Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

BASIC

ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING LAB

R19 & R20 REGULATIONS

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

SIR C.R.REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING:: ELURU-7

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB

Experiment Name

1. Swinburne’s Test on D.C Shunt Motor

2. Speed control of D.C Shunt Motor

3. Load Test on D.C Shunt Motor

4. D.C. Shunt Generator Characteristics

5. O.C.C. of D.C. Separately excited Generator

6. Hopkinson’s Test on D.C Machines

7. D.C. Series Generator Characteristics.

8. D.C. Compound Generator Characteristics.

9. V &  Curves of Synchronous Motor.

10. Regulation of alternator by EMF Methods

11. Load Test on a 3- Squirrel cage Induction Motor

12. Load Test on a 1- Induction Motor

13. O.C & S.C Test on a 1- Transformer

14. Equivalent circuit of a 3- Slip-ring Induction Motor

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Exp. No : 1

SWINBURNE’S TEST ON D.C. SHUNT MOTOR

Aim:-To conduct the no load test on the DC shunt machine and determine its
efficiency at different loads when operating as a) Motor & b) Generator

Apparatus:-

S.No Apparatus Type Range Qty

1 Ammeter (M.C) 0–3A 1
2 Ammeter (M.C) 0 – 1.5 A 1
3 Voltmeter (M.C) 0 – 250 V 1
4 Rheostat Wire Wound 500 , 1.2 A 2
5 Tachometer Digital 0-9999 R.P.M 1
6 DC shunt motor - 1
7 Connecting wires PVC insulated - -

Theory:- Swinburne’s test is a simple indirect method to calculate the efficiency of

constant flux DC machines. In this method constant losses are calculated
at no-load and from this efficiency at any desired load can be pre-
determined in advance. In this method the machine is run as a motor at no-
load, at its rated voltage & rated speed (adjusted by using shunt field Rh)
Limitati
ons
• Applicable to constant flux machines i.e shunt & compound machines

Advantages:
• It is economical because power required to test the machine is very
small i.e no load input power.
• The efficiency can be pre-determined at any desired load.
Disadvantages:
• At full load due to armature reaction, flux is destroyed which increases
the iron losses. No account is taken for this change in iron losses.
• As the test is on no-load, it is impossible to know whether
commutation would be satisfactory at full load and whether the temp.
rise would be within the specified limits.
Procedure:-
1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. With the motor field rheostat in CUTOUT position, 3-point starter handle at its
initial position, the supply switch is closed.
3. The 3-point starter handle is moved clock wise gradually to cut out the resistance
in the motor armature circuit so that the motor starts.
4. The motor is brought to its rated speed by varying the motor field rheostat.
5. All the meter readings are noted into the tabular column.

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
6. The motor field rheostat is brought back to cut out position and the supply switch
is opened.

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Tabular column:-
Sl.No I0 Ish V
In In In
Amps Amps volts

Specimen calculations:-
1. No load armature current = Iao = Io – Ish amps
where Io - is the no-load input current of the D.C motor
Ish – is the shunt field current
2. Armature copper loss = Iao2 Ra watts
where Ra – is the armature resistance of the D.C.Machine
it can be determined by Volt-Amp method.
3. Total input power = Pi = V Io watts
4. Constant power loss = Pc = V Io – Iao2 Ra watts
5. Calculation of Efficiency
when running as motor : If IL = Full Load current in amps
At full Load At Half Full Load
IL
a. Armature current = Ia = IL – Ish amps Ia = − I amps
1
sh

b. Armature cu. Loss = wc= Ia2 Ra watts wc= Ia2 Ra watts

c. Motor input = Pi = V IL watts Po = ½ VIL watts
d. Constant losses = Pc watts
e. Total losses = Pt = Pc+ wc watts
pi − pt
 % efficiency of motor = 100
pi
when running as generator:
At Full Load At Half Full Load
IL
a. Armature current = Ia = IL + Ish amps Ia = + I amps
sh
2

b. Armature cu. Loss = wc= Ia2 Ra watts wc= Ia2 Ra watts

c. Generator output = Po=V IL watts Po = ½ VIL watts
d. Constant losses = Pc watts
e. Total losses = Pt = Pc+ wc watts
po
% efficiency of generator = 100
po + pt
Nature of Graph :-
% Efficiency →

Generator
 Motor

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Output Load →

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Viva – Voce Questions:

1. Do you require a startor for a dc motor under the running condition, why?
2. Can you use the dc motor as a dc generator? If so, what is to be done.
3. What are the losses taking place in a dc machine.?
4. What is the power o/p & efficievcy during swinburns test?
5. What is the fuse rating for conducting swinburns test on a dc machine of 18A?
6. What is the principle of operation of dc motor?
7. What happens to dc shunt motor if source polarity reversed?
8. A dc shunt motor refuses to start when switched on what could be the possible
reasons and remedies?
9. What happens to motor if field circuit is suddenly opened?
10. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Swinburns test over the other tests?
11. When will you get the maximum efficiency for a dc machine?

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Exp. No : 2
SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. SHUNT MOTOR
Aim:- To control the speed of a D.C. shunt motor by Armature control method and
field control method.

Apparatus:-

S.No Apparatus Type Range Qty

1 Ammeter (M.C) 0–3A 1
2 Voltmeter (M.C) 0 – 250 V 1
3 Rheostat Wire wound 500 , 1.2 A 1
4 Rheostat Wire Wound 38 , 10 A 1
4 Tachometer Digital 0 – 9999 rpm 1
6 D.C. shunt motor 3HP, 220 V, 12 A 1
7 Connecting wires PVC insulated - -

Theory:-
The speed of a dc shunt motor can be controlled by varying
i) Flux/pole (Flux control method)
ii) Resistance of armature circuit (rheostat control method)
iii) Applied voltage (Voltage control method)
Speed of a motor is given by the relation:
E
N b -- (1)


i) Flux control method:-This method is used when speeds above normal speeds are
required. In the above equation (1) by decreasing the flux, the speed can be
increased and vice versa. The flux of a dc motor can be changed by changing Ish
with the help of a shunt field rheostat. The current in shunt field rheostat is less.
I2R loss is small, so that rheostat is small in size.

ii) Armature or rheostat control method:- This method is used when speeds below
the no-load speeds are required. In this method the voltage across the armature
is varied by increasing a variable rheostat in series with the armature circuit,
as resistance is increased, potential difference across the armature is decreased,
there by decreasing the armature speed. This method is expensive (Cu loss
more) and unsuitable for rapidly changing loads because for a given value of
Rt, the speed will change with load.

iii) Voltage control method:- This method is also used to control the speeds below
the no-load speeds. In this method the shunt field of the motor is connected
across the fixed supply and then by supplying different voltage to the
armature different speeds are obtained. The control voltage is

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
obtained from potential dividers, solid state rectifier and Ward-Leonard
system.

