Formules / Formulas

1 Darcy-Weisbach λLV 2 KV 2
with hf  and hl 
2gD 2g
Karman & Prandtl
1  3,7D 
 2log 
λ  k s 
2 Darcy-Weisbach λLV 2 KV 2
with hf  and hl 
2gD 2g
Colebrook-White transition
1  k 2,51  VD
  2log s   and Re 
λ  3,7D Re λ  ν
3 Darcy-Weisbach λLV 2 KV 2
with hf  and hl 
2gD 2g
Barr
1  k 5,1286  VD
  2log s  0,89
 and Re 
λ  3,7D Re  ν
4 Darcy-Weisbach λLV 2 KV 2
with hf  and hl 
2gD 2g
The Moody diagram
  20000k 10 6  
13
VD
λ  0,00551   s
   and Re 
  D Re   ν

5 Darcy-Weisbach Colebrook-  k 2,51ν 
White combination V   2 2gDS f log  s  
 3,7D D 2gDS f 
h KV 2
Sf  f hl 
L 2g
6 Hazen-Williams 10,69LQ 1,852
hf 
C1,852 D 4,87
7 Secondary loss KV 2
hl 
2g
8 Pipe networks
Correction factor loop method δq  
h fi

h
2 fi

q i

9 Pipe networks 2 q i
Correction factor node method δh fi 
q
 hi
fi
u3 w3 u2 w2
10 Pumps (theoretical height) H∞
g
p3 p3 V23 V22
11 Manometric height Hman
γ 2g 2g
γQH
12 Overall efficiency (pump) η η η η η
P

1
 Formules / Formulas

f3 1 Q
X
u3 cot α cot γ ND33
13 Homologue pumps H Q
2 2
X X
N D3 D23 √H
Note: X= constant
N Q
14 Specific speed Ns
H3⁄4
ρgQH
15 Power P
η
u dA V A V A
α
16 Energy coefficient V A V A A
Q V1 A1 V2 A2
V
A A1 A2
V C RS R where
Chézy equation
17 R 12R
C C 18 log
n k
1 1 A
18 Manning equation V R S Q S
n n
P
Combined Colebrook-White & k 0.6275v
19 Darcy-Weisbach equation for V 2 8gDS log
14.8R R 8gDS
channel flow
Bernoulli equation for channel αV
20 H y z
flow 2g
αQ2 B
21 Equation for critical flow 1
gA3
αQ2 B
22 Froude number
gA3
y1
Hydraulic jump-Solution of the y2 1 8F2r1 1
2
23 momentum equation for
y2
rectangular channel y1 1 8F2r2 1
2
dE dy S S
24 Gradually varied flow S S
dx dx 1 F

2
 Formules / Formulas
Froude uniformity Reynolds uniformity
1
n n n
n
Forces with Froude uniformity
n n nn
Flow rate with Froude uniformity
n nn
Adjustment for incorrect roughness
25 Model studies nS
S
n
The required slope
n n
S S
n
The model angle
n n n
S 1 S
n n

Legend:
Q = flow rate (m³/s) Hman = manometric pressure height (m)
V = flow velocity (m/s) K = bulk modulus of water (N/mm2)
D = inside diameter (m) N = pumps speed (rpm)
g = gravitational acceleration (m/s²) p = pressure head (m)
L = pipe length (m) P = power of pump (kW)
P = wetted perimeter (m) T = time (s)
A = internal area of pipe (m²) u = velocity of impeller (m/s)
R = Hydraulic radius (m) Vo = flow velocity (m/s)
hf = friction loss (m) w = radial flow
hl = secondary losses (m) δp = pressure fluctuation (N/m2)
α = energy coefficient η = pump efficiency (%)
Sf = friction slope (m/m) ηh = hydraulic efficiency (%)
So = bed slope (m/m) ηm = mechanical efficiency (%)
Fr = Froude number ηv = volumetric efficiency (%)
H = available energy (m) nc = curved streamlines scale ratio
Es = specific energy (m) nf = force scale ratio
ks = absolute roughness (m) nl = horizontal scale ratio
C = Chezy constant nQ = flow scale ratio
n = Manning roughness value (s/m1/3) nv = velocity scale ratio
λ = friction factor – lambda ny = vertical scale ratio
ν = kinematic viscosity (1.14 x 10-6 m²/s) nρ = density scale ratio
K = secondary loss coefficient Sm = slope of model (m/m)
ν = kinematic viscosity (1.14 x 10-6 m²/s) Sp = slope of prototype (m/m)
H∞ = virtual height (m) Sw = slope needed when substructure is
c = wave celerity for a rigid pipe (m/s) too rough (m/m)
E = elastic modulus (N/m2)
t = wall thickness (m)