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EARTH SCIENCE
QUARTER 2 – MODULE 12 (Week 5)

Plate Tectonics

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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Earth Science Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module Plate
Tectonics.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator
in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Earth and Life Science Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module
on Plate Tectonics.

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used
to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create
and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as
a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies
in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time.
You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being
an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you

link the current lesson with the previous
one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as
a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener,
an activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

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 What I Have This includes questions or blank
Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be

given to you to enrich your knowledge or
skill of the lesson learned. This also tends
retention of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in

the module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part
of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with
it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you
are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

Wegener’s ideas were fully recognized by the world only after his death.
His theory gave new directions to research in the Earth sciences. Further
refinement of his ideas have led to better understanding of earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, formation of mountains and valleys and various geological
processes. From the deepest ocean trench to the tallest mountain, plate
tectonics explains the features and movement of Earth's surface in the present
and the past. Plate tectonics, one of the most important and far-reaching
discoveries of the last century has completely revolutionized our understanding
of the planet Earth.

Earth is a living and dynamic planet. Its surface is constantly modified

by geological processes such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Plate
tectonics is the theory that explains the global distribution of geological
phenomena. Principally it refers to the movement and interaction of the earth's
lithosphere. This includes the formation, movement, collision and destruction of
plates and the resulting geological events such as seismicity, volcanism,
continental drift, and mountain building.

In much the same way that geographic borders have separated, collided,
and been redrawn throughout human history, tectonic plate boundaries have
diverged, converged, and reshaped the Earth throughout its geologic history.
Today, science has shown that the surface of the Earth is in a constant state of
change. We are able to observe and measure mountains rising and eroding,
oceans expanding and shrinking, volcanoes erupting and earthquakes striking.

The module covers :

 Lesson 1 – Plate Tectonics

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Describe how rocks behave under different types of stress such as
compression, pulling apart, and shearing
2. Explain how the movement of plates lead to the formation of fold, faults,
trenches, volcanoes, rift valleys, and mountain ranges.

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 What I Know

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. The youngest rocks on the ocean floor are located ________________.
A. near continents C. far from mid-oceanic ridges
B. at mid-oceanic ridges D. near Asia
2. The crust and upper mantle make up Earth's ________________.
A. lithosphere C. core
B. asthenosphere D. continents
3. Plates move apart at ______________ boundaries.
A. convergent C. divergent
B. stable D. transform
4. Plates slide past one another at _________________.
A. subduction zones C. convection currents
B. transform boundaries D. divergent boundaries
5. The boundary between two plates moving together is called a ____.
A. divergent boundary C. transform boundary
B. convergent boundary D. lithosphere
6. _________________ currents inside Earth might drive plate motion.
A. vertical C. horizontal
B. convection D. none of the above
7. Active volcanoes are most likely to form at ____.
A. transform boundaries
B. divergent boundaries
C. the center of continents
D. convergent oceanic–continental boundaries
8. ______________ are formed when two continental plates collide.
A. volcanoes C. mountain ranges
B. strike-slip faults D. rift valleys
9. Most earthquakes happen _______.
A. without warning
B. in areas where earthquakes have occurred in the past
C. along plate boundaries
D. all of the above
10. Which of the following statements is false?
A. continental crust is made of granite
B. continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust
C. continental crust is younger than oceanic crust
D. continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust

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Lesson

1 Plate Tectonics

What’s In

The West Valley Fault is 100 kilometers in length and traverses the cities
of Metro Manila namely Taguig, Muntinlupa, Paranaque, Quezon City, Pasig,
Makati, and Marikina as well as nearby provinces of Rizal, Laguna, Cavite, and
Bulacan. These places will suffer greatly when this fault move.

And when it did, it could generate a 7.2 magnitude earthquake causing

great devastation of the most progressive portion of the Metro Manila.
According to DOST - PHIVOLCS this fault moves every 200 – 400 years and the
last time it did was in the year 1658.

http://nrcp.dost.gov.ph/feature-articles/279-the-big-one-part-2

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 What’s New

Activity 1. We are the Tectonic Plates!

