TMUA Proof

Syllabus
Logic of arguments (true/false, and/or, if, then, not) converse, contrapositive, necessary suf:icient;
mathematical proof (deduction, proof by cases, proof by contradiction, disproof by counterexample);
identifying errors in proofs.

Logic of Arguments

1. Consider the following statement: “If it is my birthday, I will eat some cake”
What conclusion can I draw from each of the following statements: birthday cake
A It is my birthday I will eat cake
not
B It is not my birthday no conclusion might eat cake might
Eebe
C I eat some cake no conclusion might eat cake on.ggu.g9bufmgI
D I do not eat some cake
c L IsIg bind I wouldeat ale

2. Consider the following statement: “If it rains the ground will get wet”
What conclusion can I draw from each of the following statements:
forfrom
A The ground is wet no conclusion might be wet Eth a sprinkler

B The ground is not wet It has not been raining

C It is raining The ground will get wet
D It is not raining No conclusion ground might be wet or dry

3. Consider the following statement: “If I am in Paris, then I am in France”

What conclusion can I draw from each of the following statements:
A I am in Paris
B I am in France I us I
might be in Paris or in
Lille

C I am in London I am not in France I am not in Pan's

D I am at the Eiffel Tower I am in Paris I am in France

4. Consider the following statement: “If a shape is a square, then it is a quadrilateral”

What conclusion can I draw from each of the following statements:
A The shape is a square it is a quadrilateral
B The shape is a quadrilateral no conclusion might be a square or a parallelogram
C The shape is not a quadrilateral it is not a square
D The shape is a rhombus no conclusion

Tyler Tutoring
The following statements are all equivalent:
If an animal is a zebra, then it has stripes
All zebras have stripes
Any zebra has stripes
Being a zebra implies having stripes
An animal is a zebra only if it has stripes
An animal has stripes if it is a zebra
An animal with no stripes is not a zebra
Having stripes is necessary for an animal to be a zebra
Being a zebra is a sufficient condition for an animal to have stripes

Equivalent Quantifiers - for all A/ every A / any A / if A

- for some A / there exists A / for at least one A / for most A

5. Rewrite the following true statements in the form If… Then …

wet
a) The ground gets wet when it rains If it rains thenthe ground gets
b) All mammals have hair If it is a mammal then it has hair
bed
c) I always go to bed when I am sick If I am sick then I go to
d) A fruit is yellow if it is a banana If its a banana then it is yellow
France
e) I am in Paris only if I am in France If I'm in Paris then I'm in

6. Rewrite the following true mathematical statements in the form If… Then …

a) Any rectangle is a quadrilateral if its a rectangle then its a quadrilateral

sides
b) Any triangle has 3 sides If its a triangle then it has 3
c) The number 2 is the only even prime number
it so
d) x > 10 if x > 100 then x 10
If a 100
e) k < 1 when k 2 < 1 if 122 1 then K I 10
9 2
f) p 2 < p only if p < 1 If p cp then p l 101

Tyler Tutoring
TMUA Style Multiple Choice Practice ‘if…then’

1. a and b are real numbers and f is a function. Let

Given that exactly one of the following statements is true, which one is it?
Path

A If a < b then f (a) < f (b) If

B a < b only if f (a) < f (b)
C f (a) < f (b) is sufficient for a < b
If if P then Q

D f (a) < f (b) is necessary for a < b

2. Consider the four options below about a particular statement:

The statement is true if x 2 < 1

statement.me
A then
B The statement is true if and only if x 2 < 1
IYeneiistye
EE Ea
C The statement is true if x 2 < 4 eu ne
2
D The statement is true if and only if x < 4 a true

Given that exactly one of these options is correct, which one is it?

3. a is a real number and f is a function.

Given that exactly one of the following statements is true, which one is it?

P Q
A If a > 0 then f (a) > 0 if P then Q
P only if Q If P then Q
B a > 0 only if f (a) > 0
If Pthen Q
C a > 0 is sufficient for f (a) > 0 P sufficient for Q
D a > 0 is necessary for f (a) > 0 P necessary for Q If Q then P

4. a is a real number and f is a function.

Given that exactly one of the following statements is true, which one is it?

