G1-Internet Technologies and Its Application

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INTERNET

TECHNOLOGIES
AND ITS
APPLICATION
INTERNET
The Internet is a global network of
billions of computers and other
electronic devices. With the Internet,
it's possible to access almost any
information, communicate with anyone
else in the world, and do much more.
HOW DOES THE
INTERNET WORK?
When you visit a website, your computer sends a
request over these wires to a server. A server
is where websites are stored, and it works a lot
like your computer's hard drive. Once the
request arrives, the server retrieves the
website and sends the correct data back to
your computer
INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES ARE USED TO REFER
TO TWO BASIC GROUPS OF TECHNOLOGIES AND
APPLICATIONS:

1 Technologies and applications that


facilitate resource provision
2 Technologies and applications that
facilitate communication
APPLICATIONS OF
INTERNET
Communication
Email, Video calling, and Messaging

Social Media
Primary way that people interact online

Online Shopping
Ecommerce sites like Amazon and Shopee
Web Browsing & Information Access
Web browsing has made information easily accessible

Real-Time Updates & Information Sharing


Newsites, Live streaming, and Weather forecasting

Job Search & Remote Work


Opportunities for people to find work and earn income
Education & Learning

Digital textbooks, Papers, and Journals

Travel & Transportation


Ridesharing, Navigation, and Booking applications

Stock Trading & Finance


Financial services, Trading, and Banking
INTERNET
FUNDAMENTALS
What is Internet
Fundamentals?
Internet fundamentals refer to basic
concepts and principles that establish the
functioning of the internet. These
fundamentals provide a foundation for
understanding more advanced topics in
networking, web development, and
cybersecurity.
EMAIL

1. or electronic mail is a paperless method of


sending messages, notes or letters from one
person to another or even many people at
the same time via Internet. It is a key
component of internet fundamentals, serving
as one of the earliest and most widely used
forms of online communication.
Components of an email
address:
Ex: anne@gmail.com
anne- name of the mailbox on the destination computer
Gmail- is the mail server where the mailbox “john “ exists
.com- is called the top-level domain(TLD). it indicates the
type of organization on net which is hosting the mail server.
There are six main categories;
com -Commercial institutions or organization
edu -Educational institutions
gov -Government site
mil -Military site
net -Gateways and administrative hosts
org -Private organizations
2. FTP (File Transfer
Protocol)

is an Internet utility software used to


upload and download files. It gives access to
directories or folders on remote computers
and allows software, data and text files to
be transferred between different kinds of
computers.
-It works on a client-server model
TELNET

Telnet or remote computing is


telecommunication utility software, which
uses available telecommunication facility and
allows you to become a user on a remote
computer.
World Wide Web (WWW)

- The WWW is hypertext based information


retrieval tool. One can easily surf the Web
by jumping from one document to another
using the links in those documents.
World Wide Web (WWW)

l Web page- Documents formatted in HTML (Hypertext


Markup Language) that can include text, images, videos, and
interactive elements.
l URLs (Uniform Resource Locators): Addresses that specify
the location of web pages and resources on the internet.
l Web Browsers: It is a software program specifically
developed to extract information on user request from the
Internet and present them as a Web Page to the viewer.
l Browsing/Surfing-The process of using browser to view
information on Internet
Internet address

This address is used to get the web page for


user from Internet. The address on the
Internet is known as URL (Uniform Resource
Locator).The URL locates a particular web
Page, among all the computers connected to
the Internet.
Gateway Access Dial-up Connection
Gateway Access is also known ‘Dial-up’ connection is also known
as Level Two connection.This
as Level-One connection. A
provides connection to Internet
gateway is generally a
through a dial-up terminal
workstation or server. It is a
connection. The computer, which
two-way path between
provides Internet access is known
networks. It is used to connect as ‘Host’ and the computer that
different types of networks. receives the access, is ‘Client’ or
‘Terminal’.
TCP/ Ip connection

TCP/IP (Transmission Control


Protocol/Internet Protocol)can
display text and also support
graphics display.
isdn

