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Digital Image Fundamentals

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Digital Image Fundamentals

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garvitm44
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Digital Image Fundamentals (17/01/24) Lecture-2

16 January 2024 18:13

Source: Digital Image Processing, 4e, Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods

1. Image Sensing and Acquisition

Using Sensors: Input to the sensor is light intensity and the output is voltage.

2. Image Sampling and Quantization

Images are denoted as a two-dimensional function

f(x,y)

• x, y are the spatial coordinates

New Section 2 Page 1


• Value of f(x,y) at each coordinate is a
nonnegative and finite scalar quantity.

Hence, 0 ≤ f(x,y) < ∞

Components of f(x,y):

1. Illumination ( i(x,y) )
2. Reflectance ( r(x,y) )

f(x,y) = i(x,y)r(x,y)

0 ≤ i(x,y) < ∞

0 ≤ r(x,y) ≤ 1

Total absorption Total reflectance

Gray-scale Images:

Let the intensity of a monochrome image at


(x,y) is l.

l = f(x,y)

≤ l≤

Intensity Scale:

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Digitizing is to sample the function in both
coordinates and also in intensity.

Sampling: Digitizing the coordinate values.

Quantization: Digitizing the intensity values.

3. Representation of Digital Images


New Section 2 Page 3
f (x ,y ), containing M rows and N columns, integer values for these
discrete coordinates: x = 0, 1, 2, …… M-1 and y = 0, 1, 2 , ……. N-1

Spatial Domain, Spatial Coordinates

Matrix form:

New Section 2 Page 4


New Section 2 Page 5

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