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Graph Theory Lectures All

graph theory lecture

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Zahra Alam
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60 views42 pages

Graph Theory Lectures All

graph theory lecture

Uploaded by

Zahra Alam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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JX TERS IT (C@NOPRE SE TUN GRAPH THEORY GARY CHARTRAND AND PING ZHANG Gyn, ph They e © Sromple pep boarh Oe y rmAultigref sear rr > preuclopyh nom, veyth # Subgreph rd Subp Ss Prdutel obgrof'h oe x adjacent vedios are these vabich ove jorrrel y °” lye x Otkerwe, thy are none odjeewh * Simply, we Aof thet Guo veHiod art aofierrt if there be Comat Spm between them. x Similorly, Toe edge ort aalintod up there us the Commer Yerden between therm ue andl Vi ove font Ly an sly cS, - of fiero vertitey Then bath u and vo are increled with © owck vier-Veda. fon \ fo AbBf Ip Thd @J5e, Loop: An ool ge yoy a ver fa veer vis ork fo be suf, abject Paral eolftti Lf jos verhiuy ove jams Uy (fois ov mere. than due de nuanber ff poly, then Mal wolyed ave cael Ponlled elqu. Jwo or anere thon fuse eckyer Janieg a verfet bo Wf are old parol, tlvef. ave Cathal poraltek ferps [ povoL tok JoopS —> Porn wg > porstth GB, ; = Simple rer A re wabrch iy free Prem loopS ab well oS Pool 209. Othe 3&, The 7 L Pe mbt a rere 4 * ‘ A mon Simple i of heo ¢fipeds “ > muitigaph Preudograph a “4 gph cathich hos only raph wah, bros only food Fore llel edge (Hey ale wn wf ell oo dingle Sep (on be pero feof), + pop He has be prowlleh with A least slg ae Joop Ge 916 Angle feof mie Aimgle Ja p. ( wane Simp) ‘ o& ~~ ED o pi- a) Pee Gy: Gui Remark lt G be a gph of onler n ie $€G). Ten Ww The qmokiatia exdle Nt of & Aim lc /, f simple proph is (Moy ive) Sf SlG6)<€ = (9), then G Can be Aanpile time dl if SCG) 7B), tem G Cannot be Aionple, Sub aaph: 4 gph Hs ded bo be 0 Aalpapl of » pou G ff vow commedes! verhag > aachjeaterA verbo adjaey x Ff every fo vesiter of 4 pt Gare Camedecl then G ib o conted graft. Athansink, Gy 1a htonmeckeal ¥ A olitomete! graph baa comechel pail, 3 aubraphs owl, of alueeds a camponerd tLe umber f campenerts in a re G10 denoltl by KIB. kA ry Ge ere Oe a % The ditdante behween quis veihien wal vIn o Sv’ G6 i te length 4 a [Eee Ldween Und V, clinebed by” acu) or aioflg d04%9. Gf There to me path behoran yank ¥ (e0, & onal ae di tamed) dtuvye a. ‘ a ! nedeo! ; x Te diameter of af pop G 1S the amanimuan dirtonte Lefeseey dle verhiey iG, donb! by dhivom 6). # gy. Oo.” pjrconnede! gol with KID=e2, park, compbsed in 0 (omedael py! decade 2, dla, Y= oo dhaonG Je 2- dif, (jet, Af, w) = : diam( G2) =3 | x Make all foplle diljrot Git | Sif rr" of oreliy ly. x Daw a Aronple conectel py of orev b and Arde § fe Carviler th rath Gs a find 2 wa nog walk of bro 6. ty oe vow Geaik thal jn vit oft of bogtl 6 () a 2-7 pol. df levoth s (d) a errorA # Groth, lo ve g— cycle. Oa |. ole foure cc) dian CG). (h) te ginth 4 G x Draw comedee! Prag G condeining