Microcomputer and Interfacing Teaching Material Kombolcha Institute of Technology
3.2 ADDRESSING MODES in 8086
The different ways that a processor can access operands (data) are referred to as Addressing Modes Addressing modes of any processor can be classified as i) Data Addressing Modes ii) Program Memory Addressing Modes iii) Stack Memory Addressing Modes In this section we use the MOV instruction to describe the addressing modes.
3.2.1 Data Addressing Modes:
3.2.1.1 Register Addressing Mode:
This mode specifies the source operand ,destination operand or both to be contained in 8086 registers. • involves the use of registers • memory is not accessed, so faster • source and destination registers must match in size. Ex: MOV AL,BL ;copies 8-bit contents of BL into AL
Ex:MOV ES,AX; copies 16-bit contents of AX into ES
Ex:ADD AL,BH; copies 8-bit contents of BH into AL Ex:MOV AL,CX ;not possible as source and destination registers have different sizes.
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3.2.2.1 Immediate Addressing Mode:
In this addressing mode 8-bit or 16-bit data can be specified as a part of instruction. • source operand is a constant 4 possible in all registers except segment and flag registers. Ex: MOV AL,20H ;copies 8-bit immediate data into destination register AL
Ex:MOV AX,1234H ;copies 16-bit immediate data into destination register AX
Ex: MOV BL,26H; copies 8-bit data 26H into 8-bit destination register BL Ex: MOV CX,4567H; copies 16-bit data 26H into 16-bit destination register CX
3.2.2.2 Program Memory Addressing Modes :
Program Memory Addressing Modes are the addressing modes for accessing data in memory. Execution unit has direct access to all registers and data for registers and immediate operands. However, EU directly cannot access memory operands. To access memory operands EU must use the BIU segment registers For example when EU needs to access a memory location it sends an offset value to BIU and this offset is called as Effective Address (EA). Effective Address: Displacement of desired location from segment base or base address. BIU generates 20-bit physical address after shifting the contents of desired segment register four bits to the left and then adding 16-bit EA to it. There are different ways to specify EA in the instruction a) Direct Addressing Mode b) Register Indirect Addressing Mode 38 Microcomputer and Interfacing Teaching Material Kombolcha Institute of Technology
c) Base Plus Index Addressing Mode
d) Register Relative Addressing Mode e) Base Relative Plus Index Addressing Mode f) String Addressing Mode
3.2.2.3 Direct Addressing Mode:
Address of the data in memory comes immediately after the instruction operand isa constant .The address is the offset address. The offset address is put in a rectangular bracket Ex1: MOV DL,[2400] ; move contents of DS:2400H into DL Ex2: Find the physical address of the memory location and its content after the execution of the following operation. Assume DS=1512H MOV AL,99H MOV [3518],AL Physical address of DS:3518 => 15120+3518=18638H The memory location 18638H will contain the value 99H Example3:
This instruction copies contents of memory location at a displacement of 3000H from data segment.3000H is effective address written directly in the instruction.
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Example 4:
3.2.2.4 Register Indirect Addressing Mode:
In this mode Effective Address is specified in either a pointer or an index register. The pointer register can be either Base Register BX or Base Pointer BP. Index Register can be either Source Index(SI) or Destination Index(DI).This offset must be combined with DS to generate the 20-bit physical address. Whenever BP addresses memory data, the contents of SS,BP and index registers are used to generate 20-bit physical address.
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3.2.2.5 Base Plus Index Addressing:
Base Plus Index Addressing is similar to indirect addressing because it indirectly addresses memory data. This addressing uses one base register (BP or BX) and one index register (SI or DI) to indirectly address memory data .ie,one base register and one index register are used to hold the offset. Whenever BP addresses memory data, the contents of SS,BP and index registers are used to generate 20-bit physical address.
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3.2.2.6 Register Relative Addressing:
Register Relative Addressing is similar to base plus index addressing. Data in a segment of memory is addressed by adding the displacement to the contents of base or an index register (BP,BX,SI or DI). Remember displacement should be added to the register within square brackets[ ] and displacement can be any 8-bit or 16-bit data.
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3.2.2.7 Base Relative Plus Index Addressing:
Base Relative Plus Index Addressing is similar to Base Plus Index addressing mode but it adds a displacement, beside using a base register or an index register to generate a 20-bit physical address of the memory.
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3.2.2.8 String Addressing Mode:
String Addressing Mode uses index registers. String instructions automatically assumes SI to point to the first byte or word of source operand and DI to point to the first byte or word of destination operand. The contents of SI and DI are automatically incremented (by clearing DF to 0 by CLD instruction) or decremented (by setting DF to 1 by STD instruction) to point to the next byte or word. The segment register for source is DS and segment register for destination is ES. Example: MOV S BYTE If [DF]=0; [DS]=3000H; [SI]=0600H; [ES]=5000H; [DI]=0400H; [30600H]=38H and [50400H]=45H then after execution of MOV S BYTE [50400H] =38H [SI] = 0601H [DI] = 0401H
