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EARTH SCIENCE
QUARTER 2 – MODULE 13 (Week 6-7)

Major Events in Earth’ Past

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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Earth Science Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module Major Events
in Earth’s Past.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their
personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You
also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their
own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Earth and Life Science Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on
Major Events in Earth’s Past.

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is
capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills
at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the lesson.

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 What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will
help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not
alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

The history of the Earth is concerned with the development of the planet Earth
from its formation to the present day. In order to tackle Earth’s history, scientists
utilize methods to refer to the time periods in which events happened and organisms
thrived. With the information they gathered from fossil evidence and rocks and
applying scientific principles, they were able to create a listing of rock layers from
oldest to youngest. Then they divided the history of Earth into blocks of time with each
block characterized by important events.

The geologic time scale is the “calendar” for events in Earth history. It
subdivides all time into named units of abstract time called—in descending order of
duration—eons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages. The Earth system has undergone
dramatic changes throughout its 4.5-billion-year history. In this module, we will going
to find out more about the geologic time scale.

The module covers :

 Lesson 1 – Major Events in Earth’s Past

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Describe how layers of rocks (stratified rocks) are formed
2. Describe the different methods (relative and absolute dating) of determining the
age of stratified rocks
3. Explain how relative and absolute dating were used to determine the
subdivisions of geologic time
4. Describe how index fossils (also known as guide fossils) are used to define and
identify subdivisions of the geologic time scale
5. Describe the history of the Earth through geologic time

What I Know

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. It uses an isotope with a half life of 4.5 billion years in dating very old rocks
which are more than 10 million years old, specially rocks that do not contain
fossils.
A. carbon-14 method C. relative dating

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 B. uranium Lead method D. potassium argon method
2. A rock formed with 1,000 atoms of a radioactive parent element, but only
contains 250 radioactive parent atoms today. If the half-life is 1,000,000 years,
how old is the rock?
A. 250, 000 years C. 1,000,000 years
B. 500, 000 years D. 2,000,000 years
3. Fossils are useful for all of the following except
A. determining the exact age of the earth
B. determining the former climate of a region
C. determining the former environment of a region
D. correlating rocks in one location with those in another
4. Today we live in the:
A. Phanerozoic Eon, Mesozoic Era, Jurassic Period
B. Phanerozoic Eon, Cenozoic Era, Tertianary Period
C. Phanerozoic Eon, Cenozoic Era, Quarternary Period
D. Phanerozoic Eon, Paleozoic Era, Carboniferous Period
5. How is the age of the earth determined?
A. absolute dating C. fossils
B. clock D. relative dating
6. Which is the smallest division of geologic time?
A. eon C. era
B. epoch D. period
7. Which combination represents the Phanerozoic?
A. Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic
B. Eocene, Cretaceous, Jurassic
C. Precambrian, Cenozoic, Eocene
D. Cenozoic, Precambrian, Paleozoic
8. In what era do we belong?
A. Cenozoic C. Mesozoic
B. Jurassic D. Paleozoic
9. What time units are eras subdivided into?
A. days C. epochs
B. eons D. periods
10. In what era was there an abundance of large reptiles?
A. Cenozoic C. Paleozoic
B. Mesozoic D. Precambrian

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Lesson

1 Plate Tectonics

What’s In

A fossil of the 20 million year old Sirenia, commonly know today as the Sea cow
or Dugong, of the Miocene period is plastered on a limestone wall of the famous
Underground River of Puerto Princesa City in Palawan.
The serenia’s existence has been largely documented in Europe, Mediterranean
and Africa. This means that the fossilized remains of the sea cow at the walls of the
underground river may be a rarity in the Philippines.

Retrieved from https://globalnation.inquirer.net/3357/extinct-sea-cow-fossil-found-in-philippines

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 What’s New

Activity 1. Find the Hidden Phrase

Unscramble each of the clue words.Copy the letters in the numbered cells to other
cells with the same number.