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Procedure:-

a) For Armature voltage control method:-

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. With the armature rheostat is CUTIN position, the field rheostat in CUTOUT
position and the 3-point starter handle at its initial position, the D.C. supply
switch is closed.
3. The 3-point starter handle is moved clock wise gradually to cut out the
resistance in armature circuit so that the motor starts and runs at some speed.
4. The armature rheostat is brought to cut out position so that rated voltage is
applied across the armature.
5. The field current is adjusted to a certain value by varying the field rheostat
such that the motor runs at nearly rated speed.
6. The armature rheostat is CUTIN gradually so that the armature voltage is
varied in steps and the corresponding speeds are noted in the tabular column.
7. Step no. 5 is repeated until the armature rheostat is completely CUTIN.
8. The field rheostat is brought back to CUTOUT position, the armature rheostat
to CUTIN position and the D.C. supply switch is opened.

b) For field control method:-

1. Step nos. 1, 2 & 3 of armature voltage control method are repeated.

2. The armature rheostat is varied such that the rated voltage is applied across
the armature terminals.
3. The field rheostat is gradually cut in steps so that the field current is varied in
steps of 0.05A and the corresponding value of speeds are noted.
4. Step no. 3 is repeated until the field rheostat is completely CUT IN.
5. Step no. 3 and 4 are repeated for an armature voltage of 200V.
6. The field rheostat is brought back to CUT OUT, the armature rheostat to CUT
IN position and the supply switch is opened.

Tabular column:-

a) Armature voltage control b) Field control method

Field current = Armature voltage =

Sl.No Armature voltage Speed Sl.No Field current Speed

In In In In
Volts rpm Volts rpm

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Nature of graph:

a) Armature Voltage Control b) Field Control

Viva – Voce Questions:-

1. Speed of a dc shunt motor is directly proportional to field current (true or false)?

2. A dc shunt motor rated speed as 1500 rpm. How do you get speed below and
above 1500 rpm?
3. Give the equation of the back EMF induced in a dc motor. What is the other
equation by which it can be calculated?
4. What is the difference between arm voltage control and arm series resistance
control in case of dc shunt motor? Which one is preferable?
5. Define speed regulation of a dc motor? How much percent will it be usually for a
shunt motor?

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Exp. No : 3
LOAD TEST ON D.C. SHUNT MOTOR
Aim:- To conduct the brake load test on D.C. shunt motor and determine its
performance characteristics.

Apparatus:-

S.No Apparatus Type Range Qty

1 Ammeter (M.C) 0 – 10 A 1
2 Ammeter (M.C) 0–1A 1
3 Voltmeter (M.C) 0 – 250 V 1
4 Rheostat Wire wound 500 , 1.2 A 1
5 Tachometer Digital 0-9999 rpm 1
6 D.C. shunt motor with loading - 1
arrangement
7 Connecting wires PVC insulated - -

Theory:- This is a direct method of testing dc machine. This test is conducted on low
Horse power machines the machine is run as a motor and a brake frictional
load is applied to the moving shaft. The moment of the brake drum is
restricted with a braking arrangement. The braking arrangement consists
of
a) Water cooled brake drum b) belt c) Spring balances to
measure the tension on the brake belt and d) tension adjusting mechanism.
The friction between brake drum and belt acts as a mechanical load. By
adjusting the tension of the belt the load on the motor can be adjusted. Due
to brake friction terrible heat is produced. To keep the brake drum with in
the working temperature or to remove the heat due to friction the brake
drum is filled with water for cooling.

Procedure:-

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. With the motor field rheostat in cutout position, the 3 point starter handle in initial
position and ensuring that the belt over the brake drum is totally loosened, the
supply switch is closed.
3. The 3-point starter handle is moved clock wise gradually to cut out the resistance
in the motor armature circuit so that the motor starts.
4. The motor is brought to its rated speed by varying the motor field rheostat and all
the meter readings as well as speed are noted.
5. The load is applied in steps and for each step all the meter readings, spring
balance readings as well as speed are noted.
6. Step no. 5 is repeated until the rated current of the motor is nearly reached.

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
7. The load is removed in steps, the motor field rheostat is brought back to cut out
position and the supply switch is opened.

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Tabular column:-
Sl. V Il Ish S1 S2 T N Ia Input Outpu %
No In In In In In In In In In t Efficien
Volts Amps Amps Kgs Kgs N-m rpm Amps Watts In cy
watts

Specimen calculations:-

1. Torque T = (S1 ~ S2)  r  9.81 N – m

2. Armature current Ia = IL – Ish amps
3. Motor input power Pi = V . IL watts

2NT
4. Motor output power Po= watts
60
output power
5. % efficiency = 100
input power
Nature of the graph:-

Viva – Voce Questions:-

1. What is the condition for maximum output in a dc motor?

2. What happens if the field circuit of a dc motor is opened under running condition?
3. Write down the torque equation of a dc motor?
4. Draw the characteristics & performance curves of a dc shunt motor?
5. The lost torque in a dc motor is proportional to which loss?
6. What is meant by critical speed?
7. What are the usual ranges of field winding resistance armature resistance in case
of a dc shunt motor?

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
8. Can we use 3-point starter for the speed control of dc motor using field rheostat
method? Why?
9. What are the different speed control methods used for dc series motor?

Exp. No : 4
DC SHUNT GENERATOR CHARACTERISTICS
Aim:- To conduct the no-load and load test on a D.C. shunt generator and draw its
O.C.C, internal and external characteristics.
Apparatus:-
S.No Apparatus Type Range Qty
1 Voltmeter (M.C) 0 – 250 V 1
2 Ammeter (M.C) 0 – 10 A 1
3 Ammeter (M.C) 0–2A 1
4 Rheostat Wire Wound 500 , 1.2 A 2
5 Tachometer Digital 0 – 9999 rpm 1
6 Load box Resistive 230 V/ 10 A 1
7 D.C. shunt generator - -
coupled D.C. motor
8 Connecting wires PVC insulated - -

Theory:-
External characteristic curve (ECC):- This is drawn under load condition.
It is the curve drawn between load current or line current and load voltage or

terminal voltage taking current on X axis induced emf on Y axis.