On the following map please identify the 7 major lithospheric plates pointed to
by the labels A, B, C, D, E, F, and G.

A. D. G.

B. E.

C. F.

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 What is It

PLATE TECTONIC THEORY

Plate tectonics describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere.
The theory encompasses the older concepts of continental drift, developed
during the first half of the 20th century, and seafloor spreading, understood
during the 1960s. The outermost part of the Earth's interior is made up of two
layers: above is the lithosphere, comprising the crust and the rigid uppermost
part of the mantle. Below the lithosphere lies the asthenosphere. Although solid,
the asthenosphere has relatively low viscosity and shear strength and can flow
like a liquid on geological time scales. The deeper mantle below the
asthenosphere is more rigid again due to the higher pressure.
The lithosphere is broken up into what are called tectonic plates — in the case
of Earth, there are seven major and many minor plates. The lithospheric plates
ride on the asthenosphere. These plates move in relation to one another at one
of three types of plate boundaries: convergent or collision boundaries, divergent
or spreading boundaries, and transform boundaries. Earthquakes, volcanic
activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along plate
boundaries.

https://earthhow.com/7-major-tectonic-plates/

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 Major Plate Name Continents and Oceans Size (km2)
Pacific Plate Pacific Ocean 102,900,000
United States, Canada,
North American Plate Arctic Ocean and 75,900,000
Atlantic Ocean
Eurasian Plate Europe, Russia and Asia 67,800,000
Africa and Atlantic
African Plate 61,300,000
Ocean
Antarctic Plate Antarctica 60,900,000
Australia, India, Oceania
Indo-Australia Plate 58,900,000
and Indian Ocean
South America and
South American Plate 43,600,000
Atlantic Ocean

Earth has 7 major plate tectonic boundaries and 10 or so minor ones.

Plate tectonics have deceptively slow movement. Just centimeters each year.
But they’re never idle. Like seams of a baseball, tectonic plate boundaries wrap
around the Earth. Earth’s tectonic plate boundaries are unusual because they
can consist of continent and ocean crust.
Tectonic plates can include continental crust or oceanic crust, and a
single plate typically carries both. For example, the African Plate includes the
continent and parts of the floor of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The
distinction between continental crust and oceanic crust is based on the density
of constituent materials; oceanic crust is denser than continental crust owing to
their different proportions of various elements, particularly silicon. Oceanic
crust is denser because it has less silicon and more heavier elements ("mafic")
than continental crust ("felsic").

Forces that Drives Plate Tectonics

Lithospheric plates are part of a planetary scale thermal convection
system. The energy source for plate tectonics is Earth’s internal heat while the
forces moving the plates are the “ridge push” and “slab pull” gravity forces.
It was once thought that mantle convection could drive plate motions.
Convection in the mantle, certainly plays a role, but doesn’t explain how some
plates move faster than the convective currents beneath them. What would
cause that? Current dynamic models have plates moving as part of a gravity-

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driven convection system that pushes young hot plates away from spreading
ridges and pulls old cold plates down into subduction zones.
The most important forces: gravity = "ridge push" and "slab pull"
"Ridge push". The lithosphere thickens with distance (and time) away
from the midocean ridge. This is because it cools as it moves away from the
ridge and the boundary between the solid lithosphere and slightly molten
asthenosphere becomes deeper - the boundary between the lithosphere and
asthenosphere is essentially a temperature boundary. The result of this
thickening with distance from the ridge is that the lithosphere/asthenosphere
boundary slopes away from the ridge. The weight of the lithosphere on this
sloping surface produces a downslope force. And since the asthenosphere is
weak, the weight of the lithosphere near the ridge sliding down the "slippery
slope" of the asthenosphere "pushes" the older part of the plate in front of
it. Note that as the lithosphere slides down away from the ridge, tensional
forces and normal fault earthquakes occur at the ridge axis where two plates
are sliding (pulling) apart.
"Slab pull". As lithospheric plates move away from midocean ridges
they cool and become denser. They eventually become more dense than the
underlying hot mantle. After subducted, cool, dense lithosphere sinks into the
mantle under its own weight. This helps to pull the rest of the plate down with
it.