three vation “ev byl Oo Juee et dtyvye dune SMMI= diamlG) =3 x Drees alt clipfered pranple canedked graph A. whch drAdane Ldlween every (bo non- ol) atvd vertray 14 Bome ant tn 2, a Gorafh aaa Comer clams of gps phd (al these conoph we eae ‘2) mall raph: A pr h jd by Ny f° 77 xN 10 the drviol ph aving ane edge, otend 0 oO 00? KA Wall pt, rd ny o Ms mn conf” eo heed ave ccjjacwA Complet graphs # gy cabicl, every pio verhied £ coon PE nde! $y Ku ® ny. x KyeMi ° ma, fe path, lente! Lg iy hacen ected eh path ph, a gop dich Just 0 single Ze ny2s ooo io o-oo = 2-9 : e gett a cldeh Pull rp, dunked by C, 5 173 G: L -ronrnpte, G: aoe votre So fer dinphivid , nyt OT Biperbde yvaph A ry G bo Lpadite fT vahdse ecko pet Gr be cliereled! inks two purl X and ee puch @ bhan tot each Se AG Los me endl in X anol ome end 7 Y. , x : : Gy 7 & bipartite x Melhed de check a graph fr bipertideness. Proper borg fs of, A célarig of vetraeg qf a py G in Aoicl fo be profler if (fo adhacet ; verdiiey hove the Aame Cer. i Tle omnnimuon nuanler sf choad wel be proffer of Gt Claes tht chronmthe murder eslenieg of G, olendcl by KS). xO VGekrl then ake path nap, ow a omutt pooh pre 8, ie : / fy: OC, In 4- parte . Bhe ole Reel C e Blue a Red : {Yl Gk te : R eR ea 15 bipartite, 3-parhle or dre partrte Ss it ly nef Lipa kh | Compide wpaiBle aph A bspartdle qungh crit parby x and iD 4 compl bipattifs py if each vertex of xX 1 adjorcerd wd, every verter in % lind d by Kann fe omnrl. x Sion larly we bot canpflele Brudk py Kom fo mn. 2! Kost Keg! 4 Kso0 PEF ESS, : a nee fav Gap. yp complet bien de ph Kn Kn, 19 4 Abaw py, alfo a oe = ae my oo” Sy “ & Ky Ske 2 Bye Ss reed a A of tan be dbdeined ae wre veokin ith th veer, of o CF graph. ; Wy, = Ky Cnet x Wek, + Gy, Wa , ek+¢ pe Kit Ce | RB Me Kt'7 iP ~*~ \D 1p | AA gnares a ____~_—_——_ Defevanne thot wabrd. py ff perk fenilia ane th gamed fo enurnfle. N= Ky, on eke, Lined the erie onl We cook gop ford fa Prberen graph ant cach wheel m5 hes ernuth ponte gr phd 1 fird the clinmete af each of ur py 1" Suypyphe thet the vertias of a jos G are jnbegers, arc tue sng ers QR av L are atid rf & ab i odd Tay cledlermnin to which wi'll-knews, claws of gpl > G belonging 2 Topi 0 rig: Degree, raguler fond _elepree sayusnts. lat G fe rth, v be eng verdex of G ond esny be fr] edge of G, flan ae clegree of Vion the onetonber incickincren of aS IY with v, HI kendel by dev a oy. . a F The clgree of on wlge any 19 deya AAA? A verter of ckegree zero 13 on thelotecd vertex. tS terssae eee + + A vevten of deqree one 1d a eof. be 4h veker of even (odd) degre in knann os even (oA) 7 4 al te wht of G beve te Aume degre ¥, ton G “1 (alleck yorequlay 6 Aienflg regular goph. + A Be requly pth 1S talbeel 0 cubic _g7efrh. +A por i aege_requlr Uf all He alge ge The Sums okeyree. were. oot theorem of pop troy (Mond Atak Cnr) Ine rr G, the Jum of the dhegrua of oll te vation ry Lei’ the nusnber of elf: % ove Ha ved 09 to G That 4 matheanaNy If 4% and SCG) Ly the Si? of G Cthe monber of 90) . Ton n S_ dts 2nSG). (even) W ce The mumber of odd verditey