1.
Digital-to-Digital Conversion
1.1 Line Coding Basics
1. What is the purpose of line coding in digital transmission?
o A) To convert digital data to digital signals
o B) To convert analog data to digital signals
o C) To scramble the data for security purposes
o D) To add error-correction codes
o Answer: A
2. In digital-to-digital conversion, what is a data element?
o A) The smallest unit of data, usually a bit
o B) The voltage level of the signal
o C) The rate at which data is transmitted
o D) The bandwidth of the signal
o Answer: A
3. What is the difference between a data element and a signal element?
o A) Data elements are transmitted; signal elements carry the data
o B) Data elements carry the data; signal elements are transmitted
o C) Both represent voltage levels
o D) They are interchangeable in digital transmission
o Answer: A
4. What is the relationship between the data rate and signal rate?
o A) Signal rate is always higher than data rate
o B) Signal rate equals data rate times bandwidth
o C) Signal rate is the number of signal elements per second
o D) Data rate always exceeds signal rate
o Answer: C
5. Which line coding scheme has no return to zero in the middle of the bit?
o A) RZ
o B) NRZ
o C) Manchester
o D) Differential Manchester
o Answer: B
1.2 Line Coding Schemes
6. What is the characteristic feature of unipolar encoding?
o A) It uses positive and negative voltages
o B) It uses only positive or zero voltage levels
o C) It alternates voltages for each bit
o D) It requires synchronization bits
o Answer: B
7. Which scheme uses positive and negative voltage levels with no return to zero?
o A) NRZ-L
o B) NRZ-I
o C) Unipolar
o D) Bipolar
o Answer: A
8. How does Manchester encoding achieve synchronization?
o A) By maintaining a DC component
o B) Through transitions at the start of each bit
o C) With a transition in the middle of each bit
o D) By using different voltage levels for 0 and 1
o Answer: C
9. In differential Manchester encoding, a transition at the start of the bit indicates:
o A) Bit 0
o B) Bit 1
o C) No data
o D) The end of transmission
o Answer: A
10. Which line coding scheme is best suited for long-distance communication due
to its lack of DC components?
o A) Manchester encoding
o B) NRZ-L encoding
o C) Bipolar AMI encoding
o D) Unipolar encoding
o Answer: C
1.3 Block Coding
11. What is the main purpose of block coding?
o A) To add error detection and synchronization
o B) To reduce signal rate
o C) To scramble data
o D) To increase data transmission speed
o Answer: A
12. In 4B/5B encoding, a block of 4 bits is converted into how many bits?
o A) 3
o B) 4
o C) 5
o D) 6
o Answer: C
13. How does 8B/10B encoding improve on 4B/5B encoding?
o A) By reducing transmission errors
o B) By allowing higher bit rates
o C) By adding more redundant bits for error checking
o D) By using fewer signal elements
o Answer: C
14. Which of the following is NOT a feature of block coding?
o A) Error detection
o B) Synchronization
o C) Compression
o D) Redundancy
o Answer: C
1.4 Scrambling Techniques
15. What is the purpose of scrambling in digital transmission?
o A) To maintain synchronization over long distances without increasing
bits
o B) To reduce noise in the transmission
o C) To increase the signal rate
o D) To enhance security
o Answer: A
16. In B8ZS scrambling, eight consecutive zeros are replaced with which pattern?
o A) 000VB0VB
o B) 00000VVV
o C) 111000BBB
o D) B0VB0000
o Answer: A
17. Which scrambling technique is commonly used outside North America?
o A) B8ZS
o B) HDB3
o C) NRZ-L
o D) Differential Manchester
o Answer: B
2. Analog-to-Digital Conversion
2.1 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
18. What is the first step in the PCM process?
o A) Quantization
o B) Encoding
o C) Sampling
o D) Line coding
o Answer: C
19. In PCM, quantization involves:
o A) Sampling the signal
o B) Assigning discrete values to sample amplitudes
o C) Encoding the signal into binary data
o D) Filtering high frequencies
o Answer: B
20. What is the minimum sampling rate according to the Nyquist theorem for a
signal with a 4 kHz maximum frequency?
o A) 2 kHz
o B) 4 kHz
o C) 8 kHz
o D) 16 kHz
o Answer: C
2.2 Delta Modulation (DM)
21. Delta modulation (DM) primarily tracks:
o A) Absolute amplitude of the signal
o B) Changes in amplitude from the previous sample
o C) Bandwidth requirements
o D) Frequency spectrum
o Answer: B
22. What is a major advantage of adaptive delta modulation (ADM) over standard
DM?
o A) Uses fewer bits per sample
o B) Adjusts to larger signal changes
o C) Reduces bit errors
o D) Lowers bandwidth requirements
o Answer: B
23. What does quantization error refer to in PCM and DM?
o A) The difference between actual and quantized amplitude values
o B) The error in bit rate
o C) The distortion from frequency interference
o D) The phase shift in signals
o Answer: A
3. Transmission Modes
3.1 Parallel Transmission
24. Which mode of data transmission sends multiple bits simultaneously?
o A) Serial Transmission
o B) Parallel Transmission
o C) Asynchronous Transmission
o D) Synchronous Transmission
o Answer: B
25. A key disadvantage of parallel transmission is:
o A) Low speed
o B) Requires complex circuitry
o C) Susceptibility to crosstalk and signal degradation
o D) Only used for short distances
o Answer: C
3.2 Serial Transmission
26. In serial transmission, bits are sent:
o A) In groups of two
o B) One at a time
o C) In groups of four
o D) Simultaneously on multiple wires
o Answer: B
27. Which serial transmission type sends data without requiring the sender and
receiver clocks to be synchronized?
o A) Asynchronous
o B) Synchronous
o C) Isochronous
o D) Parallel
o Answer: A
28. Isochronous transmission is best suited for:
o A) Data packets with variable lengths
o B) Multimedia data that requires timing accuracy
o C) Random data with no fixed timing
o D) Error-corrected transmission
o Answer: B