Internal characteristic curve (ICC). It is also called as total characteristic curve. It

is drawn between armature current and generated voltage. Taking armature current
on X axis, induced emf on Y axis
Relation between terminal voltage and induced emf:-The voltage measured at the
terminals is known as terminal voltage and that induced in the generator is known
as induced emf which is represented by E.
Procedure:-
1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Ensuring that the motor field rheostat is in CUTOUT position, generator field
rheostat is in CUTIN position, 3-point starter handle is in initial position and the
load switch is in off position and the supply switch (DPST) is closed.
3. The 3-point starter handle is moved clock wise gradually to cut out the resistance
in the motor armature circuit, so that the motor starts.
4. The motor is brought to its rated speed by varying the motor field rheostat.
5. The generator field rheostat is varied in steps and the readings of field current and
terminal voltage are noted.
6. Step No 5 is repeated until the generator voltage reaches to its rated value.

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
7. The load switch (DPST) is closed to connect the load to the generator and all the
meter readings are noted in the tabular column.
8. The load is varied in steps and all the meter readings are noted in the tabular
column.
9. Step no.8 is repeated until the rated current of the generator is reached.
10. The load is reduced in steps, the load switch is opened, the generator field rheostat
is brought back to CUTIN position, the motor field rheostat to CUTOUT position
and the supply switch is opened.

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Tabular Column:-

Open circuit characteristic Internal and external characteristic

Sl.no If E Sl.no If IL V Ia Ia Ra E
In In In In In In In In
Amps Volts Amps Amps volts Amps Volts volts

Specimen calculations:-
Induced voltage under load = E = V + Ia Ra

Nature of graph:-

Fig(a) : Open Circuit Characteristic Fig (b) : Internal (Eg Vs Ia) and
External (VL Vs IL)Characteristics
Viva – Voce Questions:-
1. What are the conditions to be fulfilled for the shunt generator to build up voltage?
2. What is meant by the term “critical field resistance” related to the dc shunt
generator?
3. What is meant by the term “critical load resistance” in case of a dc shunt
generator?
4. What is the type of voltage induced in the armature of a dc generator.
5. Can you measure the “Induced voltage” under load condition for a dc generator?
Why?
6. Represent the armature reaction drop in the load characteristics of a dc shunt
generator?
7. What is the purpose of the commutator in a dc machine?
8. What is meant by “critical speed N0” in case of a dc shunt generator?
9. What is the principle of operation of dc generator?
10. List out the factors affecting the voltage fall in a dc shunt generator?
11. What will happen if you given ac supply to the field of a dc generator
12. A properly connected generator is showing a zero terminal voltage when it is run
by a prime mover. What is the reason?

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Exp. No : 5
OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF A D.C. GENERATOR
Aim:- To plot the open circuit characteristics of a separately exited D.C. generator.

Apparatus:-
S.No Apparatus Type Range Qty
1 Voltmeter (M.C) 0 – 250 V 1
2 Ammeter (M.C) 0–1A 1
3 Rheostat Wire Wound 500 , 1.2 A 2
4 Tachometer Digital 0-9999 R.P.M 1
5 DC Motor coupled - -
to D.C Generator
6 Connecting wires PVC insulated - -

Theory:-The field current If is obtained from an external independent DC source. It can be

varied from zero upwards by a potentiometer and its value is read by Ammeter
connected in the field circuit.
Voltage equation of a DC generator is Eg = ZNP/60A
Hence if speed is constant, the above relation becomes E = K
It is obvious that when If is increased from its initial small value, the flux  and
hence generated emf increases as current while the poles are unsaturated. But as
the flux density increases, the poles become saturated so a generator in If is
requires to produce a given increase in voltage than as the lower part of the curve.
The curve showing relation between the terminal voltage ‘V’ and field current If
when the generator is on no-load

Procedure:-
1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. With the motor field rheostat in CUTOUT position, the generator field rheostat in
CUTIN position and the motor 3-point starter handle at its initial position, the DC
supply switch is closed.
3. The 3-point starter handle is moved clock wise gradually to cut out the resistance in
the motor armature circuit so that the motor starts.
4. The motor is brought to its rated speed by varying the motor field rheostat.
5. The generator field is excited by gradually varying the resistance of the generator
field rheostat in steps and for each step the corresponding field current and the no
load voltage are noted.
6. Step no. 5 is repeated until the rated voltage of the generator is reached and all the
meter readings are noted for each step.
7. The generator field rheostat is brought back to CUTIN position, the motor field
rheostat to CUTOUT position and the supply switch is opened.

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Tabular column:-

Sl.No If Eg
In In
Amps volts

Nature of graph:-
Eg in Volts →

If in Amps →

Viva – Voce Questions:-

1. Identify the locations of field and armature windings for different machines.
2. What do you mean by rated values of a machine
3. What is to be done if the residual flux is not present in a dc generator?
4. Write down the EMF equation of a dc genertor?
5. To found OCC of a self excited shunt generator it has to be connected as a
separately excited generator when it is (true or false).
6. Expand OCC what is the other name for it? Where does OCC of dc generator
lies at speed N1 with respect to that of OCC at N2 if N1< N2.
7. Commutator works as a in dc generator and as a
in a dc motor.
8. Large dc generators will have winding and high voltage, small
generator will have windings.
9. Interpoles will be placed between in a dc generator.
10. A dc shunt motor can be started using 4 point starter ( True or False) ?

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Exp. No : 6
HOPKINSON’S TEST ON D.C. MACHINES
Aim:- To conduct Hopkinson’s test on two identical DC shunt machine and determine
the efficiency of each M/C at various loads.

Apparatus:-
S.No Apparatus Type Range Qty
1 Voltmeter (M.C) 0 – 250 V 2
2 Ammeter (M.C) 0 – 10 A 3
3 Ammeter (M.C) 0–2A 2
4 Tachometer Digital 0 – 9999 rpm 1
5 Rheostat Wire wound 500 , 1.2 A 2
6 D.C. shunt motor
coupled generator
7 Connecting wires PVC insulated

Theory:- By this method full load test can be carried out on two shunt machines,preferably
identical ares, without wasting their outputs. The two m/c are mechanically
coupled and are adjusted electrically that are of them runs as a motor and the other
as a generator. The mechanical o/p of the motor drives the generator and the
electrical o/p of generator is used in supplying the greater part of input to motor.
If there were no losses in the m/ces they would have run without any external
supply. But due to these losses gen o/p is not sufficient to drive the motor and
vice versa. The losses are supplied either by an extra motor which is belt
connected to the MG set or by suggested by kapp electrically born the supply
mains
Procedure:-
1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. With motor field rheostat in cutout position, generator field rheostat in cut in
position, ensuring that 3-point starter handle at its initial position and with the
S.P.S.T. switch open, the supply switch is closed.
3. The 3-point starter handle is moved clock wise gradually to cut out the resistance
in the motor armature circuit, so that the motor starts.
4. The motor is brought to its rated speed by varying the motor field rheostat.
5. The generator field rheostat is varied such that the generator terminal voltage is
same as supply voltage so that the voltmeter across the SPST switch reads zero
value and the SPST switch is closed.
6. The meter readings are noted in the tabular column.
7. The field rheostat of generator is varied in steps such that the field current is also
varied in steps of 0.1 A and all the meter readings are noted in the tabular column
for each step upto I4 reads generator rated current.

