MOTORIZATION AND LAND USE

Practices Gaining Strength in the Developing World

Ralph Gakenheimer, MCP, PhD, FAICP

Professor Emeritus of Transport and Urban Planning
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Espoo Finland
Espoo,
August 2013
 Current Problems that Impel Possible
Land Use Solutions
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) has been successful worldwide in moving
people to work much faster, with less environmental impact.
H
However, critical
iti l problems
bl remain i unsolved:l d
 Many low‐income people still can’t get to work.
 Transit
T i subsystems
b are still
ill fractionated
f i d iin many cities.
ii
 Funding is largely unavailable for support of transit
projects.
projects
 Environmental problems continue to grow.
 Cities
Citi are swamped d with
ith rapid id increase
i i motorization.
in t i ti

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Everyone Wants To Own a Car, or
“My Neighbor Has a Car (or
( Two);)
Why Should I Take the Bus?”

3
“If I Can’t Have a Car, at Least I Can Have a
Motorcycle, Which Has Certain Advantages”

4
Motorcycles Are Getting More Affordable

5
More and More People Can Afford Cars or
Motorcycles Each Decade

6
 Motorcycle Ownership Is Leading the Way of
Fast Motorization—Increasing by 10 in 30 years,

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Issues with the Purchase of Two‐Wheelers
 Possibility of auto ownership
 Price of a two‐wheeler
 Agility in traffic
 Possibility of joint ownership
 Access
ccess to loans
oa s for
o purchase
pu c ase
 Location of manufacture or assembly*
 Retail availability
 Cost of repairs
 Availability of parts
 Access to loans for purchase*
 Taxes and charges on purchase
 Cost of fuel
 Permission for street use
 Availability of parking
 Risk of theft
Development
Follows
Transport
Corridors

Shlomo Angel. Sprawl Metrics

ms., 2008 9
 Table 1.
1 Contrasting Transport and Land Use Planning Characteristics

Key Characteristics of Characteristics of

Differences Transport Planning Land Use Planning
Objectives include serving residential
Primary objective is metropolitan level
1. Objectives quality, social equity, economic
accessibility
development, etc.
Multiple concerns for land values,
2. Planning Quantitative focus on accommodating travel
compatibility of land uses, affordable
Methods demand
housing, redevelopment, etc.

3. Scales of Large scale; focus on metropolitan Includes small‐scale neighborhood

Planning connectivity and continuous transport links livability and other use localities

4. Implementation
p Governments have substantial p
power for Private actors have more decision‐
Powers reliable implementation making power; public powers limited

5. Scales of Large capital budgets, including state and Mostly local funding and private‐
Investment national support sector actions

6. Scale and Length Deals with long‐range vision for new transport Deals with small‐scale incremental
of Future Vision system additions growth towards long‐term change

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Proposal for Land Development Corridors

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 Planners Need To Speak
with Land Developers
A Case in Brazil:
 Planning underway for several BRT lines—one of them in
a hurry to meet 2014 World Cup demand
 Planners in both the urban transport agency and the
prefecture are involved and communicating
 Very
V interesting
i t ti plans
l are emerging
i
However:
 No communication with land development industry yet
 And visit confirmed no communication was planned…

Result: lag likely in development following access to land

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 Overcomingg the Lagg
Between New Access and Newly Compatible
Land Development

Lag comes from many directions:

 Disorientation among opportunists competing for

advantage
 Resistance to removal of land uses no longer
appropriate
 Hesitation by prior land owners waiting for higher
land values/sales prices

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 Practices for Promotingg Corridor Development
p
 Sponsor urban design competitions to create visions of the
area’s
’ future
f t th t attract
that tt t attention
tt ti (far
(f and
d wide)
id ) to
t what
h t th
the
corridor can offer
 Exhibit pictures and functional records of successful similar
cases in other cities and countries (on location, online, etc.)
 Sponsor programs in schools to familiarize students—who
then tell their parents—with future possibilities
 Release information to the media—TV, radio and the press—
and maintain a website to keep interested parties (including
investors everywhere) informed
 Organize inspection visits to more advanced corridor projects
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 Practices for Promoting Corridor
Development (cont.)
 Advertise widely the future availability of superior access to
substantial parcels for industrial and office development
 Engage the conscience of the city by touting the gains in
new social and commercial services to the surrounding
modest‐income population, and the environmental benefits
of shorter daily trips and increased transit usage
 Engage staff specifically to promote the project benefits,
identify key parcels and well‐matched potential developers,
and target potential locators from everywhere

