Physics - 312 (TMA)

Ques 1. (a) Calculate the force required to increase the length of a wire of steel
of cross-sectional area 0.2 cm2 by 25%. Given Y = 2 × 1011 Nm–2. Further if this

wire is cut in two equal halves, then what will be the Young’s modulus of each
part?

Answer : Increase in the length of wire = 25%. If ΔL is the increase and L is the normal

length of wire then-

∆𝑳 𝟐𝟓
= 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑳

∆𝑳 𝟏
=𝟒
𝑳

𝐹𝑥𝐿
Y = 𝐴𝑥∆𝐿

𝑌𝑥𝐴𝑥∆𝐿
F= 𝐿

(2𝑥1011 )(0.2𝑥10−4 )1
F= 4

0.4𝑥107
F= 4

F = 0.1x107 N

F = 106 N force required to increase the length of a wire of steel.

The Young's modulus 𝑌 of a material is a constant property that depends on the

material itself, not on its dimensions. When you cut a wire into two equal halves, the

Young's modulus of each part remains the same as that of the original wire.

Therefore, if the original wire has a -

Young's modulus of Y = 2 × 1011 Nm–2. Then each half will also have a Young's modulus
of:

Y = 2 × 1011 Nm–2

So, the Young's modulus of each part is still 2 × 1011 Nm–2.

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Ques 2. (a) A simple harmonic oscillator of mass 200 g oscillates with amplitude
0.04 m. If its time period is 10 s, calculate its Potential and kinetic energy at

(i)Mean position

(ii)Extreme Position

Answer:

Given:

Mass pf oscillator (m) = 200g => 0.2 kg

Amplitude of oscillator (A) = 0.04 m

Time Period of oscillator (T) = 10 s

To find the spring constant k.

𝑚
T = 2𝜋√ 𝑘

4𝜋 2 𝑚 4𝜋 2 (0.2) 0.8(3.14)2
k= => =>
𝑇2 (10)2 100

k = 0.07896 N/m

Total Energy of Oscillator:

1
E = 2 𝑘𝐴2

1
E = 2 𝑥 (0.07896) 𝑥 (0.04)2

E = 0.000063168 J

E = 0.063 mJ

(i) At mean position : At the mean position, the potential energy (PE) is zero and the kinetic
energy (KE) is maximum.

Potential Energy (P.E) = 0 J

Total Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy

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E = K.E + O

Kinetic Energy = Total Energy

Kinetic Energy = 0.063 mJ

(ii) At Extreme Position: At the extreme position (maximum displacement), the kinetic energy
is zero, and the potential energy is maximum.

Kinetic Energy (K.E) = 0 J

Total Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy

T.E = 0 J + P.E

Potential Energy = Total Energy

Potential Energy = 0.063 mJ

Ques 3. (a) Define Ground wave Propagation. One of the fifth generation (5G)
cellular network radio waves has a frequency of 3300 MHz. Can this radio wave

be propagated through ground wave propagation? Explain your answer.

Answer: Lower frequency (between 30 and 3,000 kHz) vertically polarized radio waves can
travel as surface waves following the contour of the Earth, this is called ground wave
propagation.

No, a radio wave with a frequency of 3300 MHz (3.3 GHz) cannot effectively propagate
through ground wave propagation. Ground wave propagation is best suited for lower
frequencies, typically below 2 MHz. At these lower frequencies, waves can follow the Earth’s
surface due to their longer wavelengths.

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Ques 4. (a) Arman while driving his tractor in a muddy field observes that the
mud clings to the tyres until the speed becomes too high and then it flies off

tangentially as shown in figure given below. The diameter and mass of the rear
tyre of Arman’s tractor which is stuck in a muddy area and rotating at one place,

is approximately 70 cm and 56 kg respectively.

(i) State the reason why the mud stuck to a tyre flies off tangentially during the

motion of the tyre.

(ii) Find the maximum range and maximum height of mud thrown from a tyre if

the initial tangential velocity of mud on losing contact with tyre is 2 m/s and
angle of projection is 30o according to the diagram given below:

(iii) If the rear tyre of Arman’s tractor is considered as a Hoop rotating about
the central axis. Calculate the moment of inertia of the tyre about the central

axis.