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
8. The field rheostat of generator is brought back to cutin position, so that the
generator current is zero, the motor field rheostat is brought back to cut out
position and the supply switch is opened

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Tabular column:-
Sl.No Voltage I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 Generator Motor Efficiency Efficiency
In In In In In In O/P in O/P in of of
Volts Amps Amps Amps Amps Amps watts watts Generator Motor
in % in %

Specimen calculations:-
Armature cu losses of generator = (I4 + I5)2 Ra
Armature cu losses of motor = I22 Ra
Shunt
Shunt field
field cu losses in generator = V II5
cu losses in motor =V 3

Total stray losses 

s = VI 1 − (I 4 + I5 ) R + I 2 R + VI 5 + VI 3
2

a 2 a

S VI 4
 Efficiency of Generator g = + +( + ) + 100
2

VI 5
VI 4 I4 I5 Ra
2

V(I1 + I4 ) − I22 R a − VI 3 − S
 Efficiency of Motor  = 2 100
1

V (I + I 4 )
m

Nature of graph :-

Viva – Voce Questions:-

1. Stray loss in a dc machine depends on what quantities?
2. Draw the circuit diagram to measure the armature resistance of a dc machine?
3. What is the difference between the Swinburns test and Hopkinsons test?
4. Which loss is obtained from the Hopkinsons test?
5. Is the stray loss obtained from the Hopkinsons test really same for both the
machines? Why?
6. Which part of the stray loss is not equal both the machines during Hopkinsons
test? Why?
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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
7. Which loss comes under rotational losses in case of a dc shunt machine?
8. For a dc shunt machine the efficiency obtained from the Swinburns test is more
than the one obtained from the Hopkinsons test justify?

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Exp. No : 7
D.C SERIES GENERATOR CHARACTERISTICS

Aim:- To draw the internal and external characteristics of DC series generator by

conducting load test.

Apparatus:-
S.No Apparatus Type Range Qty
1 Voltmeter (M.C) 0 – 250 V 1
2 Ammeter (M.C) 0 – 10 A 1
3 Rheostat Wire Wound 500 , 1.2 A 1
4 Tachometer Digital 0 – 9999 rpm 1
5 Load box Resistive 230 V/ 10 A 1
6 D.C. series generator - -
coupled to DC motor
7 Connecting wires PVC insulated - -

Theory:- In series generator the field winding is connected in series with the armature
winding.
ECC: External characteristic curve . it is the curve drawn between the load
current and terminal voltage. Taking load current (IL) on X axis and terminal
voltage on Y-axis
ICC: Internal characteristic curve. It is the curve drawn between armature
current and generated voltage. Taking armature current Ia on X axis and generated
voltage on Y axis
In series generator
Armature current = field current = load current

Procedure:-
1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Ensuring that the motor field rheostat is in CUTOUT position, the 3-point starter
handle is in initial position, the generator load switch in open position the supply
switch is closed.
3. The 3-point starter handle is moved clock wise gradually to cut out the motor
armature circuit resistance, so that the motor starts.
4. The motor is brought to its rated speed by varying the motor field rheostat. And
the voltmeter reading is noted (indicates residual voltage)
5. The load switch of the generator is closed.
6. The load is varied in steps and all the meter readings are noted in the tabular
column.
7. Step No 6 is repeated until the rated current of the generator is reached.
8. The load is removed in steps, the load switch of the generator is opened the motor
field rheostat is brought back to CUTOUT position and the supply switch is opened.

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Tabular Column :-

Sl. IL VL Ia Ra Drop Induced E.M.F

no In In In In
Amps volts Volts volts

Specimen calculations :-

Induced E.M.F = E = V + Ia (Ra+Rsc)

Nature of graph :-

Fig: Internal (Eg Vs Ia) and External (VL Vs IL) Characteristics

Viva – Voce Questions:-

1. Draw the load characteristics of a dc series generator.

2. Can a dc series generator. Excite on no load, why? What is meant by critical
load resistance of the above machine.
3. What is the usual range of field winding resistance in case of a dc series
machine.
4. Series generator has characteristics of series generator.

30
 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Exp. No : 8
D.C COMPOUND GENERATOR CHARACTERISTICS
Aim:- To draw the internal and external characteristics of DC short shunt compound
generator by conducting load test (Both cumulative & differential)
Apparatus:-
S.No Apparatus Type Range Qty
1 Voltmeter (M.C) 0 – 250 V 1
2 Ammeter (M.C) 0 – 10 A 1
3 Ammeter (M.C) 0–2A 1
4 Rheostat Wire Wound 500 , 1.2 A 2
5 Tachometer Digital 0 – 9999 rpm 1
6 Load box Resistive 230 V/ 10 A 1
7 D.C. compound generator - -
coupled to DC shunt motor
8 Connecting wires PVC insulated - -

Theory:-The method of adding the series field flux with the shunt field flux is known
as compounding. According to method of compounding the compound
generators are classified into two categories.
i) Cumulatively compounding generator.
ii) Differential compounding generator.
In cumulative compounding generator the flux produced by the series field
winding must be right direction with the shunt field flux. ie the series field flux
inphase with the shunt field flux. but in the case of differential compounding
generator the flux produced by the series field winding is in such a direction that
it should opposes the shunt field flux. there by the resultant flux decreases.
Procedure:-
1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. With motor field rheostat is in CUTOUT position, generator field rheostat in
CUTIN position, ensuring that the 3-point starter handle is in initial position, and
load switch in off position the supply switch is closed.
3. The 3-point starter handle is moved clock wise gradually, so that the motor starts.
4. The motor is brought to its rated speed by varying the motor field rheostat.
5. The generator field rheostat is varied gradually so that the generator voltage is
built up to its rated value.
6. The load switch of the generator is closed
7. The load is applied in steps and for each step all the meter readings are noted.
8. Step No.(7) is repeated until the rated current of the generator is reached
9. The load is removed in steps, the load switch of the generator is opened the
generator field rheostat is brought back to CUTIN position the motor field rheostat
to CUTOUT position and the supply switch is opened.
10. The series field winding terminals of the generator are interchanged and the above
procedure is repeated to get another type of compounding.

