Conversion Factor Table http://www.et.byu.

edu/~jww8 Copyright © by Jon Wittwer

Multiple by To Get hp 2544.5 Btu / hr m/s 3.60 km / h

inch 2.54 cm hp 745.70 W (watt) m/s 3.2808 ft / s
This can also be written as: 1 inch = 2.54 cm hp 0.74570 kW m/s 2.237 mi / h (mph)
A acre 43,560 ft2 hp 33,000 ft·lbf / min m / s2 3.2808 ft / s2
ampere·hr (A·h) 3,600 coulomb (C) hp 550 ft·lbf / sec metric ton 1000 kg
hp·hr 2544 Btu mil 0.001 in
ångström (Å) 1x10-10 m
atm (atmosphere) 1.01325 bar hp·hr 1.98x106 ft·lbf mi (mile) 5280 ft
atm, std 76.0 cm of Hg hp·hr 2.68x106 J mi 1.6093 km
atm, std 760 mm of Hg at 0ºC in 2.54* cm mi2 (square mile) 640 acres
atm, std 33.90 ft of water in of Hg 0.0334 atm mph (mile/hour) 1.6093 km / hr
atm, std 29.92 in of Hg at 30ºF in of Hg 13.60 in of water mph 88.0 ft / min (fpm)
atm, std 14.696 lbf/in2 abs (psia) in of Hg 3.387 kPa mph 1.467 ft / s
atm, std 101.325 kPa in of water 0.0736 in of Hg mph 0.4470 m/s
atm, std 1.013x105 Pa in of water 0.0361 lbf / in2 (psi) micron 1x10-6 m
in of water 0.002458 atm mm of Hg 1.316x10-3 atm
atm, std 1.03323 kgf / cm2
atm, std 14.696 psia J J (joule) 9.4782x10-4 Btu mm of Hg 0.1333 kPa
B bar 0.9869 atm, std J 6.2415x1018 eV mm of water 9.678x10 -5 atm
bar 1x105 Pa J 0.73756 ft·lbf N N (newton) 1 kg·m / s2
Btu 778.169 ft·lbf J 1 N·m
N 1x105 dyne
Btu 1055.056 J J 1x107 ergs µN (microN) 0.1 dyne
Btu 5.40395 psia·ft3 J/s 1 W N 0.22481 lbf
K kg (kilogram) 2.2046226 lbm (pound mass)
Btu 2.928x10-4 kWh N·m 0.7376 ft·lbf
kg 0.068522 slug N·m 1 J
Btu 1x10-5 therm
kg 1x10-3 metric ton P Pa (pascal) 1 N / m2
Btu / hr 1.055056 kJ / hr
Btu / hr 0.216 ft·lbf / sec kg / m3 0.062428 lbm / ft3 Pa 1.4504x10-4 lbf / in2 (psia)
kgf 9.80665 newton (N)
Btu / hr 3.929x10-4 hp Pa 0.020886 lbf / ft2
kip 1000 lbf
Btu / hr 0.2931 W Pa 9.869x10-6 atm
kip 4448 N
Btu / lbm 2.326* kJ / kg Pa·s 10 poise
kJ 1 1 kPa·m3
Btu / lbm 25,037 ft2 / s2 psi (pounds per square inch) --- see lbf / in2
kJ 1000 N·m
Btu / lbm·R 4.1868 kJ / kg·K
kJ 0.94782 Btu R radian 180/π degree
Btu / lbm·°F 4.1868 kJ / kg·°C
kJ 737.56 ft·lbf S short ton 2000 lbm
Btu / lbmol·R 4.1868 kJ / kmol·K
kJ / kg 1000 m2 / s2 short ton 907.1847 kg
C cal (g-calorie) 3.968x10-3 Btu slug 32.174 lbm
kJ / kg 0.42992 Btu / lbm
cal 1.560x10-6 hp·hr kJ / kg·K 0.23885 Btu / lbm·°R slug 14.5939 kg
cal (IT calorie) 4.1868 J kJ / kg·ºC 1 kJ / kg·K slug / ft3 0.5154 g / cm3
Calorie (Cal) 4.1868 kJ kJ / kg·ºC 1 J / g·ºC stokes 1x10-4 m2 / s
cal / sec 4.1868 W (watt) kJ / kg·ºC 0.23885 Btu / lbm·ºF
cm (centimeter) 0.03281 ft T therm 1x105 Btu
kJ / kg·ºC 0.23885 Btu / lbm·R ton of refrigeration 200 Btu / min
cm 0.3937 in km 3280.8 ft
cP (centipoise) 0.001 Pa·sec W W (watt) 3.4121 Btu / hr
km 0.6214 mi W 0.7376 ft·lbf / sec
cSt (centistokes) 1x10-6 m2 / sec km/hr 0.6214 mi / hr (mph)