P Q
A If f (a) > 0 then | a | < 1 If P then Q
gB f (a) > 0 if |a| < 1
C | a | < 1 only if f (a) > 0
P
D | a | < 1 is sufficient for f (a) > 0 Q sufficient for P if Q then P

Tyler Tutoring
The following statements are all equivalent
If a < b then f (a) < f (b) If P then Q
a < b implies that f (a) < f (b) P implies Q
a < b only if f (a) < f (b) P only if Q
a < b is sufficient for f (a) < f (b) P is sufficient for Q
f (a) < f (b) if a < b Q if P
f (a) < f (b) is necessary for a < b Q is necessary for P
If f (a) ≥ f (b) then a ≥ b If ‘not Q’ then ‘not P’ (contrapositive)
f (a) ≥ f (b) implies a ≥ b 'Not Q’ implies ‘not P’
f (a) ≥ f (b) only if a ≥ b ‘Not Q’ only if ‘not P’
f (a) ≥ f (b) is sufficient for a ≥ b ‘Not Q’ is sufficient for ‘not P'
a ≥ b if f (a) ≥ f (b) ‘Not P’ if ‘not Q’
a ≥ b is necessary for f (a) ≥ f (b) ‘Not P’ is necessary for ‘not Q’

The contrapositive is always logically equivalent to the original statement.

The converse of a statement is found by swapping the ‘if’ and ‘then’ parts of the statement, but does not
always result in a true statement.

If I am in London, then I am in England This is TRUE

If I am in England, then I am in London Not necessarily true - I could be in Bristol

The converse is true when the original statement is an ‘if and only if’ statement
If I am in London, then I am in the capital of England This is TRUE
If I am in the capital of England, then I am in London This is TRUE

Note: The order of quantifiers in a statement is important.

For all positive real x, there exists a real y such that y 2 = x TRUE (pick any x>0)
There exists a real y, such that for all positive real x, y 2 = x FALSE (value of y changes with x)

Tyler Tutoring
 counterexample
Prove end
1. Are the following statements true or false?
a) x>5 if x > 10 True
b) x<8 only if x<3 false eg x 5 In
c) x is even if and only if (x + 1) is odd True
d) ab = ac if and only if b=c False a 0 be It ab ac
e) a2 < a if a<1 False a 2
f) a2 < a only if a<1 True
g) a2 < a if and only if -1 < a < 1 a
h) an even number is prime if and only if it is 2
i) an odd number is prime if and only if it is 3 false eg7
j) a triangle is equilateral if and only if all it angles are 60° True
k) a triangle is isosceles if it is equilateral True

2. Write the contrapositive of the following statements:

on holiday if I do tenths
a) If I have enough money, I will go on holiday I won't go money
b) If I pass my driving test, I will get my driving licence I won'tgetmydrivinglicense it
c) Ben will not go to school only if he is sick If Benis notsick he will go to school
sick
to school
then
d) If you do not study, you will not do well in your exams Ifyoudowell in yourexams gifid
e) I wear a hat if it is sunny If I don'twear a hat thenit's not sunny
If sunnythenhat

3. Write the contrapositive of the following mathematical statements:

a) If an integer is not equal to 2, then it is not an even prime If evenprime then equal to 2
have 4sides
b) If a shape has 4 sides, it is a quadrilateral If nota quadrilateral thendoesn't
en
c) A number is even only if the square of the number is even

d) f (a) > 0 if a > 0

f if aso then field so if flat o then a 0
e) a 2 < a is sufficient for a < 1
If a 1 then a a
If a ca then a 1

Tyler Tutoring
TMUA Style Multiple Choice Practice ‘equivalence’
P evenprime Q x 2
1. Given that exactly one of the following statements is true, which one is it?

Kenema tf
not Ponlyif Q
thenpi
A x is not an even prime only if x = 2
B if x is an even prime, then x ≠ 2
C
D
x ≠ 2 is sufficient for x to be an even prime
x ≠ 2 is necessary for x to be an even prime
i.IE t

E x = 2 if and only if x is not an even prime

F x is not an even prime only if x ≠ 2 not
note
iii

2. f is a function and a is a real number. P a 0 Q fa c0

Given that exactly one of the following statements is true, which one is it?

A a ≤ 0 only if f (a) ≤ 0
B f (a) > 0 if a > 0 I S in.ua it amene
C f (a) > 0 is sufficient for a > 0 nota sufficientfornot P ifnotQthennotP

ifhea.n.int
D f (a) ≤ 0 is necessary for a ≤ 0
E If f (a) > 0 then a > 0
F a > 0 if f (a) > 0

3. f is a function and a, b are real numbers.

