed be able to grasp the different behavioral orientation.
in symbolic forms by means of which men Object Orientation
communicate, perpetuate, and develop their ● Position of the self in relation to the surrounding
knowledge abt attitude towards life. objects.
● Should be able to react responsibly to the cultural
The Self & Person in Contemporary Anthropology objects around
Spatial Orientation
 ● Provides the self with personal space in relation to ● Proponent of Functionalism
other people and things. ● His document The Principles of Psychology (1890)
● Self must be able to keep personal space provided numerous concepts and distinctions of self.
Temporal Orientation ● James theorized the components of the self, which he
● Sense of time divided into two categories: “Me” and “I”.
● Time is relevant to cultural communities
Normative Orientation 2 Aspects of Self
● Grasp of accepted norms in communal activities I- Self
● Must have known that killing, stealing, & hurting should ● The self owner or Self- knower
be avoided ● Refers to the self that knows who he/she is
● Thinking, feeling and acting self
The Self Embedded In Culture ● Also called the Pure Ego
Actual Self - Includes all the feelings, thoughts, experiences, Me- Self
biological, and psychological constitutions, language, and ● The phenomenal Self/ Empirical Self
memory. ● The experienced self or the self as known.
Cultural self - Shaped by the same elements and more of ● It refers to describing the person’s personal experience
factual self. What remains in the distinction is the solid identity ls and further divided into 3 constituents: Material Self.
of the self in relation to everyone else. Social Self, Spiritual Self.

THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Constituents of the Me- Self

Material Self
● constituted by our bodies, clothes, immediate family,
● Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and home and other possessions that one values and
mental processes regard as one’s own
● Self by definition is a reference by an individual to the ● We attached more deeply into these things and
same individual person therefore we are most affected by because of the
● The psychology of studying self is about either the investment we give to these things.
cognitive and affective representation of one’s identity Social Self
or the subject of experience. ● Based on our interactions with society and the reaction
of people towards us
William James ● Thought to have multiple divergence or different
● Father of American Psychology version of ourselves
 ● It varies as to how we present ourselves to a particular ● It is a non-directive intervention because it believes
social group that all people have the potential to solve their own
Spiritual Self problems.
● Inner self or psychological self, subjective being ● Human beings are always striving for self fulfillment or
● Self- perceived abilities, attitudes, emotions, interests, self actualization
values, motives, opinions and traits. ● Rogers believe that people must be fully honest with
themselves in order to have personal discovery on
David Lester oneself
● Multiple versus Unified Self ● He proposed the Self- Concept
● The construction of multiple selves varies across
different roles and relationships Self Concept
● Coping with different selves constitutes a formidable ● refers to the image of oneself
task among adolescents ● Defined the self as flexible and changing????
● It is important that adolescents are supported in their
effort to create a consistent, coherent, or unified theory The three components of Self Concept
of self Self Image
● Real Self
Donald Winnicott ● The way we see ourselves
● The self is composed of True self and False self ● It includes what we know about ourselves physically,
● True Self, as rooted from early infancy is called the our social roles, and our personality traits
simple being; based on the spontaneous authentic and Ideal Self
feeling of being alive (real self) ● Is the self we would like to be
● False Self, is our defense facade; overlying or Self Esteem
contradicting the original self. ● is the value we place upon ourselves
● The function of the false self is to hide and protect the ● self worth
true self
Real Self ( Self Image )
Carl Rogers ● Its the self that feels most true to what and who we
● Believed in the inherent goodness of people really are
● He emphasized the importance of free will and ● How we think, feel, and look
psychological growth ● An individual would have lived in an environment of
● Person-centered therapy unconditional positive regard.
 ● we can think about and evaluate our motivations,
Ideal Self behaviors, values and the meanings of our life goals
● This is the person who we would like to be and make needed modifications
● It is dynamic and forever changing
● An idealized version of yourself Carl Jung
● Real self should be congruent to ideal self to achieve ● He believed on the Self as the Central Archetype
self realization. ● Archetypes are universal, inborn models of people,
● Congruence- the real self is closer to ideal self behaviors, or personalities that play a role in
● Incongruence- feelings are not aligned with the action influencing human behavior
● when a current experience corresponds to the latent
Albert Bandura primordial image, the archetype is activated.
