MAT 152: Mathematics in the Modern World Histogram It is a special type of bar graph that shows how often

different numbers or ranges of numbers appear in a dataset.

Module #6
Pie Graph It is a circular chart divided into slices to show how
different parts make up a whole.
Data Presentation
Scatter Plot It is a type of graph that uses dots to show how two
Data Set of facts that provide a part picture of reality. different things are related.
Information It is a data that has been processed, organized, and
given context, making it meaningful and useful.
Understanding Data Ethically
Data presentation Showing information in an effective format
making it clear and easy-to-understand.
Textual presentation combines text and numerical facts in Data Integrity It means making sure that the information we
statistical reports and is narrative in nature use is correct and true

Text is any written or printed words that convey a message. Transparency It is being open and clear about how we collect
and use information.
a tabular presentation is much better to use than a textual
presentation when the values are numeric and independent. Fair Representation It means showing information accurately
and without bias.
A table is a set of data arranged in rows and columns.
A graph is a very effective visual tool as it displays data at a glance, Use the right picture It means choosing the best type of
facilitates comparison, and can reveal trends and relationships graph or chart to show information clearly and honestly.
within the data.
Respect for privacy and consent It means being careful to
Graphical presentation may be in forms like charts, graphs and protect people's personal information and asking for
pictures. permission before using it.
Ethical awareness and responsible handling of data It is about Accountability and Responsibility It means being honest
knowing what's good and bad and how our actions can affect and careful with the information we use.
others.
Consider the societal impact It means thinking about how
our actions with data might affect other people and the world
Two Types of Data around us.
A. Categorical Data - means organizing individuals or things into
groups based on their characteristics
B. Numerical Data – is a type of data where exact numerical
values are expected. MAT 152: Mathematics in the Modern World
Module #8
Classifying Numerical Data
B.1. Discrete Variables have values obtained by counting.
Measures of Central Tendency
B.2. Continuous Variables have values obtained by measuring. Measures of central tendency are methods used to find the
"middle" or "center" of a dataset and this gives us a sense of where
most of the data points are located.
The 4 types of scales of measurement. The mean is found by adding all the numbers together and then
dividing by the number of numbers. For example, with the numbers
● Nominal: Categories with no specific order
2, 4, 6, 8, and 10, the mean is 6.
(e.g., types of pets)
The weighted mean, unlike a regular mean, which treats all
● Ordinal: Categories with a specific order
numbers equally, the weighted mean assigns different weights to
(e.g., movie ratings)
each number, making some numbers count more in the
● Interval: Numeric scales with equal intervals, no true zero computation.
(e.g., temperature in Celsius)
Disadvantages to the mean are that it is highly susceptible to
● Ratio: Numeric scales with equal intervals and a true zero outliers
(e.g., height in centimeters)
The median is the middle number when the dataset is arranged in
order. The median is not affected by outliers. For example, in the
numbers 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11, the median is 7, and if there's an even
number of values, it's the average of the two middle numbers.
MAT 152: Mathematics in the Modern World The mode is the number that appears most often; for example, in
Module #7 the numbers 1, 2, 2, 3, and 4, the mode is 2.

Different Graphical Presentations

Graphs A graph is like a visual map made of dots and lines. The
dots represent things, and the lines show connections between
them.
Bar graph A bar graph is a type of graph that uses rectangular bars
to represent data
Line graph Line graph is good for showing how things change over
time.
 MAT 152: Mathematics in the Modern World
Module #10
Probability Computation: For equally likely outcomes, the
probability of event A is given by:
P(A) =Number of favorable outcomes
Total number of possible outcomes
The Addition Rule helps when events are connected, like when one
thing happening affects another. It also works for events that can
both happen or events that can't both happen at the same time. On
the other hand, the Multiplication Rule is for when events don't
affect each other, like flipping a coin and rolling a dice at the same
time.
Addition Rule → For 2 events, A and B, the probability of selecting
one event or another is given by:
P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B) − P (A and B).
Multiplication Rule → For 2 independent events, A and B, where
the outcome of A does not change the probability of B, the
probability of A and B is given by:
P (A and B) = P(A) × P(B).
Step-by-step process of creating a tree diagram and
computing probabilities.
Step 1. Identify the Events
Step 2. List the Possible Outcomes for Each Event
Step 3. Draw the Tree Diagram
MAT 152: Mathematics in the Modern World
● Add Branches for the First Event and add Branches for the
Module #9 Second Event

Measures of Dispersion Step 4. Determine the Probabilities for Each Branch

Step 5. Calculate the Combined Probabilities
Step 6. List All Possible Outcomes and Their Probabilities
Measures of dispersion help us understand our numbers better.
by looking at the biggest and smallest numbers to see how far apart
they are, which is the range. MAT 152: Mathematics in the Modern World
Variance shows how much the data points differ from the mean. Module #11
Imagine you're trying to figure out how much the scores of students
in a class vary from the average score.
Sample variance is like measuring how spread out those scores Characteristics of a Standard Normal Distribution
are from the average.
Standard Deviation provides an average measure of how far the
data points are from the mean and is derived from the variance.
Sample standard deviation is like a tool we use to see how
spread out the numbers are in a small group compared to the
average number in that group.
 Value of r and their Descriptive Equivalent

∓1.00 Perfect positive(negative) correlation

∓0.91 to 0.99 Very high positive(negative) correlation

∓0.71 to 0.90 High positive(negative) correlation

∓0.51 to 0.70 Moderately positive(negative) correlation

∓0.31 to 0.50 Low positive(negative) correlation

∓0.01 to 0.30 Very low positive(negative) correlation

0.0 No correlation

Problems that concern prediction, estimation, and forecasting can

be solved using regression analysis.
we have to find the regression line that describes the relationship
between the two variables.

Case 1. P ( z < a ). This case involves finding the probability that a

standard normal random variable z is less than a given z-score a.
Case 2. P ( z > a ). This case involves finding the probability that a
standard normal random variable z is greater than a given z-score
a.
Case 3. P ( a < z < b ). This case involves finding the probability
that a standard normal random variable z falls between two specific
z-scores a and b.

MAT 152: Mathematics in the Modern World

Module #12

linear relationship, it means that as one thing changes, another

thing changes in a way that forms a straight line on a graph.
Linear correlation is the term we use to describe how closely this
straight-line relationship is followed.
We use a statistics number called the Pearson product-moment
correlation coefficient, denoted as r, to measure this