NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY Differential Calculus

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHOLOGY Notebook 1

Alunan Avenue, City of Koronadal
First Semester, SY. 2024-2025

The Limit Concept

ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA, ECE, MIM
Instructor
 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY
Grading System
Must be
Exam 40% Long Quiz 1
August 22, 2023 stapled

Long Quizzes 25%

Short Quizzes/Assignments 20% 1. An experiment consists of tossing a die and then flipping a coin once
1. An experiment consists of tossing a die and then flipping a coin once
Class Participation/Attendance 15% if the number on the die is even. If the number on the die is odd, the
if the number on the die is even. If the number on the die is odd, the

coin is flipped twice. Using the notation 4H, for example, to denote coin is flipped twice. Using the notation 4H, for example, to denote
Classroom Policies
the outcome that the die comes up 4 and then the coin comes up the outcome that the die comes up 4 and then the coin comes up

heads, and 3HT to denote the outcome that the die comes up 3 heads, and 3HT to denote the outcome that the die comes up 3
1. Be on time.
followed by a head and then a tail on the coin, construct a tree followed by a head and then a tail on the coin, construct a tree
2. Avoid being absent.
diagram to show the 18 elements of the sample space S. diagram to show the 18 elements of the sample space S.
3. Observe proper decorum and
safety health protocols.
EngMath 111 – CE1A
4. Observe netiquette. Dela Cruz, Randy B. BS-CE 2 Dela Cruz, Randy B. BS-CE 2 EngMath 111 – CE1A

1
Problem Set

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1. Long Bond Paper
2. Black/Blue Ballpen
3. Stapler
 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

3. Differentiation
SUBJECT OVERVIEW The Natural Logarithmic Function
Exponential Functions
Bases Other than e
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
1. The Concept of Limits Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Finding Limits Graphically and Numerically
Evaluating Limits Analytically 4. Extrema on an Interval 166
Continuity and One-Sided Limits Rolle’s Theorem and the Mean Value Theorem
Infinite Limits Curve Sketching: Increasing and Decreasing
Functions and
2. Differentiation the First Derivative Test
The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem Concavity and the Second Derivative Test
Basic Differentiation Rules and Optimization Problems
Product and Quotient Rules and Higher-Order Newton’s Method 2
Derivatives Differentials

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The Chain Rule

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Implicit Differentiation 5. Functions of Several Variables
Rates of Change Limits and Continuity
Related Rates Partial Derivatives
Extrema of Functions of Two Variables
 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

What is Calculus?
The branch of mathematics that deals with the finding and properties of derivatives and integrals of functions,
by methods originally based on the summation of infinitesimal differences. The two main types are differential
calculus and integral calculus.

Calculus is the mathematics of change. For instance, calculus is the mathematics of velocities, accelerations,
tangent lines, slopes, areas, volumes, arc lengths, centroids, curvatures, and a variety of other concepts that have
enabled scientists, engineers, and economists to model real-life situations.

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 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

Finding Limits Graphically and Numerically

Sketch the graph of the function

To sketch the graph of the function, for values other than x = 1,

you can use standard curve-sketching techniques. At x = 1,
however, it is not clear what to expect. To get an idea of the
behavior of the graph of f near x = 1, you can use two sets of x-
values—one set that approaches 1 from the left and one set that
approaches 1 from the right, as shown in the table.

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 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

The graph of f is a parabola that has a hole at the point (1, 3). Although x
cannot equal 1, you can move arbitrarily close to 1, and as a result f (x)
moves arbitrarily close to 3. Using limit notation, you can write
This is read as “the limit of f (x) as x approaches 1 is 3.”

If f (x) becomes arbitrarily close to a single number L as x approaches c

from either side, then the limit of f (x) as x approaches c is L. This limit
is written as

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 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

Example1: Estimating a Limit Numerically

𝑥
Evaluate the function 𝑓 𝑥 = at several x-values near 0 and use the results to estimate the limit
𝑥+1−1

Solution The table lists the values of f (x) for several x-values near 0.

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From the results shown in the table, you can estimate the limit to be 2.
 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

Note:
The function is undefined at x = 0, and yet f (x) appears
to be approaching a limit as x approaches 0. This often
happens, and it is important to realize that the existence or
nonexistence of f (x) at x = c has no bearing on the
existence of the limit of f (x) as x approaches c.

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𝑥
∴ lim = 2.
𝑥→0 𝑥+1−1
 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

Example 2: Finding a Limit

Find the limit of f (x) as x approaches 2, where

Solution Because f (x) = 1 for all x other than x = 2,

you can estimate that the limit is 1. So, you can write

The fact that f (2) = 0 has no bearing on the existence or

value of the limit as x approaches 2.

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 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Limits That Fail to Exist NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

Example 3: Different Right and Left Behavior

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So, no matter how close x gets to 0, there will

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be both positive and negative x-values that yield
f (x) = 1 or f (x) = -1.
 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY
Example 4: Unbounded Behavior

As x approaches 0 from either the right or the left, f (x)

increases without bound. This means that by choosing x
close enough to 0, you can force f (x) to be as large as
you want.

Because f (x) does not become arbitrarily close to a single

number L as x approaches 0, you can conclude that the limit
does not exist.
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 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY
Example 5: Oscillating Behavior

Solution Let f (x) sin(1x). As x approaches 0, f (x) oscillates

between 1 and -1.

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 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
A Formal Definition of Limit NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

If f (x) becomes arbitrarily close to a single number L as x approaches c

from either side, then the limit of f (x) as x approaches c is L, written as

Let 𝜀 (the lowercase Greek letter epsilon) represent a (small) positive

number. Then the phrase “f (x) becomes arbitrarily close to L” means that
f (x) lies in the interval (𝐿 − 𝜀 , 𝐿 + 𝜀 ). Using absolute value, you can
write this as

Similarly, the phrase “x approaches c” means that there exists a positive

number 𝛿 such that x lies in either the interval (𝑐 − 𝛿 , 𝑐) or the
interval (𝑐, 𝑐 + 𝛿 ). This fact can be concisely expressed by the double
inequality
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The first inequality expresses the fact that x ≠ c. The second inequality
says that x is within a distance 𝛿 of c.
 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

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 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY
Evaluating Limits Analytically

1. Evaluate the limit by direct substitution. That is,

Such well-behaved functions are continuous at c.

Some Basic Limits

Example 6: Evaluating Basic Limits

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 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Properties of Limits NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

Let b and c be real numbers, let n be a positive integer,

and let f and g be functions with the limits

Example 7: The Limit of a Polynomial

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 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY
Limits of Polynomial and rational Functions

Example 8: The Limit of a Rational Function

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 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

The Limit of a Function Involving a Radical

Let n be a positive integer. The limit below is valid for all c when
n is odd, and is valid for c > 0 when n is even.

The Limit of a Composite Function

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 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

Example 9: The Limit of a Composite Function

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 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Limits of Trigonometric Functions NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

Example 10: Limits of Trigonometric Functions

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 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Functions That Agree at All but one Point NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

Example 11: Finding the Limit of a Function

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 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

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 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY
Example 12: Dividing out Technique

Example 13: Rationalizing Technique

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 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY
Example 12: Dividing out Technique

Example 13: Rationalizing Technique

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 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

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 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

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 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

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 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

Find

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 ENGR. JENEL E. TONOGBANUA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY

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