ISDN
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) offers Internet connectiv-
ity at speeds of up to 128 Kbps through the use of digital phone lines.
ISDN is a dial-up service that has been provided by telephone companies
for many years. This line combines two 64 Kbps chan- nels to offer 128
Kbps band width broken into three bands: one band for the ringing signal
of your phone, one band for your tele- phone conversation, and one
band for data.
To use ISDN, you will need a serial communications port, an ISDN modem, and
ISDN telephone line from telephone company operat- ing in your areas.
Leased connection

Leased Connection
Leased connection is also known as direct Internet access or
Level Three connection. It is the secure, dedicated and most
expensive, level of Internet connection. With leased connection,
your computer is dedicatedly and directly connected to the
Internet using high- speed transmission lines. It is on-line
twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. Leased Internet
connections are limited to large corpo- rations and universities
who could afford the cost.
dsl

DSL
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is the newest technology
being used for Internet access. DSL connects your home
or office to the Internet through the same telephone
wire that comes from the telephone pole on the street.
Like ISDN, with DSL, user can make and receive telephone
calls while connected simultaneously to the Internet.
However, DSL service is limited in the distance that you
can be from the provider’s point of presence (POP).
cable modem connection

Cable Modem Connection


The connection speed can be up to 10 times that
of a dial-up and the cost is about twice that of
an ISP’s dial-up account, with no phone company
charges. Many people who have cable TV can now
get a high – speed connection to the internet
from their cable pro- vider.
BRIEF HISTORY
OF INTERNET
THE ORIGINS OF THE INTERNET
The internet's origins trace back to the USA in the 1950s,
during the height of the Cold War. At this time, there was
immense tension between North America and the Soviet
Union, with both superpowers possessing deadly nuclear
weapons. People feared surprise nuclear attacks, prompting
the US to develop a communications system that could
withstand such threats.
IN THE 1950S, COMPUTERS WERE
LARGE AND EXPENSIVE, MAINLY USED
BY MILITARY SCIENTISTS AND
UNIVERSITY STAFF. AN EXAMPLE IS
THE ELLIOTT/NRDC 401 COMPUTER
MKI FROM 1953, USED AT THE
ROTHAMSTED AGRICULTURAL
INSTITUTE FOR VARIOUS ANALYSES,
INCLUDING CROP TRIALS AND
GENETICS. FRANK YATES, A
RESEARCHER AT ROTHAMSTED,
PLAYED A KEY ROLE IN USING
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS IN
GOVERNMENT RESEARCH.
DESPITE THEIR POWER, THESE COMPUTERS WERE LIMITED IN
NUMBER, CAUSING FRUSTRATION AMONG RESEARCHERS
WHO NEEDED ACCESS BUT HAD TO TRAVEL FAR TO USE
THEM. TO ADDRESS THIS, RESEARCHERS DEVELOPED 'TIME-
SHARING,' ALLOWING MULTIPLE USERS TO ACCESS A
MAINFRAME COMPUTER THROUGH TERMINALS, EACH HAVING
A FRACTION OF THE COMPUTER'S POWER.
THE LIMITATIONS OF TIME-SHARING LED SCIENTISTS,
ENGINEERS, AND ORGANIZATIONS TO EXPLORE THE IDEA OF
A LARGE-SCALE COMPUTER NETWORK. THIS RESEARCH
EVENTUALLY PAVED THE WAY FOR THE CREATION OF THE
INTERNET.
WHO INVENTED THE INTERNET?
KEY CONTRIBUTORS:
PAUL BARAN (1926–2011) AN ENGINEER AT RAND CORPORATION WHO
PROPOSED A COMMUNICATION NETWORK WITH NO CENTRAL COMMAND POINT,
CALLED A DISTRIBUTED NETWORK. THIS IDEA WAS CRUCIAL FOR MAINTAINING
COMMUNICATION EVEN IF PARTS OF THE NETWORK WERE DESTROYED.

LAWRENCE ROBERTS (1937–2018) CHIEF SCIENTIST AT ARPA WHO


DEVELOPED COMPUTER NETWORKS. HE WAS INSPIRED BY BARAN'S IDEA AND
WORKED ON CREATING A DISTRIBUTED NETWORK.

LEONARD KLEINROCK (1934–) AN AMERICAN SCIENTIST WHO WORKED WITH


ROBERTS ON DEVELOPING A DISTRIBUTED NETWORK.