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 What is It

HISTORY OF THE EARTH

A process taking place on Earth is a geologic event in its history. The
characteristics show a record of events that happened involving them. Within the rock
formations that make up the Earth’s crust lies evidence of over 4.5 billion years of
time. The clues found in them help scientists put together a picture of how Earth has
changed.
Sedimentary rocks are formed particle by particle and layer by layer. The layers
are piled on top of the other. Rock layers are also called strata and stratigraphy is the
science of rock strata or layers. Layering occurs in sedimentary as they accumulate
through time, so rock layers hold the key in learning about the environment of long
ago—in unlocking the successive events of the Earth’s historical past.
Stratigraphic laws are basic principles that all geologist used in deciphering the
age and characteristics of rock layers. There are four fundamental principles that form
the foundation of or comprehension of the history of the Earth.

Retrieved from https://inkchromatography.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/screen-shot-2012-01-16-at-9-48-56-pm.png?w=640

 Original Horizontality. Most sediment when deposited, form a horizontal or

nearly horizontal layers. This means that if there are non horizontal layers they
could have been tilted or folded from their original horizontal position by events
such as episode of mountain building.
 Lateral Continuity. Lateral continuity refers to how layers of sediments extend
in all directions horizontally unless a river erodes or an earthquake moves them.

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  Superposition. As undisturbed layers accumulate through time; older layers
are buried beneath younger layers. It also states that rock fragments must be
older than the rock containing the fragments.
 Cross cutting relationship. When a fault cuts across a sequence of
sedimentary rocks, the fault is younger than the rocks it cuts

Unconformities occur when there is erosion of rock and then new sedimentary
rock is deposited on top.It is called an unconformity because the ages of the rocks are
discontinuous at the unconformity. Rock is missing due to the erosion; and some
period in geologic time is not represented. There are four types of unconformities.
 Disconformity: Sedimentary layer deposited over eroded horizontal
sedimentary layer
 Angular unconformity: Sedimentary layer deposited over eroded angular
(tilted or folded) rock
 Nonconformity: Sedimentary layer deposited over eroded igneous or
metamorphic rock
 Paraconformities: sedimentary rocks form with invisible gap in time between
them due to erosion of older unit or nondeposition ; a type of unconformity in
which strata are parallel; there is no apparent erosion and the unconformity
surface resembles a simple bedding plane. It is also called nondepositional
unconformity or pseudoconformity.

Retrieved from https://tasc-creationscience.org/sites/default/files/images/articles/2012/jun-2012-fig1.jpg

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What are the Methods Used in Determining the Age of Stratified Rocks
Dating techniques are procedures used by scientists to determine the age of
rocks. Geologists establish the age of rocks in two ways: relative daing and absolute
dating.
1. Relative dating. It isused to arrange geological events and the rocks they leave
behind in a sequence. Faunal dating refers to the use of animal bones to determine the
age of sedimentary layers and the materials embedded within those layers. The
technique works best if the animals belonged to species that evolved quickly,
expanded rapidly over a larger area or suffered a mass extinction.
2. Absolute dating. It is any dating technique that tells us how old a rock specimen is
in years. It is generally an analytic method and is carried out in laboratory.With the
discovery of radioactivity in the late 1800s, scientists were able to measure the exact
age in years of different rocks. By measuring the amount of radioactive decay of a
radioactive isotope with a known half life, geologist can establish the absolute age of
the parent material.
 Radiocarbon dating is the technique which measures the decay of C-14 in
organic material and can be best applied to specimens younger than 60,000
years. Carbon-14 dating has been successful in determining the age of fossils.
The system was created by Willard Libby in the late 1940s and soon turned into
a standard apparatus for archeologists.
 Uranium datingis the technique which uses a very important isotope--U-238; it
used in dating very old rocks, especially rocks that do not contain
fossils.Uranium, when it decays undergoes a series of nuclear transformation to
arrive at Pb-206 that is often applied to the trace mineral zircon in igneous
rocks. An isotope of uranium will take 2250 million years to become 25% lead.
By measuring the proportion of uranium and lead in rocks they have found the
age of the oldest rocks to be 3600 million years. Older rocks may yet be
discovered. However, our planet existed before rocks started to form. To
estimate how much older the Earth is than its oldest rocks, scientists calculate
the age of meteorite fragments using radioactive dating, as it is assumed that
all of the Solar System came into being at the same time. The age of the Earth
is generally accepted as 4500 million years.