ino per deve CMi4 iy the consegeanee of hand phoke lemme) Because, if the umber ol veda iy Gyn odd, an the (’ all Tht oLegrers woulel Le odlel, which whut * Reson Jum of the hanel Ahatke Lemna, wo A 3-requler graph, (cobic pop) % Degree sypane of 9 pth ik G le a pooph. Tere arranged of te deg res of all te vesbhicn f G in Men iincreosing or nen-deereosing ery 15 colleS # olegvet Aeguener of G. Fer eno te pes sens of GS-8 /334° The chagrea Spams Pog 1 LA LILY Th deyree Aguen® of Gy if 3333 3 A deg ioe Sopunts Ly friviel f all of eum) are Pere Inti £49¢9--—0- ¥4 Ti conshruction from Be o gyi degre Ayn. Remeober the filaring stfy. the, SPE, check by wsing (hand hats lemon thet th gen Arquants Wm degree feguence. Sua oll the ferard of the Piven pequsmce, amok then pum shaull Le wen Ahenwine, hand ghole Lemma 10 nel 248 vevif Vel, and wut thet y thin in not digner aypuns anck we connot ltd a Vr from thin aera sty; afer vanifitcken of bond thoke (remma, draw the verfices. The awmber of drm tn the Aguenk #15 the qtumber of verbs in Ke proph . | bm 1 Now, verditey, Gente seel pfevon in a iA previeles Ihe in braned Yon of the suber aSGe tnerelenes'es with exch verdex, Compl euch deron inferton on exer] ve vifor, Than we gd ‘thy poh: Explain gi Explaining the AI consicler lee Lepore (Wonk Shale doavo the edge belvce te olvac!y d Yaw we Ms DY 10 © lagrh a Lowms) S27, 54,4 510 peseyagrltpor 22 even, HSL verifier! S234 see Sahagezerte toe 17 edd, HSL is st vif ee ee gaqarartltl = (2 248", HSL vevifisl. a. oeaete wo, es oa nob- Here, 5 Grol Ss an the dagres a Luk connot oftees fon S Gwe draw pepe fren S and So, Remember: thing HSL, we get the Ait of Gta muanber fy Ly adling ott the derma) ond! Hen by dlevidlcg wh 2” See the fpranule am the fost page Cee Si 332207 we hve Jen vet'ay, ond HH} we hove AN i , yal ee AIR vertiag AIM aclgey, wD w wy Cy a From the preriate onampl, rife that we cosbruct a Ample Poh from the dryner Sy, enh merecjimfe Vp fom Sy. Thersfre, came some wwe can emsfivel beth Ainfle owl non chenple TTS fiom a given degree joquente, evel Jone trme ote con construct only avon -Sianple pe from ~ fven a Apne No, that 14 thy jlendyfeden of a Aypoen from whibe we Gn corghrul » Aim ple py? The antuer 15 thet we can cndhucl a fumple ry from A Aagrente eahich Uy gonphiool ond If a Jaguence 4 nt pre, He ose tan crs braret ony nen Himpe pyr a . dayne , Grophicol Aewena, p firen [Aegon a Awd de be ped if it Gr be pola! fo te Ariviol Agni, frocectire fo reduce tb chech) 0 Jopeans for pepo’ andl met graphiod. ov greater He of there 1D a term in te Deprun vihich apollo the pd rvrmber off devmp, thn the Aeguene 1S mot prbicet for exempt, the pager S: 7S 44110 styl of the gren pyeena in mot Sobity Shp-L, Thi, arrange STF the frum in En increasing sreley CVF already mol rn thot rom) | shpBD suip the Fat feomyulich to deg ey, and dubtoct 4 from eath newt oh Ard. APH "Re ovrange again in nar in creo grter, ad do hep i. cortinue ther procébue anil ote ef any ve dorm OF © we Hoch the drivial Ayene, & Decesion» 1f we gucemfull redecrel