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Note: If the first one is cumulative compound, second one will be differential
compounding.

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

35
 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Tabular Column:-

a) Cumulative Compounding:
Sl.no IL VL If Ia Eg
In In In In In
Amps volts Amps Amps volts

b) Differential Compounding:
Sl.no IL VL If Ia Eg
In In In In In
Amps volts Amps Amps volts

Specimen calculations:-

The Induced E.M.F Eg = VL + Ia Ra + IL Rsc

Nature of graph:-

Fig: Internal (Eg Vs Ia) and External (VL Vs IL) Characteristics

Viva – Voce Questions:-

1. Mention the difference between cumulative and differential compound dc
generator.
2. Sketch load characteristics of compound generators
3. How can you identify the machine whether it is cumulative, differential
compounded machine?
4. When do you load the generator?
5. A generator will be loaded by a mechanical load (true or false).

36 36
 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Exp. No. 9
‘V’ AND ‘’ CURVES OF A SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

Aim:- To draw ‘V’ and ‘’ curves of an auto induction start synchronous motor at no
load and at different loads.

Apparatus:-

S.No Apparatus Type Range Qty

1 Ammeter (M.C) 0–3A 1
2 Ammeter (M.I) 0 – 10 A 1
3 Voltmeter (M.I) 0 – 600 V 1
4 3- , 2 –element Dynamometer 500 V / 10 A 1
Power factor meter
5 Rheostat Wire Wound 500 / 1.2A 1
5 3- Dimmer stat Core type 415/0-470V, 10 A 1
6 Synchronous motor 3 HP, 415V, 3.5A 1
7 Connecting wires PVC insulated

Theory:-

When the field current of a synchronous motor is reduced, a lagging

armature current is produced and that exceeds the minimum current at unitypower
factor at normal excitation. Similarly, when the motor is over excited the armature
current also rises and exceeds the current required at normal excitationto develop
to necessary torque at any given load. By applying a given constant load to the shaft
of a synchronous motor and varying the field current from under excitation to over
excitation and recording the armature current at each step, we can obtain the ‘V’
curves. The armature phase current is plotted against the DC field current both for
no-load and load.

The power factor is plotted against the DC field current for no-load and load
also note that both sets of curves show that a slightly increased field currentis
required to produce normal excitation as the load is increased, at no-load, the
armature current at unity power factor is zero. But some small value of armature
current is necessary to produce the torque to counter balance notational losses. As
load is applied not only does the armature current lose, but also it is also necessary
to increase the excitation to bring the armature current back in phase with the bus
phase voltage.

36 36
 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Circuit Diagram:-
 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Procedure:-

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Ensuring that the dimmer stat is at zero out put, the belt over the brake drum
is loose , the 3- ac supply switch is closed.
3. The dimmer stat is gradually varied so that rated voltage is applied and the
motor runs as an induction motor closed to the synchronous speed.
4. With the alternator field rheostat in cut in position the DC supply switch is
closed. Due to the excitation of the field, the machine starts operating as a
synchronous motor.
5. The field current is varied in steps from min value to max value using the
rheostat all the meter readings are noted for each step.
6. The load is applied in steps to the motor by tightening the belt on the brake
drum and step no 5 is repeated for each step of load.
7. The load is removed in steps by loosing the belt on the brake drum, the field
rheostat is brought back to cutin position, the dc supply switch is opened
and the ac supply switch is also opened.

Tabular column:-

No-load With Load:

S.No If Ia p.f S.No If Ia p.f
In In In In
Amps Amps Amps Amps

Nature Of Graph:-

‘V’- Curves Inverted ‘V’ - Curves

Full Load
 ½ Load UPF
Power Factor →
Ia in Amps →

 No-Load

Full Load
 No-Load ½ Load
Lag Lead

If Field Current →
If Field Current →

40
 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Viva Questions:-
1 What is meant by V curve of synchronous motor?
2. What is meant by inverted V of synchronous motor?
3. How the synchronous motor does behave, when it is under excited?
4. How the synchronous motor does behave, when it is over excited?
5. What is the nature of the power factor, when the motor is operated at over
excited?
6. What is the nature of the power factor, when the motor is operated at no-load and
under excited?
7. How does the synchronous motor behaves, when it is normal excited?
8. Where we use over excited synchronous motor?
9. At which power factor the motor will draw minimum armature current?
5. In which applications the synchronous motor can be used when it operated at over
excited?
11. Application of synchronous motor
12. Whether the synchronous motor is self excited or not why?
13. What is under excitation?
14. What is over excitation?
15. What is normal excitation?

40
 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Exp. No. 10
REGULATION OF AN ALTERNATOR BY EMF METHOD

Aim:- To conduct open circuit and short circuit test on a 3- alternator and determine
the full load regulation curve with E.M.F method.

Apparatus:-

S.No Apparatus Type Range Qty

1 Ammeter (M.C) 0 – 1.5 A 1
2 Ammeter (M.I) 0 – 10 A 1
3 Voltmeter (M.I) 0 – 300 V 1
5 Rheostat Wire Wound 500  / 1.2 A 2
8 Tachometer (digital) 0.99999 rpm 1
9 Motor alternator set - 1
10 Connecting wires PVC insulated - -

Theory:-
The voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the increase in the terminal
voltage when the load is through off, produced that the field excitation and the
speed are constant.
E−V
% regulation = 100
V
Where E – is the no-load voltage
V – is the load voltage
The variation is terminal voltage ‘V’ is due to the following reasons.
1. Voltage drop due to armature resistance Ra.
2. Voltage drop due to armature leakage reactance.
3. Voltage drop due to armature reaction.

Regulation of an alternator can be determined by measuring the voltage of the

alternator, i.e. ‘V’ when loaded and ‘E’ when the load is taken off. In actual
practice it will be difficult to load a big alternator in the testing laboratory as the
laboratory may not have such heavy loads. More ever, during the testing period
a considerable amount of electrical energy will be wasted as losses in the
machine and in the load. This is why regulation of large alternators are not
generally determined by direct loading method.