http://www.columbia.edu/~vjd1/driving_forces_basic.htm

Resisting forces. The main effect of the underlying mantle is to produce

a shearing or frictional force resisting the motion of lithospheric plates. And for
newly subducting slabs, the resisting force of the mantle as the slab tries to
force its way through is stronger than the shearing on the top and bottom of the
descending slab. Friction between the converging plates and also the force
required to bend a plate resist the movement of the plate at subduction zones.

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 It seems likely that gravity drives the plates and the motions of the plates
help to stir the mantle, rather than the convection of the mantle driving the
plates. However, mantle flow may be important locally with respect to the
motion of continents with deep keels (thickened lithosphere, especially in old
orogenic belts), but not for oceanic lithosphere.

Plate Boundaries
One plate meets another along a plate boundary, and plate boundaries
are commonly associated with geological events such as earthquakes and the
creation of topographic features like mountains, volcanoes and oceanic
trenches. The majority of the world's active volcanoes occur along plate
boundaries, with the Pacific Plate's Ring of Fire being most active and most
widely known.
Three types of plate boundaries exist, characterized by the way the plates
move relative to each other. They are associated with different types of surface
phenomena. The different types of plate boundaries are:

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/483574078733702258/

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 Transform boundaries occur where plates slide or, perhaps more
accurately, grind past each other along transform faults. The relative motion of
the two plates is either sinistral (left side toward the observer) or dextral (right
side toward the observer). Because of friction, the plates cannot simply glide
past each other. Rather, stress builds up in both plates and when it exceeds the
threshold of the rocks, the energy is released – causing earthquakes. The San
Andreas Fault in California is one example
Divergent boundaries occur where two plates slide apart from each
other. On land, divergent boundaries within continents initially produce rifts,
which produce rift valleys. Under the sea, the most active divergent plate
boundaries are between oceanic plates and are often called mid-oceanic ridges.
Mid-ocean ridges (e.g., Mid-Atlantic Ridge) and active zones of rifting (such as
Africa's Great Rift Valley) are both examples of divergent boundaries.
Convergent boundaries (or active margins) occur where two plates
collide towards each other commonly forming either a subduction zone (if one
plate moves underneath the other) or a continental collision (if the two plates
contain continental crust). Deep marine trenches are typically associated with
subduction zones. The subducting slab contains many hydrous minerals, which
release their water on heating; this water then causes the mantle to melt,
producing volcanism.
Subduction zones occur when one or both of the tectonic plates are
composed of oceanic crust. The denser plate is subducted underneath the less
dense plate. The plate being forced under is eventually melted and destroyed.
Island arcs and oceanic trenches occur when both of the plates are made of
oceanic crust. Zones of active seafloor spreading can also occur behind the
island arc, known as back-arc basins. These are often associated with
submarine volcanoes. When oceanic crust meets continental crust, the denser
oceanic plate is subducted, often forming a mountain range on the continent.
The Andes is an example of this type of collision. Where continental crust meets
continental crust, both continental crusts are too light to subduct so a
continent-continent collision occurs, creating especially large mountain ranges.
The most spectacular example of this is the Himalayas.

DEFORMATION OF ROCKS
Recall that stress is a force acting on a material that produces a
strain. Stress is a force applied over an area. Pressure is a stress where the
forces act equally from all directions. equally from all directions.
If stress is not equal from all directions then we say that the stress is a
differential stress. Three kinds of differential stress occur.

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 Tensional stress (or extensional stress), which stretches rock;
 Compressional stress, which squeezes rock; and
 Shear stress, which result in slippage and translation.

https://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/eens1110/deform.htm

When rocks deform they are said to strain. A strain is a change in size,
shape, or volume of a material. We here modify that definition somewhat to say
that a strain also includes any kind of movement of the material, including
translation and tilting.
When a rock is subjected to increasing stress it passes through 3
successive stages of deformation.
 Elastic Deformation -- wherein the strain is reversible.
 Ductile Deformation -- wherein the strain is irreversible.
 Fracture - irreversible strain wherein the material breaks.