GEOLOGIC TIME
Geologic time is the chronology of the Earth’s formation, changes, development,
and existence. These events are measured on a geological time scale. Scientists do not
measure geologic time on a clock or calendar. They use linear timeline based on the
age of rocks and their corresponding fossil as well as the change in life that occurred
over millions of years.

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 Geologic Time scale is a system of
chronological measurement that relates
statigraphy to time. It is used to describe
the timing and relationship between
events that have occurred throughout
Earth’s history. Geologic time is divided
into a four level hierarchy of time
intervals:
 Eon:a very large division of geologic
time equal to a billion years. On
the time scale, the Phanerozoic Eon
is the most recent eon and began
500 million years ago.
 Era: is the smaller time interval
that divides the EON. The
Phanerozoic is divided into three
eras: Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic
 Period: Eras are subdivided into
periods. The events that are bound
the periods are widespread in their
extent but are not similar to those
which bound to eras. Each era has
at least two periods.
 Epoch: Finer subdivision of times
possible and the periods are
frequently subdivided into epochs.
Today we live in the Phanerozoic Eon,
Cenozoic Era, Quarternary Period.

Retrieved from https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/geologic-time-scale

The Earth’s Story

1. PRE CAMBRIAN ERA. It encompasses about 90% of Earth’s history. Lower limit is
not defined but ended about 542 million years ago. Earth’s surface passed through a
molten stage before solidifying into rocks. Ffew are known of this era
2. PALEOZOIC ERA. This era began 542 million years ago and lasted about 291
million years. The name was compounded from Greek palaois (old) and zoon (animal).
 Cambrian Period. Shallow inland sea covered large portions of the continents.
Life still remained in the seas. Starfish and trilobites became abundant.
 Ordovician Period. Narrow seas began in the continents. About half of the
continents were covered by the seas. The first animals with backbones
appeared in the water environment. Ostracoderms, bony armored animals
became abundant. No life had yet to appeared on land.
 Silurian Period. Another period of sea spreading in the continents began.
Animals with backbones developed further in the seas. Sea scorpions appeared.
Sea plants developed. Leafless plants appeared on land.

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  Devonian Period. Period of extensive mountain building and volcanic activity
followed by extensive erosion. The first fish evolved. It is referred to as the Age
of Fish.On the later period millipedes, mites, spiders, and wingless insects
appeared. Plants developed roots, stems, and leaves
 Carboniferous Period. Swamps covered with giant trees developed. Giant
reptiles such as dinosaurs and giant insects began to develop
 Permian Period. Continental seas were cut off from oceans and turned into
wide lakes by folding of the earth’s crust. More species of plants and animals
became adapted to land life
3. MESOZOIC ERA. This era began 251 million years ago and lasted about 186
million years. The name was compounded from Greek mesos (middle) and zoon
(animal). It is referred to as the Age of Reptiles.
 Triassic. The continents were covered with vast deserts and high mountains.
Widespread erosion formed great beds of sandstone in the shallow seas in and
around the continents. Increase in rainfall encouraged growth of ferns and pine
trees on land. Reptiles continued to dominate the animal group. Fish like
reptiles developed.
 Jurassic. The seas spread in the continents again. The high mountains eroded
and reduced to low hills. Fish like reptiles and birdlike reptile developed.
 Cretaceous Period. Rivers flowed slowly on the eroded land to form huge deltas.
Flower bearing plants evolved. Giant bird reptiles increased in number. By the
end dinosaurs died out and mammals began to appear.
4. CENOZOIC ERA. This era began 66 million years ago and includes the geological
present. The name was compounded from Greek kainos (new) and zoon (animal); Age
of mammals
 Tertiary/ Paleogene
a. Paleocene epoch. Violent earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and
mountain buildings which began the formation of the Alps in Europe, the
Himalayas in Asia, the Rockies in North America and the Andes in South
America. Flowering plants become dominant on land, mammals
increased in number and in variety
b. Eocene epoch. The Alps, Himalayas, and Andes continue to grow. The
Atlantic and Indian Ocean were formed. Complex structures of flowering
plants continued to develop, the earliest horse, camel, rhinoceros, pig,
elephant and cattle, primitive apes appeared
c. Oligocene epoch. The continents began to grow again. Mountain ranges
continue to build up. Grass eating mammals increased in number and
variety.
d. Miocene epoch. Extensive movements of the Earth’s crust joined Asia
with Europe and locked in the Mediterranean sea. Extensive erosion