degree π/180 radian km/hr 0.2778 m/s W 1.341x10-3 hp
D
W 1 J/s
dyne 10 µN (micronewton) km/hr 0.9113 ft/s
9.8693x10-3 W / cm2 1x104 W / m2
E eV (electronvolt) 1.602x10-19 J kPa (kilopascal) atm
3 6
lbf / in2 (psi) W / cm 1x10 W / m3
erg 1x10-7 J kPa 0.14504
F ft (feet) 0.3048* m kW 3412.14 Btu / hr W / m2 0.3171 Btu / (h·ft2)
ft 30.48 cm kW 0.9478 Btu / sec W / m3 0.09665 Btu / (h·ft3)
ft2 2.2957x10 -5 acre kW 737.56 lbf·ft / sec W / m·ºC 1 W / m·K
kW 1.341 hp W / m·ºC 0.57782 Btu / (h·ft·ºF)
ft2 144 in2 kWh (kW-hour) 3412.14 Btu W / (m2·ºC) 1 W / (m2·K)
ft2 0.09290304* m2 kWh 1.341 hp·hr
3 kWh 3600 kJ W / (m2·ºC) 0.17612 Btu / (h·ft2·ºF)
ft 7.481 gal (U.S.)
ft3 weber / m2 10,000 gauss
ft3 0.02832 m3 L L (liter) 0.03531
ft3 28.317 L L 61.02 in3 * The exact conversion between metric and English.
ft3 / lbm 0.062428 m3 / kg L 0.2642 gal (U.S.)
ft·lbf 1.285x10-3 Btu L 0.001 m3 TEMPERATURE
ft·lbf 1.35582 J L/s 2.119 ft3 / min (cfm) T(K) = T(ºC) + 273.15
L/s 15.85 gal / min (gpm) T(R) = T(ºF) + 459.67
ft·lbf 3.766x10-7 kWh
lbf (pound force) 32.174 lbm·ft / s2 T(ºF) = 1.8 T(ºC) + 32
ft·lbf 1.35582 N·m
ft·lbf 0.324 calorie (g-cal) lbf 4.44822 N
lbf 32.17 poundals SOME IMPORTANT CONSTANTS
ft·lbf / sec 1.818x10-3 hp
lbf / in2 (psi) 0.06805 atm Atomic Mass Unit (u) = 1.66054x10-27 kg
ft / s2 0.3048* m / s2
lbf / in2 2.307 ft water Avogadro’s number (NA) = 6.02213x1023 particles/mol
G U.S. gallon (gal) 0.13368 ft3
gal 3.7854 L lbf / in2 2.036 in Hg Boltzmann’s constant (kB)= 1.38065x10-23 J / K
gal 3.7854x10-3 m3 lbf / in2 6894.757 Pa electron charge (e) = -1.6022x10-19 C
gal 231 in3 lbm 0.45359237* kg electron mass (me) = 9.10939x10-31 kg
gal (U.K.) 1.201 gal (U.S.) lbm 0.031081 slug
proton mass (mp) = 1.6726x10-27 kg
gal (U.K.) 277.4 in3 lbm / in3 1728 lbm / ft3
Gas Constant (R) = 8314 J / kmol·K
ft3 / sec lbm / ft3 0.016018 g / cm3
gal / min (gpm) 0.002228 Gravitational Constant (G)= 6.672x10-11 N·m2 / kg2
gamma (γ,Γ) -9 lbm / ft3 16.018 kg / m3
1x10 tesla (T) Gravity (mean) = 9.8067 (9.81) m / s2
M m (meter) 3.28083 ft
gauss 1x10-4 T m 1.0926 yard Planck’s constant (h) = 6.6260x10-34 J·s
gram (g) 2.205x10-3 lbm m 39.370 in Speed of Light (c) = 2.99792458x108 m/s (exact)
g / cm3 1 1 kg / L m2 1550 in2
g / cm3 kg / m3 SI PREFIXES
1000 m2 10.764 ft2
g / cm3 lbm / ft3 yocto (10-24), zepto (10-21), atto (10-18), femto (10-15), pico
62.428 m3 1x106 cm3 (cc)
g / cm3 slug / ft3 (10-12), nano (10-9), micro (10-6), milli (10-3), centi (10-2),
1.940 m3 35.315 ft3
g / cm3 lbm / in3 deci (10-1), deka (101), hecto (102), kilo (103), mega (106),
0.036127 m3 264.17 gal (U.S.)
1x104 m2 giga (109), tera (1012), peta (1015), exa (1018), zetta (1021),
H hectare m3 1000 L
hectare 2.47104 acres yotta (1024)
m3 / kg 16.02 ft3 / lbm
hp (horsepower) 42.41 Btu / min m/s 196.8 ft / min
hp 0.7068 Btu / sec
 10