Joints
As we learned in our discussion of physical weathering, joints are
fractures in rock that show no slippage or offset along the fracture. Joints are
usually planar features, so their orientation can be described as a strike and
dip. They form from as a result of extensional stress acting on brittle
rock. Such stresses can be induced by cooling of rock (volume decreases as
temperature decreases) or by relief of pressure as rock is eroded above thus
removing weight.

Faults
Faults are extremely long and deep break or large crack in a rock. A
fracture or break in Earth’s lithosphere along which block of rocks move past
each other. Faults can be divided into several different types depending on the
direction of relative displacement.

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1.Dip Slip fault. Movement of rocks is mainly vertical direction (rising and
sinking). Normal fault and reverse fault belong to this type of fault.
2. Strike slip. Movement of blocks of rocks is chiefly horizontal direction.

 Normal Fault/ Gravity fault-the hanging wall has slipped down in

comparison with foot wall; gravity causes the hanging wall to slip down
 Reverse fault- the hanging wall moves up relative to the foot wall; this
motion is caused by compressional forces and results in shortening; it is
called Thrust fault if the dip (slope) of the fault is small.
 Strike Slip Fault-the movement of the blocks of rock is chiefly in the
horizontal direction. If the far side of the fault moves to the left relative to
the observer it is called “sinistral strike slip fault” (left lateral) If the far side
of the fault moves to the right relative to the observer it is called “dextral
strike slip fault” (right lateral)
 Oblique Fault-caused by both dip slip fault and strike slip fault;
combination of shearing and tension of compressional forces
 Horst and Graben-refer to regions that lie between normal faults and are
either higher or lower than the area beyond the faults

https://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/eens1110/deform.htm

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Folds
When rocks deform in a ductile manner, instead of fracturing to form
faults or joints, they may bend or fold, and the resulting structures are
called folds. Folds result from compressional stresses or shear stresses acting
over considerable time. Because the strain rate is low and/or the temperature is
high, rocks that we normally consider brittle can behave in a ductile manner
resulting in such folds.
Monoclines are the simplest types of folds. Monoclines occur when
horizontal strata are bent upward so that the two limbs of the fold are still
horizontal. Anticlines are folds where the originally horizontal strata has been
folded upward, and the two limbs of the fold dip away from the hinge of the fold.
Synclines are folds where the originally horizontal strata have been folded
downward, and the two limbs of the fold dip inward toward the hinge of the fold.
Synclines and anticlines usually occur together such that the limb of a syncline
is also the limb of an anticline.

What’s More

Activity 2. Matching Type: Deformation of Rocks

Identify the following diagram. Select from the choices inside the table.

Strike slip
Horst and graben Joint Reverse fault Normal fault
fault
Synclines Monoclines Anticlines Thrust fault

1. 2. 3.

________________________ ________________________ ________________________

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4. 5. 6.

________________________ _______________________ ________________________

7. 8. 9.

_______________________ _______________________ _________________________

Match column A to column B.
A B
_____1. Fault wherein the hanging wall has slipped down in a. Monoclines
comparison with foot wall b. Synclines
_____2. Fault wherein the hanging wall moves up relative to the c. Anticlines
foot wall d. Oblique fault
_____3. Thrust fault wherein the dip (slope) of the fault is small e.Fold
_____4.Fault wherein the movement of the blocks of rock is f. Normal fault
chiefly in the horizontal direction. g. Reverse fault
_____5. Regions lying between normal faults and are either h. Thrust fault
higher or lower than the area beyond the faults i. Strike-slip
_____6. Occurs when the horizontal layers are bent upward so fault
that the two limbs of the fold are still horizontal. j. Horst and
_____7. Fold structures when the original rock layers have been graben
folded downward and the two limbs of the fold dip inward
toward the hinge of the fold.
_____8.Fold structures formed when the original rock layers have
been folded upward and the two limbs of the fold dip
away from the hinge of the fold.
_____9.Fault caused by both dip slip fault and strike slip
faultcombination of shearing and tension of
compressional forces.
_____10.Occurs when one or a stack of originally flat and planar

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 surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, are bent or
curved as a result of permanent deformation .