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Encouraging Small and Medium‐Size Cities To
Envision Their Futures

16
 Cities Envisioning Their Futures
Through More than Extended Street Plans

17
Cities Envisioning Their Futures Through More
Than Street Plans: Machala

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Cities Envisioning Their Futures:
Milagro
Mil

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 Or Else…: What Can Happen
If Ci
Cities
i D Don’t
’ EEnvision
i i ThTheir
i FFutures

Source: Dowall, David E., 1987,

“Technical Report 1: Bangkok
Land and Housing Market
Study,” in Angel, Shlomo et al,
“The Land and Housing
Markets of Bangkok: Strategies
for Public Sector Participation,
Unpublished Report,
Report ” Planning
and Development Collaborative
International, Bangkok, Map 4‐
13, 1.65. 20
Practices to Promote Density: Urban Growth
B
Boundaries
d i in i Portland,
P tl d O Oregon USA (1973)

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Practices to Promote Density: Urban Growth
B
Boundaries
d i in i Portland,
P tl d O Oregon USA (1990)

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Practices to Promote Density: Urban Growth
B
Boundaries
d i in i Portland,
P tl d O Oregon USA (2000)

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Practices to Promote Density: Urban Growth
B
Boundaries
d i in i Portland,
P tl d O Oregon USA (2005)

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 Best Practices:
C id Land
Corridor L dRRedevelopment
d l t
in a Low‐Income Area of Bogotá, Colombia

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 Urban Corridor Design: Bogotá
eltiempo.com / colombia / cundinamarca

Realizarán p
proyectos
y de
infraestructura para modernizar a
Soacha

Foto: Archivo EL TIEMPO

Centros comerciales, arreglo de vías y zonas industriales ecoeficientes hacen parte del proyecto de renovación de Soacha.
Locating Soacha in Bogota

Source: GPU Asociados a Transporte

Urban Corridor Design: Project Area

Source: GPU Asociados a Transporte

Urban Corridor Design: Locality 1

Source: GPU Asociados a Transporte

Urban Corridor Design: Locality 2

Source: GPU Asociados a Transporte

Urban Corridor Design: Locality 3

Source: GPU Asociados a Transporte

Urban Corridor Design: Locality 4

Source: GPU Asociados a Transporte

Urban Corridor Design: Locality 5

Source: GPU Asociados a Transporte

Urban Corridor Design: Proposal for Soacha

Source: GPU Asociados a Transporte

 Best Practices:
Green Transit Corridor in Cali, Colombia
Practices for Densifying Mass Transit:
Alignment Options for New BRT Lines

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 Mexico City, Mexico:
Co‐Linearity of Transit Lines

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 Practices for Government Advances:
Creating Unified Metropolitan Transport
Authorities (UMTA) in India

 Development in Delhi, Hyderabad,

Bangalore and Mumbai to interrelate the
Bangalore,
entities responsible for land use and
transport
 Relevant Agencies
g in Delhi,, India
Agency or Department Responsible for…

Overall planning regulation, oversight of bus

Transport Department
operations, route licensing…..

Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Operating metro rail services

Indian Railways Operating suburban rail services
Public Works Department Construction of roads, bridges
Environment Department Prescribing emission standards
Delhi Police (report to Nat’l Govt.) Traffic management and enforcement

Delhi/New Delhi Municipal Water and sanitation infrastructure, provides

Corporation parking, encroachment problems

Delhi Development Authority Comprehensive planning, land allocation

Delhi Cantonment Authority Management of cantonment lands
 Planned Functions of the UMTA‐Delhi
(U ifi d M
(Unified Metropolitan
li TTransportation
i Authority)
A h i )