● The self as Proactive and Agentic The Four Major Jungian Archetypes
● Social Cognitive Theory the persona, shadow, anima/animus, self
● takes an agentic perspective — it views people as Carl Jung: Personality Archetypes
agents (producers) of experience and not just reactive. 1. Persona
● Suggests that human have the capability to act and ● the personality that people show to the world.
make things happen ● ones social roles
4 Core Features of Human Agency 2. Shadow
1. Intentionality ● ones dark shadow
● acts a person performs intentionally ● represents the qualities we do not wish to acknowledge
● enables us to behave with purpose ● we must continually strive to know our shadow
2. Forethought 3. Anima
● allows us to anticipate likely outcomes, actions and to ● represents the feminine component in the personality
select behaviors that will produce desired outcomes of men
and avoid undesirable ones ● Anima influences the feeling side in man and is the
3. Self-reactiveness explanation for certain irrational moods and feelings
● we can be motivated to regulate our actions 4. Animus
● we do not only make choices, but we also monitor our ● represents the masculine component in the personality
progress toward fulfilling those choices. of women
4. Self-reflectiveness ● Jung believed this is explanation for the irrational
● we can examine our own functioning thinking and illogical opinions often attributed to women
5. Self
 ● archetype of archetypes ● An individual is a combination of give aggregates of
● central archetype that represents wholeness existence, also called:
● it pulls together and unite other archetypes Five Skandhas or Five Heaps
1. Matter: Our physical form
THE SELF IN WESTERN AND EASTERN THOUGHTS 2. Sensation: Made up of pure feelings and senses
3. Perception: means thinking; conceptualization,
cognition, reasoning
Western Thought 4. Mental Constructs: Include habits, prejudices,
● Emphasize the importance of scientific methods of predispositions, and volition
investigation to provide satisfactory answers to 5. Consciousness: Awareness of or send to an object
understand the self. ● A doctrine of Anatman is the core teaching of
● The emphasis is individualistic rather than rational. Buddhism.
❖ According to this doctrine, there is no “self” in
Eastern Thought the sense of a permanent, autonomous being
● Raise questions abt the ultimate meaning of human within an individual existence. What we think of
life. as our self, the “me” inhabits our body, is just an
● Develop theories pf self as they have investigated what ephemeral existence.
it means to be a human being. ● The ultimate goal is nirvana (enlightenment), a state of
● Emphasis is relational rather than individual transcendence devoid of self-reference.
● Self is considered not in isolation but in relation to ● The original buddhist use the word bodhi, which means
others. “awakened”. The word buddha is derived from bodhi
● Eastern theories are highly practical and means “the awakened” one.
● Do not utilize scientific techniques of investigation 2. Hinduism
● Offer a variety of techniques for cultivating a deeper ● The religion of ancient people known as Aryans
understanding of the self. ● Law of Karma is the most important doctrine of
Hinduism
Different Eastern Thought ● Believes that Atman, being an immortal soul, continues
❖ Buddhism, Hinduism, Confucianism, Taoism to be reincarnated from lifetime to lifetime until it’s freed
1. Buddhism from the cycle of rebirth and reach a state of nirvana.
● Sidharta Gautama known as budha is the founder of ● Karma does not end with the body’s death, its influence
buddhism. may extend through incarnation of the soul.
● Everyone has a seed of enlightenment.
3. Confucianism ● The perfect man has no self; the spiritual man has no
● System of thought and behavior devised by the achievement; The true sage has no name. The ideal is
Chinese Scholar K’ung Fu-tzu (Latinised to Confucius) thus selflessness.
in sixth century BC China. ● The selfless person leads a balanced life, in harmony
● Self is characterized by relational identity which means with both nature and society.
that a person is defined by his/her significant
relationship. Dimension Western Eastern
● Self-realization is seen as the ultimate purpose of life,
and self-cultivation is instrumental on this. Source of Has made use of Has trusted intuition
● Self cultivation could be accomplished by knowing Knowledge reason rather than and is often
faith to pursue associated with
one’s role in the society and act accordingly. wisdom. religious beliefs
● Confucius specifies the five important relationships:
❖ king to subject Modes of Cognition Analytic and Synthetic and
deductive inductive
❖ father to son
❖ husband to wife Emphasis Distinctions and Commonalities and
❖ older brother to younger brother Opposition harmonies
❖ friend to friend
View of Self Egocentric Sociocentric
● The self in Confucianism is subdued to self. It is Talks abt personal Talk abt their social
conditioned to respond to perceptions, not of its own attributes roles
needs and aspirations, but of social requirements and
obligations. Cultural Framework Individualism Collectivism
HIghlights Personal Keeps a low profile
4. Taoism Achievements and avoid
● Is a religious or philosophical tradition of chinese origin Values Competition boastfulness
which emphasizes living in harmony with that Tao or Values Cooperation
the Way.
Role of Society Duality-you are Other persons part
● Tao denotes the principle that is the source, pattern distinct from other of yourself
and substance of everything that exists.
● The self is one of the countless manifestations of the Ideal Self-actualization To achieve a
through personal balance life and find
Tao. It is an extension of cosmos, not of social growth one’s role in society
relationships.