What I Have Learned

Activity 3. Sketching Time!

Complete the following Table.

Real world
Plate Boundary Sketch
Example

1. Convergent
Definition:

2. Divergent
Definition:

3. Transform
Definition:

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 What I Can Do

Activity 4. Dio-Rock-ma
Objective: To create a visual model demonstrating an understanding of the
various topics associated with the Theory of Plate Tectonics and how these
topics all relate to one another

Include each of the features and/or labels in model from the below list: (1 point
each)

Things to Represent AND Label in Project Things to LABEL in your Model:

Visual:
Direction of Plate Movements
Deep-Ocean Trench
Where Seafloor Spreading Occurs
Subduction
Whether a Plate is Oceanic or Continental
Mountains
Lithosphere
Volcano
Earthquake Zones (location)
Mid-Ocean Ridge
Location of Stress in Crust
Rift Valley
Volcanic Island
Asthenosphere
Plate Melting
Rising Magma
Convection Currents

Be guided with rubrics below.

4 3 2 1

The visual model The visual model The visual model is

The visual model
illustrates a includes 1-2 not portrayed as a
includes 3-5
continuous, breaks in the continuous,
breaks in the
unbroken scene scene that, in unbroken scene in
scene that, do not
Visual that accurately some way do not any way, which
accurately
Continuity represents how accurately does not accurately
represent how the
the plates represent how the represent the
plates interact
interact with one plates interact interaction between
with one another
another here on with one another plates here on
here on Earth.
Earth. here on Earth. Earth.

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 Illustration shows
No two
one of the Illustration shows
consecutive plates
following, two consecutive
are moving in the
Order of the consecutive plates plates moving in
X same direction. An
Plates moving in the the same direction
OP is never
same direction, or and an OP
diverging from a
an OP diverging diverging from a CP
CP.
from a CP.

Every required Every Every

landform/event landform/event, landform/event,
More than 4
is associated but 2, is but 4, is
landforms/events
Location of with the associated with associated with
are associated with
Landforms appropriate type the appropriate the appropriate
incorrect plate
and Events of plate type of plate type of plate
boundaries or type
boundary, type of boundary, type of boundary, type of
of Plates.
plates, and plates, and plates, and
relative location. relative location. relative location.

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on
a separate sheet of paper. Encircle the letter of the best answer.
1. A divergent boundary at two oceanic plates can result in a ____.
A. rift valley C. continental volcanic arc
B. volcanic island arc D. subduction zone
2. What type of boundary occurs where two plates move together, causing
one plate to descend into the mantle beneath the other plate?
A. transform fault boundary C. convergent boundary
B. divergent boundary D. transitional boundary
3. New ocean crust is formed at ____.
A. transform fault boundary C. convergent boundary
B. divergent boundary D. transitional boundary
4. What forms when one oceanic plate is forced beneath another plate?
A. an ocean basin C. a subduction zone
B. an ocean ridge D. a rift valley

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Refer to the figure below.

5. What type of plate boundary is illustrated in figure?

A. transform fault boundary
B. divergent boundary
C. convergent oceanic-oceanic boundary
D. convergent oceanic-continental boundary
6. What feature is labelled B in figure?
A. trench C. volcanic island arc
B. ocean ridge D. continental volcanic arc
7. What process is illustrated by the area labeled G in figure?
A. trench C. rifting
B. continental volcanism D. subduction
8. Oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at ____.
A. transform fault boundaries C. ocean ridges
B. divergent boundaries D. convergent boundaries
9. The Himalayas in South Asia are an example of what type of plate
boundary?
A. convergent oceanic-continental boundary
B. convergent continental-continental boundary
C. divergent boundary
D. transform fault boundary
10. The theory of plate tectonics combine which two other theories?
A. sea floor spreading and continental drift
B. sea floor spreading and tidal theory
C. continental drift and fossil theory
D. continental drift and Big Bang theory
11.Why is a divergent boundary also called a constructive boundary?
A. Magma flows up between the plates and forms new crust.
B. Old ocean floor is re-melted into magma