Regulation of an alternator can be determined from the results of the following

two tests.
a. Open circuit test.
b. Short circuit test.

Open circuit test:-This test is carried out with the alternator running no-load and
at rated speed. The field current and corresponding terminal voltage is recorded
up to about 120% of rated terminal voltage. The characteristic shows

40
 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
the relationship between field current and terminal voltage on no-load is called
the open circuit characteristic.

Short circuit test:-This test is performed when the alternator is running at rated
speed. The armature terminals are short circuited with a very low excitation
current and the field current corresponding to rated armature current is rated and
a plot of field current versus armature current is called short circuited
characteristic.

From these curves synchronous impedance can be calculated and then

synchronous reaction can be separated as X S = Zs 2 − Ra 2

Procedure:-

Open circuit characteristic Test

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. With the motor field rheostat in cut out position, the alternator field rheostat is
cut in position, the 4-point starter handle is initial position and the TPST
opened, the supply switch is closed.
3. The 4-point starter handle is moved slowly in the clockwise direction to cut
out the resistance in the motor armature circuit so the motor starts.
4. The motor is brought to its rated speed, which is the rated speed of the alternator
also by adjusting the motor field rheostat.
5. The dc supply switch of the alternator field is closed, the field current of the
alternator is varied in steps and for each step the alternator voltage along with
the field current are noted.
6. Stepno5 is repeated until the alternator voltage reaches about 120% of it rated
value.
7. The alternator field rheostat is brought back to cutin position, the alternator field
dc supply switch is opened, dc motor field rheostat is brought back to cutout
position and the supply switch is opened.

Short circuit test:

1. Step no’s 1, 2, 3 and 4 of o.c.c. test are repeated.
2. The TPST switch is closed, so that the alternator terminals are short circuited.
3. The dc supply switch of the alternator field is closed and the alternator field
rheostat is varied such that the ammeter reads the rated current of the alternator
and the corresponding field current is noted.
4. The TPST switch is opened, the alternator field rheostat is brought back to cut
in position, the alternator field dc supply switch is opened, the motor field
rheostat is brought back cut out position and the dc supply switch is opened.

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Circuit diagram:-

40
 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Tabular column:-
O.C test: S.C test:
Sl.No If E0 Sl.No If Ia
In In In In
Amps volts amps amps

Specimen calculations:-
D.C armature resistance per phase = RDC
AC cumulative resistance per phase = 1.2 to 1.6 × RDC
E.M.F. method (or) synchronous impedance method:
E0
The synchronous impedance per phase Z s = / at constant field current
I
a

AC in volts
ZS = & Synchronous reactance XS =
AB in amps

E0 − V
% Regulation = 100
V
Where V – is the rated terminal voltage/phase
E0 = V Sin  I X )
(+) → for lagging power factor (-) → for leading power factor
for different power factors the regulation is calculated and tabulated

Nature of graph:-

O.C.C
SCC
Eg in Volts →
Isc in Amps→

If in Amps →
 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Viva Questions:-
1. Why is it important to pre-determine the value of regulation of alternator?
2. What are the basic parameters on which regulation of alternator depends
3. What are the various indirect methods for finding out the regulation of alternator?
4. Which method gives fairly reliable value for regulation of alternator?
5. Why ZPF method is most reliable and accurate to find out the regulation of
alternator?
6. Which of the method of finding out regulation is optimistic method?
7. Which of the method of finding out regulation is pessimistic method?
8. What is short circuit ratio (SCR)?
9. Can a dc generator be converted into alternator?
10. What is skin effect?
11. Why regulation up is considered in case of alternator?
12. What are the different excitation systems for synchronous machines?
11. How the alternators are classified
14. What is meant by hunting?
15. What is the difference between salient rotor and smooth cylindrical rotor?
 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Exp. No.11
LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Aim:- To conduct load test on three phase squirrel cage Induction motor and obtain the
performance Characteristics.

Apparatus:-

Sl. Apparatus Type Range Qty

1. Ammeter (M.I) 0 – 10A 1
2. Voltmeter (M.I) 0 – 600V 1
3. Wattmeter U.P.F. Dynamometer 10A/600V 1
4. Tachometer Digital 0-10,000 rpm 1
5. 3- Dimmer stat Core type 415V/0-470V, 10A
6. 3- Squirrel cage Belt driven type 1
Induction motor with Load
loading arrangements
7. Connecting wires PVC insulated - -

Theory:-
The load test on induction motor is performed to compute its complete performance
i.e. torque, slip, efficiency, power factor etc. during this test, the motor is operated at
rated voltage and frequency and normally loaded mechanically by brake and pulley
arrangement from the observed data, the performance can be calculated, following the
steps given below.
Slip: The speed of the rotor, Nn droops slightly as load on the motor is
increased.
120f
Synchronous speed, N S = r.p.m. f → frequency
P
P → No. of poles
N S − Nr
Then, slip S = 100%
NS

Normally, the range of slip at full load is from 2 to 5 percent.

Torque: A brake drum is coupled to the shaft of the motor and the load is
applied by tightening the belt, provided on the brake drum.
Net force exerted,  = (S1 – S2) kg
d
Then, load torque, T =  kg − m
2
d
=   9.81 N − m
2
 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Where, d is-effective diameter of the brake drum in meters.

Output power: The output power in watts developed by the motor is given by
2NT
Output power, P0 = watt
60
Where N is the speed of the motor in r.p.m


Power factor: If  is the power factor angle, then cos =

Where  is the input power.

output power
Efficiency: Percentage efficiency of the motor,  = X 100
input power
Full load efficiency of 3-phase induction motor lies in the range of 82% (For
small motor) to 92% (For very large motors)

Procedure:-

1) The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2) Ensuring that the dimmerstat is at zero output and the belt over the brake drum
is totally loosened, the supply switch (TPST) is closed
3) The dimmerstat is gradually varied so that the motor is brought to its rated
speed and all the meter readings as well as speed are noted.
4) The load is applied in steps and for each step all the meter readings, spring
balance readings as well as speed are noted.
5) Step no.4 is repeated until the rated current of the motor is reached.
6) The load is removed in steps, the Dimmerstat is brought back to zero output and
the supply switch is opened.