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 started to carve the Grand Canyon in North America. Climates were
varied. Fish and mammals steadily increased in number and kind.
e. Pliocene epoch. Mountain building forming the Sierra Nevada and the
Coast Ranges in North America began. Subsidence of land formed the
North Sea, the Black sea, the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea. The rise of
the Alps, the Himalayas, and the Andes continued, but more slowly this
time. Climates remain varied. Mammals decreased in species, ape-man
appeared and increased in number.
 Quarternary/ Neogene
a. Pleistocene epoch. Glaciers and ice spread and receded several times,
increased in glacier lowered the ocean level, the melting of glacier raised
the ocean level. Mammals and primitive people crossed land bridges
exposed by sinking water level
b. Recent epoch. Glaciers began to melt, causing water level to rise again,
thus separating the British Isles from Europe. Climate became warm;
formed more desert. People developed intelligence and learned to
domesticate animals and cultivate plants.

What’s More

Activity 2. Matching Type: Principles of Stratigraphy

Match column A to column B.

A B
_____1. States that when a fault cuts across a sequence of a. Paraconconformity
sedimentary rocks, the fault is younger than the rocks b. Nonconformity
it cuts c. Angular conformity
_____2. States that as undisturbed layers accumulate through d. Disconformity
time; older layers are buried beneath younger layers e. Original
_____3. It refers to how layers of sediments extend in all horizontality
directions horizontally unless a river erodes or an
f. Lateral continuity
earthquake moves them.
_____4.It states that most sediment when deposited, form a g. superposition
horizontal or nearly horizontal layers. h. cross cutting
_____5. It occurs when sedimentary layer deposited over relationship
eroded horizontal sedimentary layer
_____6. It occurs when sedimentary layer deposited over
eroded angular (tilted or folded) rock
_____7. It occurs when sedimentary layer deposited over

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 eroded igneous or metamorphic rock
_____8. It occurs when sedimentary rocks form with invisible
gap in time between them due to erosion of older unit
or nondeposition

Identify the following diagram. Select from the choices inside the table.

Cross Cutting
Original Horizontality Superimposition Lateral Continuity
Relationship
Angular
Paraconformity Noncomformity Disconformity
Unconformity

1. 2. 3.

__________________________ __________________________ _______________________

4. 5. 6.

__________________________ __________________________

7. 8.

___________________________
_______________________

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 What I Have Learned

Activity 3. Let’s Apply!

Arrange in order of oldest to youngest.
1. 2.

3. 4.

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 What I Can Do

Activity 4. How Old is The Earth?

Perform the following activity.
1. Select an area and use measuring tape to lay-out a line measuring 46 meters. Use a
plastic straw or draw a line using colored chalks (if the ground surface allows). Mark
one end as‘Today’ and the other end as 4.6 billion years.
2. Subdivide the line into 46 one meter sections each representing 100 million years.
Mark each subdivision with a masking tape or with colored chalk.
3. Arrange the event cards along their respective time scales according to their
date. You can use drawings or illustrations to represent some of the significant events.

Evolutionary Events Extinctions (red): Geologic events

(light blue):  Vendian - some single (yellow):
 First evidence of celled algae and soft-  Formation of
life (3,850 Ma) bodied animals went the great
 Photosynthesizing extinct (543 Ma) oceans (4,200
bacteria (3,700  Cambrian - some reef Ma)
Ma) builders and other  Continents
 Oldest fossils shallow water begin shifting
(3,500 Ma) organisms become (3,100 Ma)
 First eukaryotes extinct (520 Ma)  Oxygen levels
(2,700 Ma)  End Ordovician - 25% reach 3% of the
 Ediacaran fauna of marine vertebrates atmosphere (1.9
(600 Ma) families and 57% of Ma)
 The Cambrian genera become extinct  Supercontinent
explosion (530 (443 Ma) Rodinia forms
Ma)  Devonian - 50-55% of (1100 Ma)
 First land plants marine invertebrate  Protective ozone
and fish (480 Ma) genera and 70-80% of in place (600
 Arthropods on species went extinct Ma
land (420 Ma) (364 Ma)  Gondwana
 First insects (407  Permian - greatest forms (500 Ma)
Ma) extinction event; 90%  Oxygen nears
 First amphibians of all species became present day
land vertebrates extinct (250 Ma) concentration
(375 Ma)  End Cretaceous - (400 Ma)
 First seed plants extinction of the  Formation of
(360 Ma) dinosaurs; 60-80% of the Pangaea
 First reptiles (350 all species became supercontinent
Ma) extinct (65 Ma) (280 Ma)
 First dinosaurs  Late Triassic - ~50%  Pangaea
(220 Ma) marine invertebrate supercontinent
 Early mammals genera, possibly land breaks up (200

