Lecture 6
Lecture 6
قومية كلية
ل معتمدة من الهيئة ال عتماد
ضمان جودة التعليم واال
• Proof by induction:
• Base case: For n = 1, 1 = 1(1+1)/2, which is true.
• Inductive step: Assume the statement is true for n = k: 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + k =
k(k+1)/2. Now, we need to prove it's true for n = k+1:
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + k + (k+1) = k(k+1)/2 + (k+1)
Simplifying the right side: (k+1)(k+2)/2
• Therefore, the statement is true for n = k+1.
Proof by induction (Cont.)
• Example: Use mathematical induction to show that
1 + 2 + 22 +· · ·+2n = 2n+1 − 1 for all nonnegative integers n.
• Proof by induction: Solution: Let P(n) be the proposition that 1 + 2 + 22 +· · ·+2n = 2n+1 − 1 for the integer n.
• BASIS STEP: P(0) is true because 20 = 1 = 21 − 1.
• INDUCTIVE STEP: We assume that P(k) is true for an arbitrary nonnegative integer k. That is, we assume that
1 + 2 + 22 +· · ·+2k = 2k+1 − 1.
• We must show that when we assume that P(k) is true, then P(k + 1) is also true. That is, we must show that
1 + 2 + 22 +· · ·+2k + 2k+1 = 2(k+1)+1 − 1 = 2k+2 − 1
assuming the inductive hypothesis P(k). Under the assumption of P(k), we see that
1 + 2 + 22 +· · ·+2k + 2k+1 = (1 + 2 + 22 +· · ·+2k) + 2k+1
= (2k+1 − 1) + 2k+1 using IH
= 2 · 2k+1 − 1
= 2k+2 − 1.
• We have completed the inductive step.
Strong induction
• Strong induction is a mathematical proof technique that extends
the principle of mathematical induction. Strong induction allows
you to assume that the statement holds for all values up to a
particular value.
• We can prove the following formula for the nth Fibonacci number
using strong induction:
F(n) = [(1 + √5)/2]^n - [(1 - √5)/2]^n / √5
Strong induction (Cont.)
• Base Cases:
• Inductive Conclusion: We need to prove that the formula holds for k+1. Using the recursive definition of Fibonacci numbers:
• Therefore, by strong induction, the formula holds for all non-negative integers n.
Recursive Definitions
• Recursively Defined Functions
• BASIS STEP: Specify the value of the function at zero.
• RECURSIVE STEP: Give a rule for finding its value at an integer from its values at smaller integers.
• We illustrate the workings of the function with a trace when the input is a = 5, b = 8.
• gcd(5, 8) = gcd(8 mod 5, 5) = gcd(3, 5).
• gcd(3, 5) = gcd(5 mod 3, 3) = gcd(2, 3)
• cd(2, 3) = gcd(3 mod 2, 2) = gcd(1, 2)
• gcd(1, 2) = gcd(2 mod 1, 1) = gcd(0, 1).
• Finally, to find gcd(0, 1) it uses the first step with a = 0 to find that gcd(0, 1) = 1.
• Consequently, the function finds that gcd(5, 8) = 1.
Recursive Algorithms (Cont.)
• Example: Give a recursive algorithm for Fibonacci Numbers