Tabular column:-

S.l VL IL W1 W2 S1 S2 WT Speed Torque Output  Power Slip

No in in in in In In in in in In in Factor in
volts Amps Watts Watts kgs kgs Watts rpm N-m Watts % cos  %
 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Circuit diagram:-
 Specimen calculations: -

voltage range of W  current range of W

Wattmeter constant =
Maximumum Wattmeter scale reading
1. Input Power = ( W1  W2 ) watts

2. Torque = (S1~ S2)* R*9.81 N-m

2  NT
3. Out put Power = watts
60

Output power
4. % Efficiency = 100
Input power
 −1 (w1 − w2 ) 
5. Power Factor = COS  = COS Tan 3 
 (w1 + w2 ) 

Ns − N 120 f
6. % Slip =  100 where Ns = r.p.m
Ns P

Nature of graph:-
Power Factor →

Efficiency
Speed →

Power Factor
Slip →

 Speed
Efficiency →

Slip

Out put power in watts →

Viva Questions:-

1. What are various types of three phase induction motor as per rotor construction?
2. What is the basic operation of a three phase induction motor?
3. How the starting torque can be increased in squirrel cage motors?
4. How does the slip vary with load?
5. What is the percentage slip at full load (appox)?
6. What is meant by cogging (magnetic locking)?
7. What is meant by crawling?
8. How much is appox the starting current drawn by three phase induction motor,
when started at rated voltage in terms of full load current?
9. What happens to the induction motor when it rotates at synchronous speed?
)
 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Exp. No.12
LOAD TEST ON 1- CAPACITOR START INDUCTION MOTOR.

Aim:- To conduct the load test on 1- induction motor and determine its
performance characteristics.
Apparatus:-
S. Apparatus Type Range Qty
No
1 Voltmeter (M.I) 0 – 250 V 1
4 Ammeter (M.I) 0 – 10 A 1
6 Wattmeter (U.P.F.) Dynamometer 300V/10A 1
7 Dimmer stat Core type 230 V / 0-270 V 1
8 1- Capacitor start 230V, 5A -
Induction motor
9 Connecting wires PVC insulated - -

Circuit Diagram:-

Procedure:-

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. With the dimmer stat at zero out put the supply switch is closed.
3. The dimmer stat is varied such that the rated voltage is applied to the motor
and all the meter readings are noted in the tabular column.
4. The load is applied in steps and for each step all the meter readings, spring
balance readings as well as speed are noted.
5. Step no.4 is repeated until the rated current of the motor is reached.
6. The load is removed in steps, the dimmer stat is brought back to zero out put
and the supply switch is opened.

Tabular column:-

Sl. VL in IL in WT in S1 in Kgs S2 in Kgs WT in Speed in

No Volts Amps watts watts RPM

Torque n N-M Output in  in % Power factor

Watts Cos

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Specimen calculations: -

voltage range of W  current range of W

Wattmeter constant =
Maximumum Wattmeter scale reading
1. Input Power = ( W1 ) watts

2. Torque = (S1~ S2)* R*9.81 N-m

2  NT
3. Out put Power = watts
60

Output power
4. % Efficiency = 100
Input power
5. Power Factor = COS  = P/VI

Nature of graph:-

Efficiency
Power Factor →

Power Factor
 Speed
Speed →
Slip →

Efficiency →

Slip

Out put power in watts →

Viva Questions:-

1. Which theory is commonly used for the analysis of 1-Ф induction motor?
2. What is the slip of forward and backward rotor?
3. How many winding are provided on the stator of split-phase induction motor?
4. What is the phase displacement in space between the two winding?
5. How these two windings connected at the time of starting the motor?
6. How much is the phase splitting between these two windings?
7. How the phase splitting between two windings can be increased?
8. At what speed of the motor ,starting winding is disconnected from the circuit
of main winding?
9. How the auxiliary winding is disconnected from the circuit of the main winding?
10. What will happen, if the starting winding is not disconnected during the normal
running conditions of the motor?
11. Why 1-Ф induction motor is not self starting?
12. What is the necessity of connecting capacitor in series with the starting winding?
13. What are the advantages of connecting a capacitor?

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
14. How do you reverse the direction of rotation of the capacitor start induction
motor?
15. What is the difference between capacitor start and capacitor run induction motor?

94
 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Exp. No.13

OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TESTS ON 1-

TRANSFORMER

Aim: -Conduct the open circuit and short circuit test on 1- transformer and
determine the efficiency and regulation at different loads.

Apparatus: -

Sl.N Apparatus Type Range Qty

1. Ammeter (M.I) 0 - 3A 1
2. Ammeter (M.I) 0 – 10A 1
3. Voltmeter (M.I) 0 – 30V 1
4. Voltmeter (M.I) 0 – 115V 1
5. Wattmeter L.P.F Dynamometer 2.5A/150V 1
6. Wattmeter U.P.F. Dynamometer 10A/75V 1
7. Variac Core type 230V/0-270V, 1
8A
8. 1- Transformer Core type 230V/115V 1
2kVA
9. Connecting wires P.V.C Insulated - -

Theory:-

By conducting O.C. and S.C. tests on a given transformers we can

predict the efficiency, regulation and equivalent circuit without actually loading
it. The purpose of this test is to determine no-load loss (or) core loss and no-
load current, which is helpful in finding x0 and R0.

In O.C test one winding of the transformer usually high voltage winding
is left open and the other is connected to its supply of normal voltage and
frequency. A wattmeter w, voltmeter V, and an ammeter A are connected in
L.V. winding, with the normal voltage is applied to the primary, normalflux
will be setup in the core hence normal iron losses will occur which are recorded
by the wattmeter. The no-load current is small so copper loss is negligibly small.
Hence the wattmeter reading represents practically the core loss.

In S.C. test one winding, normally L.V. winding is short-circuited and

meters are connected in H.V. side. Very low voltage is applied on H.V. side and
it is increased slowly until full load current is flowing in the winding. Under
these conditions wattmeter reading represents the full load copper loss. There is
also a small amount of core loss, which is negligible compared to the copper
loss.

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 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Procedure:-

For O.C Test:-

7) The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram .

8) With the dimmer stat at zero output, the supply switch (DPST) is closed.
9) The output of the dimmer stat is adjusted such that the voltmeter reads the
rated voltage at the L.V winding of the transformer and all the meter readings
are noted in the tabular column.
10) The dimmer stat is brought back to zero output and the supply switch(DPST)
is opened

For S.C Test:-

1) The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram .