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 (220 Ma) vertebrate went extinct Ma)
 First birds (150 (206 Ma)  Continents near
Ma)  Late Eocene - 50-90% present-day
 First flowering of species in certain positions (40
plants (130 Ma) land and marine group Ma)
 Early primates went extinct (33 mya)  Initiation of
(60 Ma)  Miocene - many seafloor
 First hominids woodland plant-eating spreading of
(5.2 Ma) herbivores went South China
 Modern humans extinct (9 Ma) Sea (32 Ma)
(0.2 Ma)  Late Pleistocene -  Initiation of the
nearly all large Philippine fault
mammals and birds (4 Ma)
(>45 pounds) became  Global ice ages
extinct (.01 Ma) begin (2 Ma)

Be guided with the rubric below.

Criteria Quality(3) Quality(2) Quality(1)

5 points 3 points 1 point

Model includes all There are more than

Model includes all Model include all but
names of all 3 names of divisions
names of divisions 3 names of divisions
divisions and and subdivisions
and subdivisions. and subdivisions.
subdivisions missing.

Each division Each division/

There are 2-3 There are more than
includes a fossil subdivision includes
divisions missing a 3 divisions missing a
drawing OR a brief a one sentence
description or fossil description or fossil
piece of information description or fossil
drawing. drawing.
about that division drawing.

The relationship
The relationship
The relationship between eons, eras
Relationship between eons, eras
between eons, eras, and periods have
between eons, eras, and periods have 2
and periods are easy more then 2 mistakes
and periods are mistakes and flow of
to identify and labeled and flow of
identified relationship is not
correctly. relationship is not
clear to identify
clear to identify.

Model is color coded

Model is color coded The model is colored The model is partially
to illustrate
to illustrate Eon, but the illustration colored and does not
relationships between
Era and period between time scale is illustrate any form of
eons, eras and
relationships. not clear to identify. relationship.
periods.

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 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper. Encircle the letter of the best answer.
1. Which of the following represents the Principle of Original horizontality?
A. C.

B. D.

2. Which is the correct order from oldest to most recent?

A. B, C, A, D, E
B. D, C, B, A, E
C. C, B, A, D, E
D. E, D, C, B A

3. In what era was there an abundance of large reptiles?

A. Cenozoic C. Paleozoic
B. Mesozoic D. Precambrian
4. It occurs when there is erosion of rock and then new sedimentary rock is
deposited on top.
A. unconformity C. superimposition
B. faunal succession D. sedimentation
5. Radium-226 has a half life of 1599 years. How long would it take seven-eights
of a radium-226 sample to decay?
A. 1599 years C. 4797 years
B. 3198 years D. 6396 years

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 6. Any trace of living creatures such as a recognizable structure or impression of
structure of an organism like skeleton, trails or fecal remains that are
embedded in very old rocks which are at least 5000 years old.
A. Artifacts C. isotopes
B. fossils D. sediments
7. This technique measures the decay of C-14 in organic material and can be best
applied to specimens younger than 60,000 years
A. carbon dating C. rubidium dating
B. potassium dating D. uranium dating
8. Geologists are reasonably convinced that Earth is:
A. 4,500,000,000,000 yrs. old C. 450,000,000 yrs. old
B. 4,500,000,000 yrs. old D. 45,000,000 yrs.old
9. What is the most accurate age range for the sandstone layer?