Given that exactly one of the following statements is true, which one is it?
same
A f (a) ≥ f (b) if and only if a ≥ b here
B f (a) ≥ f (b) only if a < b
If Ha fib then acb contrapositive
C f (a) < f (b) if a ≥ b
If a b then fla cfcs
a ≥ b if f (a) ≥ f (b)
D
If f a Hb then a b
a < b only if f (a) ≥ f (b)
E
If aab then fla fib contrapositive
F a < b only if f (a) < f (b) If acb then fla ef b

P Q A D equivalent
not a notP B C D F contrapositive

Tyler Tutoring
Negation (denial not opposite)

Statement Negation
He is a doctor He is not a doctor
She is tall She is not tall (She is short would be incorrect)
A not A

1. I am hungry
I am not hungry
2. They do their homework
They don't do their homework
3. It is not raining
It is raining
4. The melon is not ripe The melon is ripe

I have blue eyes and blond hair Either I do not have blue eyes or I do not have blond hair
(or I do not have either)
A and B not A or not B

5. My socks are blue and stripy Either not blue or not shipy
6. I play hockey and basketball either nothockey or not basketball
Don'tplayboth
7. I had lunch with Bill and Ben Didn'thave lunch with both Bothdidn'thavelunchwith me
8. It is not hot or sunny It is hot af sunny

I study English or German I do not study English and I do not study German
A or B not A and not B / neither A nor B

9. Jan drinks tea or coffee Jandoesn'tdink tea and doesn'tdrinkcoffee

10. The man is called Jim or John notcalled Jimand not calledJohn
bananas
11. The children eat apples or bananas The children eat neitherapples nor
12. Neither my brother nor sister will help me Eithermybrother or mysister will help me

Tyler Tutoring
Statement Negation
Everyone like pizza Not everyone likes pizza / At least one person doesn’t like pizza
Some people don’t like pizza
There exists someone who doesn’t like pizza
For all A, then B Not every A implies B / There exists A such that not B

13. All vegetarians eat carrots Some vegetarians don't eat carrots

My teacher is sometimes wrong

14. My teacher is always right

15. All dogs bark some dogs don't bark

16. Not every integer is odd All integers are odd

There is a prime number less than 2 There are no prime numbers less than 2
All prime numbers are greater than or equal to 2
There exists A such that B There is no A such that B
For all A, not B

17. Some boys like football No boys like football Allboys don'tlikefootball
18. At least one square number is less than 3 Nosquarenumbers are less than 3
19. There exist some birds who can not fly All birds ca fly
20. There are no prime numbers that are even At least one primenumber is even

If the sun shines, I will wear a hat If the sun shines, I will not wear a hat

If A, then B If A, then not B

A and not B

21. If it is raining I will take an umbrella

If it is raining I won't take a umbrella
22. I will receive a gold medal if I win if I win I won't receive a goldmedal
23. If a < b then f (a) < f (b) b
If a ab then Fca
24. f (a) > 0 if a > 0
if aso then f a 0
if aso then Fla 0

Tyler Tutoring
Negation of ‘Nested’ statements

A Consider the statement: The class can complete their homework online, if for every
student in the class, the student has online access
The negation is: A class can not complete their homework online, if there is at least one
student who does not have online access.
Replace parts of this statements as follows: P = class can complete homework online
Q = student in the class
R = student has online access
Then the statement becomes: P is true if for every Q, there exists R
The negation of this is: P is not true if there exists Q such that not R

B Consider the statement: The class can complete their homework online, if for every
student in the class, the student has a friend who has online access
The negation is: A class can not complete their homework online if there exists a student
in the class, all of whose friends do not have online access.

Replace parts of this statements as follows: P = class can complete homework online
Q = student in the class
R = student has a friend
S = friend has online access
Then the statement becomes: P is true if for every Q, there exists ‘R such that S’
The negation of this is: P is not true if there exists Q such that not ‘there exists R such that S’
or: P is not true if there exists Q such that ‘for all R not S’