UMTA, as an apex decision body, will be responsible

for:
 Making decisions on all transit matters
 Preparing master plans for retail, office and other
development
 Managing all transit matters
 Creating a sustainable transit policy
 Planning the transit network extensions
 Granting permits, licenses and concessions
 Planned Functions of the UMTA‐Delhi (Cont.)
 Recommending changes to transit laws and policy
 Collecting fees and development charges for
operation
p and maintenance of public
p transport
p
infrastructure
 Integrating and regulating para
para‐transit
transit modes
 Developing hubs, interchange points and parking
facilities etc.
facilities, etc
 Developing a parking policy
 Attracting and securing private investment
NB: At time off writing
g the UMTA was expected
p to be enacted shortly.
y A
similar agency already exists in Mumbai
 New National Urban Transport Policy of India
(Selected passages. Full version available by email tonight!!)

India is poised for development: 1981‐2001

1981 2001 metro pop
doubled; motor vehicles increased 7.75 times
Objectives include:
 Transport is an important parameter, not a
consequential requirement
 Encouraging integrated land use and transport
planning in all cities
 Encouraging greater use of public transport
 Establishment of multimodal transit systems
 Establishing institutional mechanisms for enhanced
coordination
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 New National Urban Transport Policy of India
(Selected passages.
passages Full version available by email tonight!!)

Need for a National Policy

 Though the management of urban transport rests
with state governments
 Central government policy is required to guide
financial assistance
 Need to develop transport planning as a practice

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 New National Urban Transport
p Policyy of India
(Selected passages)

IIntegratingi Land
L dUUse and d TTransport Pl
Planning
i
 Compatibility will unify effort rather than require
transport to serve sprawll
 Government will require in‐house transport planners
i the
in h SStates and d will
ill promote and d extend d support ffor
the preparation of land use and transport
plans
l ((to the
h extent off 50% off their
h i cost))
 Government will fully support costs of plans in a few
sample l cities
iti andd will
ill broaden
b d currentt supportt for f
traffic and transport studies

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 New National Urban Transport
p Policyy of India
(Selected passages)
Equitably Allocation of Road Space
 Priority for vehicles carrying many passengers

Priority to the Use of Public Transport

 It is more efficient
 Central Government will provide 50% of cost of
comprehensive plans and equity participation of
capital in transit systems and 50% of project
development in public
public‐private
private projects

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New National Urban Transport
p Policyy of India
(Selected passages)
Quality and Pricing of Public Transit
 Basic service with subsidized fares and premium
service with higher fares

Technologies for Public Transit

 Each suitable to its role

Integrated Public Transport Systems

 Single ticket for all systems

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 New National Urban Transport
p Policyy of India
(Selected passages)
Financing
 Various provisions for Central Government equity

Priority to Non‐Motorized Transport

 Vigorous support for bicyclists

Parking
 Prices that reflect the cost of land occupied by
parking

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New National Urban Transport
p Policyy of India
(Selected passages)

Freight Traffic
 Relief from causing congestion by altering hours
and locations

Legal and Administrative Issues

 Unified Metropolitan Transport Authorities to be
created

Capacity Building
 Training to be introduced at all levels

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New National Urban Transport
p Policyy of India
(Selected passages)

Use of Cleaner Technologies

 Research, training and commercialization of these

Innovative Financing Mechanisms

 Including dedicated taxes and betterment levies

Association with the Private Sector

 Including parking facilities, terminal facilities, etc.

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 Bestt P
B Practices:
ti
Plaza: The Logistics Platform of
Zaragoza, Spain

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2001

Image Courtesy PLAZA

 PLAZA (Platforma Logistica de Zaragoza)
2012
Size: 13 Million m2
Number of companies: 350
People employed: 12 12.000
000

Caladero DC
Intermodal Terminal
Inditex (Zara) DC

Shopping Center

Image Courtesy PLAZA ZLC

Plaza: The Market Area
Image Courtesy PLAZA
 In sum…
We are convinced that helping the land use/urban mass
transit relationship is essential to the environmental
environmental,
economic, social health of both.

There is a dynamic between land use and transport that

occurs naturally, but it needs help.

There are means of providing that help. Practices are

available being used and improved all the time
available,

Governments at all levels are takingg action to make sure

this help takes place.
Ralph Gakenheimer
RGAKEN@MIT EDU
[email protected]
Will yours?
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