Section 1

Composition of Matter
 Essential Questions

What are the differences between substances and

mixtures?
How are elements and compounds identified?

How are suspensions, solutions, and colloids

related?
 Review Vocabulary

property: characteristic or essential quality

 New Vocabulary

substance colloid
element Tyndall effect
compound homogeneous mixture
heterogeneous mixture solution
suspension
 Substances
Recall that matter is anything that takes up space and
has mass. Everything around us is matter, including
things that we cannot see—like the salt in a pail of
ocean water. Matter is either a pure substance or a
mixture of substances. A pure substance, or simply a
substance, is a type of matter with a fixed composition.
A substance can be an element or a compound. Some
substances you might recognize are helium, aluminum,
water, and salt.
Substances

• Matter that has the same

composition and properties
throughout is called a
substance.
• When different elements
combine, other substances are
formed.
 Substances

• Contains only one

particle
• Can exist in 3 states
of matter
• Can be elements or
Picture from
compounds
http://www.ilpi.com/msds/ref/gifs/statesofmatter.gif
Mixtures

• A mixture is a
combination of two or
more substances where
there is no chemical
combination or reaction.
A mixture is a
combination of two
or more substances
where there is no
chemical combination
or reaction.

Mixtures combine
physically in no
specific proportions.
They just mix.
Solids, liquids and
gases can be
combined to
create a mixture.
 Mixture Types

• MIXTURES MAY BE HOMOGENEOUS

OR HETEROGENEOUS
 Homogeneous Mixtures

• Homogeneous Mixtures:
• The prefix: "homo"- indicates the
same
• Have the same uniform appearance
and composition throughout
• SOLUTIONS are homogeneous
mixtures
 What is a solution?
• A solution is a mixture of two or more
substances.
• At least two substances must be mixed
in order to have a solution

A solution has two parts

The substance in the smallest amount and the one that DISSOLVES
is called the SOLUTE

The substance in the larger amount is called the SOLVENT

it does the dissolving
In most common instances water is the solvent
 Heterogeneous Mixtures:

• The prefix: "hetero"- indicates

difference
• A heterogeneous mixture consists of
visibly different substances or phases
• Two or more parts can be seen
 Suspensions

• A SUSPENSION is a heterogeneous
mixture of large particles
• These particles are visible and will
settle out on standing
• Examples of suspensions are: fine
sand or silt in water or Italian salad
dressing
 Mixtures
Salad dressings, such as the examples shown below,
are mixtures. A mixture is matter composed of two or
more substances that can be separated by physical
means.

ROSENFELD/age fotostock
Assessment
1. Which type of substance is milk?

A colloid CORRECT

B compound

C substance

D suspension
Assessment
2. A visible sunbeam is an example of which of the
following?

A a chemical change

B a physical property

C a suspension

D the Tyndall effect CORRECT

 Section 2

Properties of Matter
 Essential Questions

What are physical and chemical properties?

What are the differences and similarities of

physical and chemical changes?
How does the law of conservation of mass apply
to chemical changes?
 Review Vocabulary

boiling point: the temperature at which the vapor

pressure of the liquid is equal to the external pressure
acting on the surface of the liquid
 New Vocabulary

physical property
physical change
distillation
chemical property
chemical change
law of conservation of mass
 Physical Properties
You can stretch a rubber band, but you cannot stretch
a piece of string much, if at all. You can bend a piece
of wire, but you cannot easily bend a matchstick. The
abilities to stretch and to bend substances are
physical properties. The identity of the substances—
rubber, string, wire, wood—does not change. Any
characteristic of a material that you can observe
without changing the identity of the substance is a
physical property. Some examples of physical
properties are color, shape, size, density, melting
point, and boiling point.
 Physical Change
Physical properties can change while composition remains
fixed. If you tear a piece of chewing gum, you change some
of its physical properties—its size and shape. However, you
have not changed the identity of the materials that make up
the gum.
When a substance, such
as water, freezes, boils,
evaporates, or condenses,

Ted Kinsman/Science Source

it undergoes a physical
change. A change in size,
shape, or state of matter
in which the identity of the substance remains the same is
called a physical change.
 Chemical Properties and Chemical Changes
You have probably seen warnings on cans of paint thinner
and lighter fluid for charcoal grills that state these liquids
are flammable (FLA muh buhl). The tendency of a
substance to burn, called its flammability, is an example
of a chemical property. Any characteristic of a material
that you can observe that produces one or more new
substances is a chemical property. Flammability is a
chemical property because burning produces new
substances. As a result, a chemical change, also called a
chemical reaction, has occurred. Many other substances
used around the home are flammable. Knowing which
ones are flammable helps you to use them safely.
 Chemical Properties and Chemical Changes
A less dramatic chemical change can
affect some medicines. Look at the

Brian Hagiwara/FoodPix/Getty Images

figure below. You have probably seen
bottles like this in a pharmacy. Many
medicines are stored in dark bottles
because the medicines contain
compounds that can chemically
change if they are exposed to light.
 Detecting Chemical Change
The smell of rotten eggs

Andrew Lambert/Leslie Garland Picture Library/Alamy

and the formation of rust
on bikes and car fenders
are also signs that a
chemical change has taken
place. A change of one
substance to another is a
chemical change. Bubble formation produced by the
foaming of an antacid tablet in a glass of water is a sign of
new substances being produced. In some chemical changes,
a rapid release of energy—detected as heat, light, and
sound—is a clue that changes are occurring. A display of
fireworks in the night sky is an example. The figure above
illustrates another visual clue—the formation of a solid
precipitate.
 Weathering
Geologists, who use the same
criteria that you have learned
in this chapter, say that some
weathering changes are
physical and some are
chemical.

(t)©Jim Zuckerman/Corbis, (b)Pete Turner/Iconica/Getty Images

 The Conservation of Mass
Mass is not gained or lost during any chemical change. In fact,
matter is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical
change. According to the law of conservation of mass, the
mass of all substances that are present before a chemical
change, known as the reactants, equals the mass of all of the
substances that remain after the change, which are called the
products.
The Law of Conservation of Mass
total mass of the reactants = total mass of the products

McGraw-Hill Education
Matt Meadows/
Assessment
1. What type of property
is represented by the

STOCK4B/age fotostock
illustration?

A chemical

B physical CORRECT

C conservation

D element
Assessment
2. Which is an example of a chemical change?

A boiling

B burning CORRECT

C evaporation

D melting
Assessment
3. Suppose you start to eat some potato chips from an
open bag that you found in your locker and notice that
they taste unpleasant. What process resulted in this
unpleasant taste?

A chemical change CORRECT

B physical change

C chemical property

D physical property
Assessment
4. How would you describe the process of evaporating
fresh water from seawater?

A chemical change

B physical change CORRECT

C chemical property

D physical property
Assessment
5. Which of these warnings refers to a chemical property
of the material?

A Fragile

B Sharp Object CORRECT

C Flammable

D Shake Well
Assessment
6. Which of the following is evidence that a physical change
has occurred?

A broken glass CORRECT

B formation of bubbles

C rust

D formation of a solid precipitate