Write the negation of the following nested statements:

n
1) A set of integers P is the set of even numbers iff for any integer n in P, is also an integer.
2

nop tie Ethernetnot cexists het

Pnot set of numbers it here
even
of I Ies
2) A set of integers P is the set of square numbers iff for any integer n in P, there exists an integer k such
that k 2 = n I
Efer any B there exists c such
e such net D

msn.r.nu
for all integers K K n Tyler Tutoring
Counter Examples

1) Find a counter example to the following statements:

a) All quadrilaterals with equal side length are squares Rhombus

b) The square root of a number is always less than the number
E
c) If a three-dimensional solid has a circular base, then it is a cylinder Cone
d) If n is an integer and n2 is divisible by 4, then n is divisible by 4 n 6
e) If p is an odd prime then p+2 is also an odd prime
p 7
f) The sum of 2 numbers is always greater than both numbers 12 6
g) 10k 2 + 1 is prime if k is an odd prime K 3 10 37 1 91 7 13
h) For all real x, 5x > 4x co
any
i) For all real x, 1 − sin 2 x = cosx 2 180 1 1

2) A set of five signs has a letter printed on the left and a number printed on the right

A8 B4 C1 D7 E3

Which sign(s) provide a counterexample to the following statements:

a) Every card that has a vowel on the left has an even number on the right
E3
b) Every card that has an even number on the right has a vowel on the left.
B4
c) Every card that has a consonant on the left has a prime number on the right B4 CI

d) Every card that has a prime number on the right has a vowel on the left
7

3) How many counter examples are there to the following statements:

a) All odd numbers between 2 and 20 are prime. 3 57 11 13015 17 19
2 counterexamples odd but not primel
b) If n is a prime integer less than or equal to 10, then n 2 + 2 is also prime
nprime 10 n 2 notprime
3 counterexamples
n2
c) A whole number n less than or equal to 50, is prime if it is 1 less or 5 less than a multiple of 6

1 less or Sless 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 02529 31 37 41 43 47490

4 counterexample 1lessorSless notprime

Tyler Tutoring
Logic

1) On an island people either always tell the truth or always tell lies. You are approached by 2 people.
Identify if they are truth-tellers or liars in the following situations.
a) The first person says “we both always tell lies”
A If A truth both tell lies contradiction

i Alias not both tell lies Birch

A B
b) The first person points at the second and says “he is a liar” and the second person says “neither of
us are liars”
Ea.nu

c) The first A B one replies “he is lying”.

person says “we are both telling the truth” and the second

If A truth B truth A liar contradiction

if 73 Er III Irradiation if Beth Ate

d) The firstAperson says “at least one of us is lying”

s contradiction

A B
e) The first person says “exactly one of us is lying”, and the second replies “actually we’re both lying”

if Adh Ear at least one truth

or both tiers
It A liar
engulf at least one truth
but B liar
contradiction

Tyler Tutoring
TMUA Proof and Logic Summary

Definitions
and A and B means A and B together (A ∩ B)
For A and B to be true, both A and B must be true

or A or B means A or B or both (A ∪ B)
For A or B to be true, either A or B or both must be true

negation = not
not (A and B) = not A or not B
not (blue eyed and blonde) = not blue-eyed or not blond
so could be one or the other but not both

not (A or B) = not A and not B

not (blue eyed or blonde) = not blue-eyed and not blond
so does not have either characteristic

if, then
if A then B means if A is true, then B must be true (But if A is not true, then B could be true or false)
We can also write this in the following ways:
A implies B A ⟹ B
B if A A only if B
A is sufficient for B B is necessary for A
The converse statement (swapping statements) is
‘if B then A’ but these are not always equivalent
The contrapositive statement (swapping and negating both statements) is
‘if not B then not A’ and this is an equivalent statement to the original.
The negation of the statement is
‘if A then not B’ or ‘A and not B’

if and only if
A if and only if B. We can also write this in the following ways:
A implies B and B implies A A ⟺ B
A if B and A only if B A iff B
A is sufficient and necessary for B

Tyler Tutoring
Quantifiers
These are equivalent:
- For every A / for any A / for all A / for each A / if A
- For some A / there exists A / for at least one A

The order of a combined statement is important.

For all positive real x, there exists a real y such that y 2 = x TRUE (pick any x>0)
There exists a real y, such that for all positive real x, y 2 = x FALSE (value of y changes with x)

Original statement Negation

For all A, then B Not every A implies B
There exists A such that not B
Every integer is odd Not every integer is odd
There exists an integer that is not odd

Original statement Negation

There exists A such that B There is no A such that B
For all A, not B
There exists a prime number less than 2 There are no prime numbers less than 2
All prime numbers are greater than or equal to 2

Example of negation of ‘nested’ statements

Statement Negated Statement
There exists P iff for every Q there exists R Not P = there exists Q such that ‘not R’

For any D there exists ‘E such that F’ There exists D such that NOT ‘E such that F’
There exists D such that for all E not F

Tyler Tutoring