Energy balance relations with sign conventions

(i.e., heat input and work output are positive)

when kinetic and potential energy changes are

negligible

Under steady operation, shaft work and

electrical work are the only forms of work
a simple compressible system may
involve.
 11

Nozzles and Diffusers

Nozzles and diffusers are commonly utilized in jet engines, rockets,

spacecraft, and even garden hoses.

A nozzle is a device that increases the velocity of a fluid at the expense

of pressure.

A diffuser is a device that increases the pressure of a fluid by slowing it

down.

The cross-sectional area of a nozzle decreases in the flow direction for

subsonic flows and increases for supersonic flows. The reverse is true

for diffusers.

Energy balance
Nozzles and diffusers are shaped so that they for a nozzle or
cause large changes in fluid velocities and thus diffuser:
kinetic energies.
 12

Turbines and Compressors

Turbine drives the electric generator In steam, gas, or hydroelectric
power plants.
As the fluid passes through the turbine, work is done against the blades,
which are attached to the shaft. As a result, the shaft rotates, and the
turbine produces work.

Compressors, as well as pumps and fans, are devices used to

increase the pressure of a fluid. Work is supplied to these devices from
an external source through a rotating shaft.
A fan increases the pressure of a gas slightly and is mainly used to
mobilize a gas.

A compressor is capable of compressing the gas to very high

pressures.
Energy balance for the compressor in this
figure: Pumps work very much like compressors except that they handle liquids
instead of gases.
 13

Throttling valves
Throttling valves are any kind of flow-restricting devices
that cause a significant pressure drop in the fluid.
What is the difference between a turbine and a
throttling valve?
The pressure drop in the fluid is often accompanied by a
large drop in temperature, and for that reason throttling
devices are commonly used in refrigeration and air-
conditioning applications.

Energy
balance

The temperature of an ideal gas does not change during a During a throttling process, the enthalpy of a fluid remains
throttling (h = constant) process since h = h(T). constant. But internal and flow energies may be converted to
each other.
 14

Mixing chambers
In engineering applications, the section where the mixing
process takes place is commonly referred to as a mixing
chamber.

Energy balance for the adiabatic mixing

chamber in the figure is:

The T-elbow of an ordinary shower serves as the mixing

chamber for the hot- and the cold-water streams.

18
 15

Heat exchangers
Heat exchangers are devices
where two moving fluid streams
exchange heat without mixing.
Heat exchangers are widely used
in various industries, and they
come in various designs.

The heat transfer associated with a heat exchanger may be zero or

nonzero depending on how the control volume is selected.

Mass and energy balances for the

adiabatic heat exchanger in the figure
is:

A heat exchanger can be as

simple as two concentric
pipes.