Answer:

(i) Mud clings to an automobile tyre until the speed becomes too high and then it flies off
tangentially, due to inertia and the centripetal force acting on it as the tyre rotates. When
the tyre reaches a certain speed, the force that keeps the mud stuck to the tyre isovercome

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 by the centrifugal force acting on the mud due to its circular motion. As a result, the mud
flies off tangentially at the point of release because, in the absence of any further
centripetal force, it continues in a straight line.

(ii) Maximum Range and Maximum Height of Mud Thrown

Given:

• Initial velocity (u) = 2m/s

• Angle of projection (𝜃) = 300
(𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2
Maximum Height (H) = 2𝑔

(2𝑠𝑖𝑛30)2
H= 2𝑥9.8
1
(2𝑥 )2
2
H= 19.6
1
H = 19.6

H = 0.051 m
Maximum height of mud thrown from a tyre (H) = 0.051 m
𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
Maximum Range (R) = 𝑔

𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
R= 𝑔

22 𝑠𝑖𝑛60
R= 9.8

√3
4𝑥
2
R= 9.8

2√3
R= 9.8
2𝑥1.73
R= 9.8

R = 0.353 m
Maximum Range of mud thrown from a tyre (R) = 0.353 m

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(iii) Rear tyre of Arman’s tractor is considered as a Hoop rotating about the central axis.
Given:

• Diameter of tyre of Arman’s tractor: 70 cm

𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Radius = 2
70
R= 2

R = 35 cm
R = 0.35 m

• Mass of tyre of Arman’s tractor: 56 kg

Moment of inertia of the tyre:
I = mr2
I = 56 x (0.35)2
I = 56 x 0.1225
I = 6.86 kg m2
Moment of inertia of the tyre (I) = 6.86 Kg m2

Ques 5. (a) (i)Find ratio of the rms speed of the hydrogen molecules and oxygen
molecules at room temperature. [Given: Molar mass of H is 1 u, Molar Mass of O

is 16 u.]

(ii)Are the mean speed and root mean square speed of gas molecules the same?
Explain by taking the example of five molecules that have speeds 2, 3, 5, 7, 11

units, respectively.

Answer:

(i) The root mean square (rms) speed vrms of gas molecules is given by the formula:

3𝑘𝑇
vrms = √ 𝑀

Given:

• Molar mass of H: 1u
• Molar mass of O: 16u

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Ratio of the rms speed of the hydrogen molecules and oxygen molecules :

3𝑘𝑇
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠,𝐻 √𝑀
𝐻
=
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠,𝑂 3𝑘𝑇
√𝑀
𝑂

𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠,𝐻 √𝑀𝑂
=
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠,𝑂 √𝑀𝐻

𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠,𝐻 √16
=
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠,𝑂 √1

𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠,𝐻 4
=
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠,𝑂 1

(ii) The mean speed 𝑣̅ and the root mean square speed vrms of gas molecules are generally
not the same.

Mean speed and rms speed for the example of five molecules with speeds 2,3,5,7,11 units.

1 𝑁
The mean speed (𝑣
̅) = ∑𝑖=0(𝑣𝑖 )
𝑁

2+3+5+7+11
𝑣̅ =
5

28
𝑣̅ =
5

Mean speed (𝑣
̅ ) = 5.6 units.

𝟏
The root mean square (𝒗𝒓𝒎𝒔 ) = √𝑵 ∑𝑁
𝑖=0 𝑣𝑖
2

1
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √𝑁 ∑𝑁
𝑖=0 𝑣𝑖
2

22 + 32 + 52 + 72 + 112
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ 5

4 + 9 +25 + 49 + 121
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √
5

208
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ 5

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𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √41.6

𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 6.43 units

Thus, the mean speed and root mean square speed of gas molecules are different due to the
different ways they are calculated, with the rms speed typically being higher than the mean
speed when the speeds are not identical.

Ques 6. (a)A lens maker designed various convex lenses made up of ordinary

glass (R.I. = 1.5) having different focal lengths according to the value of radii of
curvatures of their surfaces and labelled them as L1, L2, L3 and L4. However, these

lenses got mixed up with their label intact and he is left with data pertaining to
the value of radii of curvatures of Lens surfaces as given in the table below. A
customer Raju wants to buy a lens of focal length 10cm. Which lens should the
lens maker give to Raju?