A. less than 60 million years C. 60-180 million years

B. 60-100 million years D. 100-180 million years
10. Which of the following isotopes has the longest half life?
A. carbon 14 C. rubidium 87
B. potassium 40 D. uranium 238

Additional
Activities
Solve for the following.
1. Chromium-48 has a short half-life of 21.6 h. How long will it take 360.00 g of
chromium-48 to decay to 11.25 g?

2. Potassium-42 has a half-life of 12.4 hours. How much of an 848 g sample of

potassium-42 will be left after 62.0 hours?

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3. What is the half-life of a 100.0 g sample of nitrogen-16 that decays to 12.5 g of
nitrogen-16 in 21.6 s?

4. If the half-life of uranium-235 is 7.04 × 108 y and 12.5 g of uranium-235 remain

after 2.82 × 109 y, how much of the radioactive isotope was in the original sample?

Answer Key

What I Know
1. B 3. A 5. A 7. C 9. D
2. D 4. C 6. B 8. A 10. B

Activity 1. Find the Hidden Phrase

STRATIGRAPHY

ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY

LATERAL CONTINUITY

SUPERPOSITION

CROSS CUTTING

UNCONFORMITIES

ANGULAR CONFORMITY

NONCONFORMITY

PARACONFORMITIES

RELATIVE DATING

ABSOLUTE DATING

URANIUM

RADIOCARBON

“HOW OLD IS THE EARTH”

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Activity 2. Matching Type: Principles of Stratigraphy
A.
1. h 3. f 5. d 7. b
2. g 4. e 6. c 8. a

B.
1. Lateral continuity 5. Disconformity
2. Original horizontality 6. Angular conformity
3. superposition 7. Nonconformity
4. Cross cutting relationship 8. Paraconformity

Activity 3. Let’s Apply!

1. A, B, C, D
2. C, H, E, G, A, D, F, B
3. D, A, E, B, C
4. I, B, F, M, H, R

Activity 4. How Old is the Earth?

Answer may vary.

Assessment
1. B 3. B 5. C 7. A 9. C
2. B 4. A 6. B 8. B 10. D

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Additional Activities
1. 2.
Given: Given:
A = 11.25 g A = 1/8
Ao = 360 g Ao = 1
h = 21.6 h h = 1599 yrs
Find: Find:
t=? t=?
Solution: Solution:
t
1 h t
A = Ao 1 h
2 A = Ao
2
t
11.25 g = 360 g 0.5 21.6 h t
1/8 = 1 0.5 1599 years
t
11.25 g 360 g 0.5 21.6 h
t
=
360 g 360 g 0.125 = 0.5 1599 years

t t
0.03125 = 0.5 21.6 h
log 0.125 = log 0.5 1599 years

t t
log 0.03125 = log 0.5 − 0.903 = − 0.301
21.6 h 1599 years
t
− 1.505 = − 0.301 t
21.6 h
− 0.903
− 0.301
1599 years
t =
− 1.505 − 0.301 − 0.301 − 0.301
21.6 h
= t
− 0.301 − 0.301
3=
t 1599 years
5=
21.6 h t = 3(1599 years)
t = 5(21.6 h)
= th h th‫ݩ‬
= th ‫ݩ‬

3. 4.
1 1 1 7 Given: Solution:
1 decayed t
2 8 8 1
h = 12. h h
A = Ao
= 3 half lives have passed 2
Ao = 8 8 g
62 h
1599 years x 3 = th h th‫ݩ‬ A = 8 8 g 0.5 12. h
t = 62 h
5
Find: A = 8 8 g 0.5

A=? A = 8 8 g(0.03125)

= 困.

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References
Bayo-ang, Roly.B., Maria Lourdes G. Coronacion, Annamae T. Jorda, and Anna
Jamille Restubog. Earth and Life Science for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Metro Manila: Educational Resources Corporation., 2016.

Bureau of Secondary Education. (n.d.) Project EASE (Effective and Alternative

Secondary Educartion), Intergrated Science I. [PDF]

De Silva, et al (2016). Earth Science [PDF]. Commission on Higher Education, Diliman,

Quezon City

Irfan, Umair (2018). A volcano in the Philippines is Threatening a Major Eruption.

Retrieved from http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/mayon

Miller, G.Tyler, et al. (2014). Earth Science. Philippine Edition. Ortigas Avenue, Pasig
City. Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd (Philippine Branch)

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