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 C. Animals in the ocean construct nests there.
D. Pacific Ocean becomes wider
12.An example of a transform/shear/sliding boundary is a:
A. volcano C. deep sea trench
B. mid oceanic ridge D. fault
13.How do the plates move at a transform boundary?
A. They do not move.
B. They move past each other.
C. They move toward each other.
D. They move away from each other.
14.What are plates composed of
A. Crust only
B. The outer core
C. Asthenosphere only
D. Continental and oceanic crust and small part of the upper mantle
15.Where do mid-ocean ridges form?
A. In boundaries where plates are colliding
B. On boundaries where plates are spreading
C. On boundaries where plates are sliding past each other
D. On boundaries where one plate is subjecting under the other

Additional
Activities
Answer the following questions.
1. Which of the above boundaries can produce earthquakes? At which of
those is the largest earthquakes produced?

2. Which of the above boundaries can produce volcanoes?

3. At which of the above boundaries is sea floor created?

4. At which of the above boundaries is sea floor destroyed?

5. What are the three sub-types of convergent plate boundaries? Explain

each.

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 Answer Key

What I Know
1. B 3. C 5. B 7. D 9. D
2. A 4. A 6. B 8. C 10. C

Activity 1. We are the Tectonic Plates!

A. North American D. Eurasian G. Antarctic

B. Pacific E. African

C. South American F. Indian Australian

Activity 2. Matching Type: Deformation of Rocks

A.
1. Anticlines 4. Horst and Graben 7. Reverse fault
2. Synclines 5. Normal fault 8. Thrust fault
3. Monoclines 6. Strike slip 9. Joint

B.
1. f 5. j 9. d
2. g 6. a 10. e
3. h 7. b
4. i 8. c

Activity 3. Sketching Time!

Answers may vary

Activity 4. Dio-Rock-Ma
Answers may vary

Assessment
1. A 4. C 7. D 10. A 13. B
2. C 5. D 8. D 11. A 14. D
3. B 6. A 9. B 12. D 15. B

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Additional Activities
1. At convergent plate boundaries, where two continental plates collide
earthquakes are deep and also very powerful. In general, the deepest and the
most powerful earthquakes occur at plate collision (or
subduction) zones at convergent plate boundaries.
2. Volcanoes are most common in these geologically active boundaries. The two
types of plate boundaries that are most likely to produce volcanic activity
are divergent plate boundaries and convergent plate boundaries.
3. Seafloor spreading occurs at divergent plate boundaries
4. The seafloor is destroyed at a convergent boundary.
5. Convergent boundaries. Plates may converge directly or at an angle. Three
types of convergent boundaries are recognized: continent‐continent,
ocean‐continent, and ocean‐ocean. Continent‐continent convergence results
when two continents collide. Ocean‐continent convergence occurs when oceanic
crust is subducted under continental crust. Ocean‐ocean convergence occurs
when two plates carrying ocean crust meet.

References
Bayo-ang, Roly.B., Maria Lourdes G. Coronacion, Annamae T. Jorda, and Anna
Jamille Restubog. Earth and Life Science for Senior High School. Quezon
City, Metro Manila: Educational Resources Corporation., 2016.

Bureau of Secondary Education. (n.d.) Project EASE (Effective and Alternative

Secondary Educartion), Intergrated Science I. [PDF]

De Silva, et al (2016). Earth Science [PDF]. Commission on Higher Education,

Diliman, Quezon City

Irfan, Umair (2018). A volcano in the Philippines is Threatening a Major

Eruption. Retrieved from http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/mayon

Miller, G.Tyler, et al. (2014). Earth Science. Philippine Edition. Ortigas Avenue,
Pasig City. Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd (Philippine Branch)

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