DONALD DAVIES (1924–2000) A BRITISH SCIENTIST WHO DEVELOPED


SIMILAR TECHNOLOGY AT THE NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY IN
MIDDLESEX, PARALLEL TO ROBERTS AND KLEINROCK.
WHO INVENTED THE INTERNET?
BOB KAHN (1938–) AND VINT CERF (1943–) AN AMERICAN COMPUTER
SCIENTISTS WHO DEVELOPED TCP/IP, THE SET OF PROTOCOLS THAT CONTROL
HOW DATA MOVES THROUGH A NETWORK. VINT CERF IS CREDITED WITH THE
FIRST USE OF THE TERM 'INTERNET'. CERF DESCRIBED HIS ROLE AS BUILDING
THE INFRASTRUCTURE THAT GETS DATA FROM POINT A TO POINT B.
PAUL MOCKAPETRIS (1948–) AND JON POSTEL (1943–98) INVENTORS OF DNS,
WHICH FUNCTIONS AS THE INTERNET'S 'PHONE BOOK'.
TIM BERNERS-LEE (1955–) CREATOR OF THE WORLD WIDE WEB, DEVELOPING
PRINCIPLES SUCH AS HTML, HTTP, URLS, AND WEB BROWSERS. HE EMPHASIZED
THAT THE WEB AROSE FROM A COLLECTIVE REALIZATION OF ORGANIZING
IDEAS IN A WEB-LIKE STRUCTURE, RATHER THAN A SINGLE EUREKA MOMENT.
MARC ANDREESSEN (1971–)INVENTOR OF MOSAIC, THE FIRST WIDELY-USED
WEB BROWSER.
THE FIRST USE OF A COMPUTER NETWORK
IN 1965, LAWRENCE ROBERTS ACHIEVED A SIGNIFICANT MILESTONE BY
MAKING TWO SEPARATE COMPUTERS IN DIFFERENT LOCATIONS
COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER. THIS EXPERIMENTAL LINK USED A
TELEPHONE LINE AND AN ACOUSTICALLY COUPLED MODEM TO TRANSFER
DIGITAL DATA USING PACKETS.

