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Stat CH 4

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Sahar Khaderfairoz
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46 views28 pages

Stat CH 4

Uploaded by

Sahar Khaderfairoz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Presentation of Data

Meaning

• Presentation of data means exhibition of data in such a clear and attractive


manner that these are easily understood and analyzed.

• There are generally three forms of presentation of data:


1. Textual or descriptive presentation

2. Tabular presentation

3. Diagrammatic presentation
Textual or descriptive presentation

Case 1
In a bandh call given on 08 September 2005 protesting
the hike in prices of petrol and diesel, 5 petrol pumps
were found open and 17 were closed whereas 2 schools
were closed and remaining 9 schools were found open
in a town of Bihar
Textual or descriptive presentation
Advantages:
• It provides ample amount of information and details
• Includes short but concise descriptions and explanation.
• Effective for small data
• Provides the presenter with ample opportunity to explain things properly.
Disadvantages
• This method is ineffective when the data is too large.
• If the data is not presented with proper facts and figures, it may lead to wrong analysis.
Tabular presentation

It is designed to simplify presentation and facilitate analysis.


The purpose is to present a large mass of complicated information in an orderly fashion and
allow viewers to draw reasonable conclusions and interpretations from them.
Classification

• Qualititative Classification
• Quantitative Classification
• Temporal Classification
• Spatial Classification
Format of a table
1. Table Number
2. Title
3. Head Note
4. Stubs
5. Caption
6. Body or field
7. Unit of Measurement
8. Footnotes
9. source
Format of a table
Feature of a good table
1)Title as Compatible with the Objective of the Study : Title of a table must be
provided at the top center of the table and it must be compatible with the objective of
the study.
2) Headings : Headings should generally be written in the singular form.
3) Abbreviations : Use of abbreviations should be avoided in the headings or
sub-headings of the table.
4) Units : Units used must be specified above the columns. If figures are very large,
units may be noted in the short form.
5) Total : In the table, sub-totals of the items must be given at the end of each row.
6) Size and Columns : Size of the columns must be uniform and symmetrical.
7) Source of Data : Source of data must be noted at the foot of the table.
8) Percentage and Ratio : Percentage figures should be provided in the table, if
possible. This makes the data more informative.
Classification of Tables

Kinds of
tables

Simple or one- Complex


way table Table

Double or Manifold
Treble table
two-way table Table
Classification of Tables

Simple or One-way Table: It shows only one


characteristic of the data.
Classification of Tables

Double or Two-way Table- It shows two characteristics


Classification of Tables

Treble Table- It shows three characteristics


Classification of Tables

Manifold Table- It shows more than three characteristics


Merits of Tabular Presentation

• Simple and Brief Presentation


• Facilitates comparison
• Easy Analysis
• Highlights Characteristics of Data
• Economical
Diagrammatic Presentation of Data

Arithematic Line
Geometric forms Frequency Diagrams Graphs or Time
Series Graphs
• Bar Diagrams • Histograms
• Pie Diagrams • Polygon
• Ogive
Bar Diagrams
• Bar Diagrams are those diagrams in which data are presented in the form of bars or
rectangles.
• These bars are also called columns.
• Different types of bar diagrams
1. Simple Bar Diagrams
2. Multiple Bar Diagrams
3. Component Bar Diagrams
Bar Diagrams
• Bar Diagrams are those diagrams in which data are presented in the form of bars or rectangles. Bars are
also called columns.
• Bars and its features
• Bars breadth remains the same
• Bars can be horizontal or vertical
• Bars are equidistant from each other
• All bars are based on some common base line
• Unless data assume some specific ordering, it should be presented in the ascending or descending order.
• To make bars attractive these may be shaded with different colours.
Bar Diagrams

Simple Bar Diagrams

• Simple Bar diagrams are those diagrams which are based on a single set of
numerical data.
Bar Diagrams

Multiple Bar Diagram


Those diagrams which show two or more sets of data simultaneously. It is also
known as compound bar diagram.
Bar Diagrams

Component Bar Diagram


Those diagrams which simultaneously present, total values as well as part
values of a set of data. It is also called sub-diagrams.
Pie Diagram
• Pie diagram is a circle divided into various segments showing the percent values of
a series. It is also called pie chart.
• Steps involved:
1. Absolute values of the series are converted into per cent values. The entire pie
represents the 100 percent of the whole.
2. To find the angle, each percentage figure of every component is multiplied by
3.6%
3. Show each value in the circle clockwise.
Disadvantages
• No utility to experts
• Limited information-approximate information
• They can be used only for comparative studies
• It can be misused easily-if wrong type of diagram is used it will lead to deceptive results
• Lack of further analysis
• Minute differences presentation is impossible
Frequency Diagram- Histogram
• A histogram is the graphical representation of a continuous series.
• Values of the variable are shown on the X-axis and their frequencies on the
Y- axis.

• Histograms are of two types:


1. Histograms of equal class intervals

2. Histograms of unequal class intervals


Frequency Diagram- Histogram

It is the graphical presentation of a continuous series.


Both length and breadth are considered for comparison, so it is two dimensional.
Histograms of equal class intervals

• It is based on the equal class interval


• The rectangles or bars will be of equal width.
Frequency Diagram- Histogram
Frequency Diagram- Histogram

• Histograms of unequal class intervals


• Width of the rectangles will be different
• Before presenting in the form of graph the frequencies of the class interval
needs to be adjusted.
Adjustment Factor for any class= Class interval of the concerned class
Lowest class interval
Frequency Diagram- Histogram

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