Preparatory two First term Algebra

Lesson (2): The set of irrational numbers Q

1) Prove that:
3
a) √3 lies between 1.7 and 1.8 b)  √15 lies between 2.4 and 2.5
…………………………………… ……………………………………

2) If x is an integer, find the value of x in each of the following ceases:

a) x < √2 < x + 1 b)  x < √80 < x + 1

…………………………………… ……………………………………
…………………………………… ……………………………………
3 3
c)  x<√ 5 <x+1 d)  x<√ 50 < x + 1
…………………………………… …………………………………….
…………………………………… …………………………………….

Representing the irrational number on the number line

3) Draw a line segment with length √7 length unit, then use it to
determine the points which represent the following numbers on the
number line:

a) √7 b) – √7 c) 1 + √7 d) 2 – √7 e) 2 √7

7+1
hypotenuse = = …… length unit
2
7–1
side = = …… length unit
2
a) √7

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Preparatory two First term Algebra
Lesson (3): The set of real numbers ℝ

It is the set obtained from the union of the set of rational numbers and the
set of irrational numbers. It is denoted by ℝ
i.e. ℝ = ℚ ∪ ℚ (as shown in the opposite figure)
Notice that

ℕ ⊂ ℤ ⊂ ℚ ⊂ ℝ and ℚ ⊂ ℝ ℚ∩ℚ=∅

ℝ− ℝ+

1)  Complete the following table by placing () in the suitable place as

shown in the first case:

The number Natural Integer Rational Irrational Real

–5     
√2
1
1
2
3
√9
|– 2|
– √4
5
2
0.3
√– 1

2) Write three irrational numbers included between the two numbers 11 and 12
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
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Preparatory two First term Algebra
3) Complete the following:

a) ℚ ⋂ ℚ = ……… b) ℚ ⋃ ℚ = ……… c) ℝ+ ⋂ ℝ− = ………

d) ℝ+ ⋃ ℝ− = ……… e) ℝ – ℚ = ……… f) ℝ – ℚ = ………

4) Arrange the following numbers ascendingly:

a) √75 , √68 , – √45 , – 8 , 7 and – √32
……………………………………………………………………………
The order is: ………, ………, ………, ………, ……… and ………
3
b) √27 , – √45 , √20 , 0.6 and √– 1
……………………………………………………………………………
The order is: ………, ………, ………, ……… and ………

5) Solve the following equations to the nearest hundredth given x ∈ ℝ:

a) x2 – 6 = 0 b) 5 x3 + 3 = 2
…………………………………… ……………………………………
…………………………………… ……………………………………
…………………………………… ……………………………………
…………………………………… ……………………………………
1
c) x2 – 5 = 0 d) (x2 – 9) (x3 – 5) = 0
2
…………………………………… …………………………………….
…………………………………… …………………………………….
…………………………………… …………………………………….
…………………………………… …………………………………….

Class: 2 / Page | 3 El-Gezira language school

Preparatory two First term Algebra
Lesson (4): intervals

If x the set of integers which are greater than or equal - 3 and less than 2
Then we can express the set x by the description method as follows:
x = {a : a ∈ ℤ, -3 ≤ a < 2}
and we can also express it by listing method as follows:
x = …………………………………………
If K the set of real numbers that are greater than or equal - 3 and less than 2
We can express the set K by the description method as follows:
K = {a : a ∈ ℝ, -3 ≤ a < 2}
But it is impossible to express the set K by listing method because there are an
infinite number of real numbers some of them are rational and the others are
irrational.

The types of intervals

First: The limited intervals
1. The closed interval: 2. The opened interval:
The set {x : x ∈ ℝ , -3 ≤ x ≤ 2} The set {x : x ∈ ℝ , -3 < x < 2}
We denote it by ………… We denote it by …………

3. The half opened interval (the half closed interval):

The set {x : x ∈ ℝ , -3 ≤ x < 2} We denote it by ………

Second: The unlimited intervals

The set {x : x ∈ ℝ , x ≥ 2} The set {x : x ∈ ℝ , x > 2}

The set {x : x ∈ ℝ , x ≤ 2} The set {x : x ∈ ℝ , x < 2}

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Preparatory two First term Algebra

 ℝ =] – ∞ , ∞[  ℝ+ = ]0 , ∞[  ℝ– =] – ∞ , 0[
 The set of non-negative real numbers = ℝ+ ⋃ {0} = [0 , ∞[
 The set of non-positive real numbers = ℝ– ⋃ {0} = ] – ∞ , 0]

1) Write each of the following sets in the form of an interval, then

represent it on the number line:

a) {x : x ∈ ℝ , – 3 < x ≤ 0} …………

b) {a : a ∈ ℝ , – 2 ≤ a ≤ 1} …………

c) {x : x ∈ ℝ , x > 0} …………

d) {y : y ∈ ℝ , – 1 ≥ y} …………

e) {x : x ∈ ℝ , – 4 < x ≤ 2} …………

f) {y : y ∈ ℝ , y ≥ – 5} …………

g) {a : a ∈ ℝ , – 1 ≤ a ≤ 2} …………

2) Complete each of the following using one of the symbols ∈ or ∉:

a) 3 ……… [3 , 5] b) – 2 ……… ]– 2 , 1]
c) 0 ……… [– 1 , 4[ d)  |– 3| ……… [2 , ∞[
3
e)  √9 ……… ]– 3 , ∞[ f)  √–1 ……… ]– ∞ , 1[

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Preparatory two First term Algebra

g)  1.3 × 105 ……… ℝ+ h) √2 ……… [2 , 5]

3
i) 5 ……… ]√5 , √23[ j) √–125 ……… ]– √25 , √25]

Operations on sets

Intersection Union Difference Complement

3) By using the opposite figure, find:

a) A ⋃ B = …………………………………
b) A – B = …………………………………
c) A ⋂ B = …………………………………
d) B – A = …………………………………
e) A = …………………………………
f) B = …………………………………

Operations on intervals

4) If X = [–3 , 3] and Y = [–1 , 5[ , find using the number line:

a) X ∪ Y b) X ∩ Y c) X – Y d) Y – X
……………… ……………… ……………… ………………

5) Find each of the following:

a) ]- ∞ , 2] ∩ ]- 3 , ∞[ b) ]- ∞ , 3] ⋃ [- 2 , 5[

…………………………………… ……………………………………
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Preparatory two First term Algebra

c) [5 , ∞[ – ]5 , ∞[ d) [2 , ∞[ ∩ ]- ∞ , 2[

…………………………………… ……………………………………

6) If X = ]- ∞ , 2[ and Y = [- 1 , 5] , find using the number line:

a) X ⋃ Y b) X ∩ Y c) X – Y d) Y – X
……………… ……………… ……………… ………………
e) X f) Y

…………………………………… ……………………………………

7)  If X = [-1 , 4] , Y = [3 , ∞[ and Z = {3 , 4}, find the following

using the number line:
a) X ⋃ Y b) X ∩ Y
……………… ………………
a) X – Y b) X – Z
……………… ………………
c) Y ∩ Z d) Y – X a) X b) Y
……………… ……………… ……………… ………………

8) Complete the following:

a) [3 , 5] ⋃ {3 , 5} = ……… b) ]3 , 5[ ⋃ {3 , 5} = ………

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