2) With the dimmer stat at zero output, the supply switch is closed.
3) The output of the dimmer stat is adjusted such that the ammeter reads the rated
current at the H.V winding of the transformer and all the meter readings are
noted in the tabular column.
4) The dimmer stat is brought back to zero output and the supply switch is
opened

Tabular Column:-

Open circuit test Short circuit Test

S.l Vo Io Wo VSC ISC WSC
No in in in in in In
volts Amps Watts volts Amps Watts

S.l COS o Iw Im Ro Xm Cos Req Xeq WSC

No in in in in sc in in In
Amps Amps     Watts

96
 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Electrical Machines Lab (ECE 227) 97

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Specimen calculations:-

KVA rating of transformer

Rated current of transformer =
Supply voltage

Voltage Range X Current Range

Wattmeter Multiplication factor =  Power factor

Maximum wattmeterscale reading

Input Power = Wattmeter reading X Wattmeter Multiplication factor

w0 Vo
1. Cos0 = 2. IW = I 0 Coso 3. I m = I 0 Sino 4. Ro =
v0 i0 Iw
Vo W V
5. X = 6. R = I sc 7. Z = I sc 8.

m eq 2 eq
Im sc sc

X eq =

FullloadVA Cos
% Efficiency at full load = 100
FullloadVA Cos + Wo + Wsc

Efficiency at any load X*F.L, where X = ¼ or X= ½ or X = ¾

% Efficiency at X.* F.L = X  FullloadVA Cos  100

sc
X  FullloadVA Cos + Wo + X 2W

Req COS  X eq SIN

% Regulation = X 100
Vrated

where + is for Lagging P.F

- is for Leading P.F

Equivalent Circuit:-

Ro, Xm – are refered to L.V Side

Req1. X eq
1
– Refered to H.V Side

These values refered L.V Side are

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
R1
Req = eq
k2
X eq1
X eq =
k2
 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
N21 E2
=
where k = N1 E1

Nature of graph:-

a) % Efficiency Vs Load b) % Regulation Vs Power Factor

% Reg→
% Efficiency→

Power factor →

Viva – Voce Load → Questions:-

1 What is the working principle of a transformer?

2. Name the different types of transformers?
3. Write the EMF equation of the transformer.
4. What is an ideal transformer?
5. What are the losses takes place in a transformer?
6. Define step-up and step-down transformers?
7. Why the transformer rating in KVA?
8. From Open Circuit Test which losses are determined?
9. From Short Circuit Test which losses are determined?
10. A single phase, 2 KVA, 230/115V transformer is connected to OC test. Calculate
the rated primary current and why the ammeter rating is fixed as (0- 3)A?
11. A single phase, 2 KVA, 230/115V transformer is connected to SC test. Calculate
the rated primary current and why the voltmeter rating is fixed as (0-30) volts?

12. What is the condition for maximum efficiency in a transformer?

13. Define the Efficiency of a transformer?
14. For a particular voltage constant, if the frequency is increases, what are the
changes takes place in a transformer?
15. Define regulation?
16. Define All-Day efficiency?
17. In this experiment we got the Maximum efficiency at ½ full loads, why?
 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Exp. No.14
PARAMETERS AND EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF 3- SLIP
RING INDUCTION MOTOR

Aim: To conduct no-load and blocked rotor tests on 3- slip ring induction motor
and determine the equivalent circuit parameters
Apparatus:

S.No Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter M.I 0-5A 1
0-10A 1
2 Voltmeter M.I 0-600V 1
0-300V 1
3 Wattmeter LPF Dynamometer 500V/5A 1

4 Wattmeter UPF Dynamometer 250V/10A 1

Procedure:
No-load test:
1. The connections are made as in the circuit diagram
2. Ensuring that the dimmerstat is at zero output, the belt over the brake drum is
totally loosened and the rotor resistance is at maximum value, the TPSTswitch
is closed
3. The dimmerstat is gradually varied so that the motor is brought to its rated speed
by applying rated voltage and the rotor resistance is cutout gradually and all the
meter readings are noted in the tabular column
4. The rotor resistance is brought back to maximum value, the dimmerstat to zero
output position and the TPST supply switch is opened.

Blocked rotor test:

1. The connections are made as in the circuit diagram
2. Ensuring that the dimmerstat is at zero output, the belt over the brake drum is
tightened so that the rotor is blocked and the TPST switch is closed
3. The dimmerstat is gradually varied so that the rated current of the motor is
passed and all the meter readings are noted in the tabular column
4. The dimmerstat is brought back to zero output position and the TPST supply
switch is opened and the belt over the brake drum is totally loosened.

Tabular column:
No-load test:

S.No Vo Io Wo Coso
Volt Amps Watts
 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Blocked rotor test:

S.No VBR IBR WBR CosBR

Volt Amps Watts

Specimen Calculations:
From No-load test:
Stator resistance/Ph R1 = ohms
Wo
No-load power factor Cos =
3Vo Io
Where Vo= no load voltage (line to line)
Io = no load current
Wo= no load input power
Magnetizing current I=Io sino
Core loas current component Iw=Io coso
V /
No load resistance Ro = o
IW

Vo / 3
Magnetizing reactance Xm =
I


From Blocked rotor test:

VBR / 3
Equivalent impedance per phase Z 01 =
I
BR

WBR
Equivalent resistance R 01 =
3xI2 BR
Equivalent reactance X 01 = Z201 − R 201

Stator resistance per phase R1 = ohms

1
Rotor resistance per phase referred to stator, R 2 = R01-R1
Assume that ; Stator reactance = rotor reactance referred to stator
X01
i;e X1 = X12 =
2
 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Result:
 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

No-Load Test:
 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Blocked Rotor Test:

 Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering # Eluru
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Viva Questions:-

1. In which type of induction motor, considerably high starting torque can be achieved?
2. How high starting torques are obtained in slip ring induction motors?
3. Why the rotor of an induction motor cannot run at synchronous speed, if it did so then what
happens?
4. Why 3-phase induction motor is running at half full load. If the fuse in one of the phases burn,
what happens to the motor?
5. In a 3-phase induction motor the electrical representation of the variable mechanical
load is
6. Why core losses are neglected in blocked rotor test and copper losses are neglected in no load
test?
7. Why we multiply DC resistance to AC with a value of 1.2 to 1.6?
8. Why we are using LPF wattmeters incase of no load test?
9. what precautions we have to take before switching on the supply in case of no-load test and
blocked rotor test.
10. If two induction motors are identical in all aspects. if motor A has lesser air gap then motor
B.Explain which of the motor will have a) poor no load power factor b) better full load power
factor
11. Enumerate the possible reasons if 3-phase induction motor fails to start?
12. What is meant by single phasing?
13. Can a 3-phase induction motor run at 1-phase supply?
14. Can slip ring induction motor be reversed by transposing any two leads from sling rings?
15. What is the material used to make slip rings?