THE FIRST PACKET-SWITCHING NETWORK WAS DEVELOPED SHORTLY AFTER,


AND LEONARD KLEINROCK WAS THE FIRST PERSON TO USE IT. HE SENT A
MESSAGE FROM A COMPUTER AT UCLA TO A COMPUTER AT STANFORD.
DURING HIS FIRST ATTEMPT TO TYPE "LOGIN," THE SYSTEM CRASHED AFTER
THE LETTERS "L" AND "O" APPEARED ON THE STANFORD MONITOR. HOWEVER,
THE SECOND ATTEMPT WAS SUCCESSFUL, AND MORE MESSAGES WERE
EXCHANGED BETWEEN THE TWO SITES. THIS MARKED THE BIRTH OF THE
ARPANET, THE PRECURSOR TO THE MODERN INTERNET.
THE LIFE AND DEATH OF
ARPANET
Advance Research Projects Agency
Network (ARPANET)- Is a pioneering
computer network developed by the US
department of Defense .
It's aim was to help American military
technology stay ahead of its enemies and
prevent surprises.
THE LIFE AND
DEATH OF
ARPANET Operational period- it
was operational from
1969 until 1990, when
it was decommissioned
and replaced by more
modern networks.
WHAT IS PACKET
SWITCHING?
It is a method of splitting and sending
data.
The world first packet switching computer
network was produced in 1969.
Packet switching computer is the basis on
which the internet still works today.
WHAT IS TCP/IP?
TCP/IP- Transmission Control Protocol /
Internet Protocol
It is use to describe a set of protocols
that govern how data moves through a
network.
TCP allows the computer to speak the same
language while IP when combined with TCP ,
it helps internet traffic find it's
destination.
DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM
It is the internet’s equivalent
of a phone book, and converts
hard-to-remember IP addresses
into simple names.
THE GROWTH OF THE INTERNET
1985–1995
The invention of DNS, widespread use of TCP/IP, and
popularity of email boosted internet activity.
Between 1986-1987, internet hosts grew from 2,000 to
30,000.
People used the internet for messaging, reading news, and
file sharing, but advanced computing skills were still required.
The internet lacked a standard for document formatting,
making it difficult to use.
THE GROWTH OF THE INTERNET
1985–1995
In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee, a British computer scientist at CERN,
proposed a "web of information," later known as the World Wide
Web, to make access easier.
The 1993 launch of the Mosaic browser allowed non-academics
to create HTML web pages, leading to rapid website growth
from 130 in 1993 to over 100,000 by early 1996.
By 1995, the internet and World Wide Web were widely
established, with Netscape Navigator having about 10 million
users globally.
INTRODUCTION OF WEB
BROWSERS
Tim Berners-Lee created the first browser,
called "WorldWideWeb," to display HTML
documents in an easy-to-read format.
INTRODUCTION OF WEB
BROWSERS
In 1993, Marc Andreessen, an American
student, launched Mosaic, a browser from
the National Center for Supercomputing
Applications (NCSA).
INTRODUCTION OF WEB
BROWSERS
In 1994, Andreessen and Jim Clark founded
Netscape Communications, releasing
Netscape Navigator, which quickly became a
popular, fast, and advanced browser with
about 10 million users by 1995.
KINDS OF
COMMUNICATION
EMAIL COMMUNICATION
Application:
Email is widely used for both formal
and informal communication. It allows
users to send messages, documents,
and files efficiently.
INSTANT MESSAGING (IM)
Application:
Platforms like WhatsApp, Slack, and
Microsoft Teams enable real-time
text communication, which promotes
quick collaboration and decision-
making among teams.
VIDEO CONFERENCING
Application:
Tools like Zoom, Google Meet, and Skype
facilitate face-to-face communication
over the internet, essential for remote
work, online education, and virtual
meetings.
SOCIAL MEDIA COMMUNICATION
Application:
Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and
LinkedIn serve as channels for personal
expression, marketing, and community
engagement, enabling users to share
content and interact in real-time.
FORUM AND ONLINE COMMUNITIES
Application:
Websites like Reddit and Stack
Exchange allow users to engage in
discussion, seek advice and share
knowledge within niche interest groups.
BLOGS AND VLOGS
Application:
Individuals and organizations use blogs
(written) and vlogs (video) to share
insights , experiences and information,
often enhancing brand visibility and
personal connection.
WEBINARS AND ONLINE WORKSHOPS
Application:
Used for education training purposes,
these live or recorded sessions allow
for the dissemination of knowledge to a
broad audience.
PODCASTS
Application:
Audio programs distributed online,
offering diverse topics for
entertainment and education, allowing
listeners to consume content on-the-
go.
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
conveying information without using
words.Every day, we respond to
thousands of nonverbal cues and
behaviors, including postures, facial
expressions, eye gaze, gestures, and
tone of voice. From our handshakes to
our hairstyles, our nonverbal
communication reveals who we are and
impacts how we relate to other people.
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
While these signals can be so subtle that we are not
consciously aware of them, research has identified nine types
of nonverbal communication. These nonverbal communication
types are:
1. Facial expressions
2. Gestures
3. Paralinguistics (such as loudness or tone of voice)
4. Body language
5. Proxemics or personal space
6. Eye gaze, haptics (touch)
7. Appearance
8. Artifacts (objects and images)
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Interpersonal communication is the
exchange of information between
people. It includes both verbal and non-
verbal elements such as words, facial
expressions, gestures, body language,
and tone of voice.
WRITTEN COMMUNICATION
as any type of message that
utilizes written words. It is the
most common form of business
communication and has become
increasingly important throughout
the information age.
TEXT MESSAGING
act of sending short, alphanumeric
communications between
cellphones, pagers or other hand-
held devices, as implemented by a
wireless carrier.
THANK YOU!!!
REFERENCES:
https://www.saide.org.za/resources/Library/COL%20Online%202002/resourc
es/technology/internettechnologies.htm
https://hasonss.com/blogs/applications-of-internet/?
srsltid=AfmBOorT7gEsh_04h1f_PicFYSFlUyiWtUo_XWXLcMeuupDHmCsPfMft
https://www.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/short-
history-internet

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