Raju brought the lens with a focal length of 10 cm to his home and produced the image of a
needle of length 1 cm in different cases by

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Changing its position. Fill the table given below based on the different positions of the
needle:

Answer:

Refractive index of convex lens (𝝁𝟐 ) = 1.5

Refractive index of air (𝝁𝟏 ) = 1

Raju wants to buy a lens of focal length 10cm.
According to lens makers formula:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= (𝝁𝟐 - 𝝁𝟏 ) [ − ]
𝒇 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐

Lens L1:
1 1 1
= (𝜇2 - 𝜇1 ) [ − ]
𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅2

1 1 1
= (1.5-1) [ − ]
𝑓 10 20

1 2−1
= (0.5) [ ]
𝑓 20
20
f=
0.5

f = 40 cm
Lens L2:
1 1 1
= (𝜇2 - 𝜇1 ) [ − ]
𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅2

1 1 1
= (1.5-1) [ − ]
𝑓 30 6

1 1−5
= (0.5) [ ]
𝑓 30
30
f=−
2

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f = -15 cm (not suitable for a convex lens)
Lens L3:
1 1 1
= (1.5-1) [ − ]
𝑓 10 ∞

1 1
= (0.5) [ − 0]
𝑓 10

1 1
= (0.5) [ ]
𝑓 10
10
f=
0.5

f = 20 cm
Lens L4:
1 1 1
= (1.5-1) [ − ]
𝑓 15 15
1
= (0.5) [0]
𝑓
1
f=
0

f= ∞
Radius of curvature of surfaces
Lens Focal length
R1 R2
L1 10 cm 20 cm 40 cm
L2 30 cm 6 cm -15 cm
L3 10 cm ∞ 20 cm
L4 15 cm 15 cm ∞
None of the lenses have a focal length of exactly 10 cm. However, if Raju is looking for a lens
with a focal length closest to 10 cm, Lens L3 (20 cm) would be the best option as it is the
nearest valid focal length.

Thus, the lens maker should give Lens L3 to Raju.

Given:
• Focal length (𝑓) = 10 cm
• Object Height (Height of the needle) (h) = 1 cm
Case 1: Object at 5 cm

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Object distance (u) = -5 cm
Using lens formula: jgh
1 1 1
= -
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
1 1 1
= -
10 𝑣 −5
1 1 1
= +
10 𝑣 5
1 1 1
= -
𝑣 10 5
1 1−2
=
𝑣 10

v = - 10 cm
Height of image:
𝑣 (−10) 10
m= = =
𝑢 −5 5

m = +2
Case 2: Object at 6 cm
Object distance (u) = -6 cm
Using lens formula:
1 1 1
= -
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
1 1 1
= -
10 𝑣 −6
1 1 1
= +
10 𝑣 6
1 1 1
= -
𝑣 10 6
1 3−5
=
𝑣 30
v = - 15 cm
Height of image:
𝑣 (−15) 15
m= = =
𝑢 −5 6

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m = +2.5
Case 3: Object at 15 cm
Object distance (u) = -15 cm
Using lens formula:
1 1 1
= -
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
1 1 1
= -
10 𝑣 −15
1 1 1
= +
10 𝑣 15
1 1 1
= -
𝑣 10 15
1 3−2
=
𝑣 30
v = 30 cm
Height of image:
𝑣 (30)
m= =
𝑢 −15

m=-2
Case 4: Object at 20 cm
Object distance (u) = -20 cm
Using lens formula:
1 1 1
= -
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
1 1 1
= -
10 𝑣 −20
1 1 1
= +
10 𝑣 20
1 1 1
= -
𝑣 10 20
1 2−1
=
𝑣 20
v = 20 cm

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Height of image:
𝑣 (20)
m= =
𝑢 −20

m=-1
Case 5: Object at 30 cm
Object distance (u) = -30 cm
Using lens formula:
1 1 1
= -
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
1 1 1
= -
10 𝑣 −30
1 1 1
= +
10 𝑣 30
1 1 1
= -
𝑣 10 30
1 3−1
=
𝑣 30

v = 15 cm
Height of image:
𝑣 (15)
m= =
𝑢 −30

m = - 0.5
Case No. Position Position Height of Value of Image Type Screen
of Object of Image Image Magnification Required
(m)
1 5 cm -10 cm + 2 cm +2 Virtual & No
Erect
2 6 cm -15 cm + 2.5 cm +2.5 Virtual & No
Erect
3 15 cm 30 cm -2 cm -2 Real & Yes
inverted
4 20 cm 20 cm -1 cm -1 Real & Yes
inverted
5 30 cm 15 cm -0.5 cm -0.5 Real & Yes
inverted

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