fo the priviel spite, hen the green Acgeante 19 papliel, thus 17 Gay pilriothor the geynence orl md prypelet Lxan/'le lw the Ji ok ie; cmbsidlev the Aquinee Controter Ibe agene tod 3 z21l/o $334 HA2Ee il jaye, et PALLLLI © Lue aeL Lhe 7 veteran ra La LILL 2,00 Yoong) 4o APP : Lee. Tk given Aye 19 LT, 2,2,0,0 (ve-avrnge ) nen. pyr ol. ecard privil Jyones [ene the gree Agome 2) pot So Tepie: Neighberhord ord Tein class O ylt G be o rr Te verter in 6 are Aark Bo be neghbers of cachither ff thay om acjacerte of Eo ont bare etghbor, bet a ib at neighbor of LeLdh,é x for ve V(G) the nei hbsthed of V Ms we ey Ne [uEHl| 4 tect wit, y} > Nive New UI (The calledion of meighbon -f ~) Ne) efa bd Nieleiaks a “x A gonph G omy hod Three dpe of vetieg aecoreliny to reighbarkod, S z a vertex ¥ Suh that f vertex v for vbw a verte ov hovtrg wevy 247 F emp sd ve doe) ot exit ¢ ‘ A Lt. non-conphy wiv) < ivd Bingltohy 4 only we on te nepberhacls Kin dhe af vedo ahead chek abbd. NOVI +. he an iboloded ae A veer baring lop atlas than incletcal cabich > not oobjace ost of thin dype sod loopafrae vert, any verteu Bf thy ype i, The veden i mG Th verlen @ inG at the verde, weed MteJejed, f} 6 except @ .” ¢ niis et ao i H Tong yeyfitey wom v mre Torin 5 @ Tue Fabje & > of wu) wiv) af Newenevy) Tn Gy the verter a onl b In G, the verbs J ad hore Ore Tre Jwind, becuse false foird becacse whaJ= ga, b,Ge NL wtay= if}. VOM Tf verbies ore Tarte fend, than they wsull net be falas hond ce vite vera, % Tf a verdex 1s dt hain cath any har sayher, then A oid fo be udp hie % Reledion, Fie verlian uo od v are fin equivalind Cwriten oyu Dy) iff elthye NCW-NW) or ntuje avd, in G6 GLb avd gach , are A af duin equivedeocd ; wher all Ser vericer x Te velcbion of dain eqpivolol 15 an epuivalinee valodbon, franditive Ly, becavdt NWN) T & Vd = Nev)eniuy - Mer 2 NWeNW) awh uw dros eho ae . ae ? ve ae twin pattidion , whee part 09 fale a fuin cha. >udtv b v Moen) wel yeuy Nowy 2 NCv= Ncw) ») v bw theamadially , a fin cheb of a verfen vo 1S Te ivevea) | ud} Labehiy 2 WD ve. in ta cl representa, 2) Fach seyfex belorny exw ome dein clo, buner the 0 ether Tee a TMT A lompy il), ey : : 4 cesin class Ty ty allo the chiin clas for each of ha vedo in Ty. Consiler We grph G on page - Nerghbar het f wb verden ure: Moa)= tb, <} nloJ=Labef= Mlb) Nobeha,cf NeeJ- Lah od N Ce) =ha,b, A nidJ=to4e} Ned=4S et nleJ=bLSF ft NEP LD 4} NEY $6.69 Af _ eff nch) wg 26S} wae i NChJe it OF nce’ | wees fel, Kain patton 12 Geir 4ed, Leth Debt heih Geis} ee oS 2 babel» gb oo plier qushie.: Kind the down partition, pprembly of pups Gfodiel) to N+ Comma clotsen 4 gaps Tile: mbes on Gp 7 lt Ghee a gy watt verbiter WV Mm and eden ey Oe the adjnting) moder of 4 ACG) te jintidunte onclrin. fF LOY hos over nxn, ord ty ended nxn, and entr'es Gr hae hes ovdey be obtemel od falland con be found 0d flaws ; erken ve 10 08 if the verted ve ark Vy os ee °, if te ve ic ) fay} °. ve at ame! ‘ n)-Da) « tnodart valth the lye G (Gz O5 J] the oworbe ADS (Gacgy , if Ye oe LIB 1 incident bee, ae odjocerd 2" with ey. G: = The order f AG) 19 order of GX orler FG 5 yi] lt 2 fol | Acale ; vy | > too ° j— Te oder f £9) 4 eo te yd oil PG xX Se of 6. ve | Oo | to | 6 & & & th es % & & & y| e o TY pec getter te Wp oe py ee aE Ges} | ° [Ga %s ee eC - Properties of MG) @ =) ee i CW Ft dhol be @ Syomm dere arodon eth, -non-mghe and a dhagerned entry oust be even (2 The Aum of cach vod 19 the digpee of fara panding ver the clagrer eguente ond the Arte of G can be favol (3) Fach non- Are diagonal ef jinditwteed @ Loo? and antl” | non chagene man binary enh india) prroklth schgep inkeger ends, den, So &) Goa yar tn entirely pore, then the carrspondlng vertex 14 an toloter! yerken The entry of ACG) a7 the binary ogni if Goin a Alonph rer. Remembers Binoy digtty wre 0 ore 4 |. Prfeer TG) (D Each onty Ahald be a binad dart, Fock Celumn Aur be etthy 4 oy 2. wclge hep Cduom Aun 9 A 0 loop, andl tot Claw (alee! a (oop Column, Two jorhiol cdluornA trot coke Paral L, if avd only heute (2) An h akg e in G. tg) Re dum of tach raw, by cleing the loop Celamn endry of ted rors frie Hime, in the degra of correpandirg verte. Sy ten degree pepena of F Can be found. wy) fo ” evtrrely feats coal : ppardin: . an tolotec! verden. “oy verde Lh beh umn Aun i 2 and me dvs Csluomnr are jalnBeak th anol only uf G 18 a Simple pyr © 6 o 6 gt nut) ile “ Oo te) 9 4 © Me} o 6 mm oo | wel f 7 ; eee q je 3 ° ie So 2 e o tg i of OD Mz= : te va (oo eae Oe tee oes cele 2 o 8 fo ie go Dedreny om c | ao. 3 6 GE Om 27, | 7 oa ee eo 2 el ie es (6 ol. oi. , © ot « & I fy : : 7 [tle oe MT) adorn | a dgerency rec mt adjntenky omen mt | Puta ya, an es ip ete ye, heewudt if 17 — Not iderd nel Clergy aN an 2 eo 1 ee fe ° . pp eye fs 2 8 4° ( a ie a 1 ° i * bree th ote f° ams | © oN) a o een, Se EAI sey foo tf pe y ; om rFetao tle ! toy g-[t ete? ee ok ae eee a ease Le qt flee . eo [y ; ee co fo . a ty oe fi ot 1 oy fy 16 6 o 1 0 og Column 24 5” a ee a Meer 19 ref snerclona modon because if hos ane ehimn tum 2e Qty On jacichnes omc, fe > nm Oimple PY. Bn not sneclente onobin becouse 14 hea gre ey grecder thay 2. © Glow cin Ty 8 an inockna’ adn der Ample rp Trenbferimathond rN metry ee “none Q Trenofrmetn of gropth ‘ioe ha clegree Aequeancs @ Tansfermedhion of % degre Oeysente ih 9 prog both ‘those havsfrrcDir) hod ban gdhucied tr the pie of dee bod dagra Dequentr, a Tran fermion of a qroph info matin (fudial tn this loduure ) @ Frnsfermabion of « $b” inde pap, W) From ACG) to 6, ~ . eee odjeatoney onda n Me given of paye-3. Yow % ylo oe 1 “lo 4G 2 “i ( 2 2 M%l2 o 2 wt 3 (2 y(o 11 oe WIO Oo | o wil | o © “JO o 9 © o | ©: D Fanformcbin of rad of ratrin ints dugree Aeyuente, d) From the odjacenty mdny Me Gnd py given of Prye— J, Mg G7, 7, 4 5) ce Mo 64334 4,4) ° ip from the jneiclew@ amoibiey ‘ Ly avok Ly given of Px-4 en i : 34,44 30) : ° ° ° t ' ° © Dp o 8 o O o 6 nels of th oo ta PT °o oo ° ° o eo o o ° |} o © D © jj 2 © o | 3 eo 6 2 2 4 o 2. oe é to2 2 4], @) Frenofooredion es dagret deyuere into Rod oe hin lot the cog pe Jepeancs LL34b6D

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