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Pressure Notes

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20 views4 pages

Pressure Notes

Uploaded by

muhammadrayyansaif2009
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PRESSURE

 Pressure is force acting normally per unit area.

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑆𝐼 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡: 𝑁𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑠
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

 If the amount of applied force is the same, then


 Larger area --> Lower pressure
 Smaller area --> Higher pressure

 Examples of Pressure
 Skis have a large area to hold up the weight of the skier on the snow
 Flat bottomed shoes are comfortable to wear due to reduced pressure acting on
our feet
 A sharp knife can cut easily because the very high pressure under the cutting
surface is more than the object can withstand

 Atmospheric Pressure
 Atmospheric pressure exists because of MOLECULAR BOMBARDMENT of
energetic air molecules (from the air around us)
 Under normal conditions, there are large numbers of air molecules and these
molecules move with high velocities. They make frequent collisions with things
around us
 The pressure exerted by the air molecules is almost equivalent to putting a 1 kg
mass on an area of 1 cm2
 Normal atmospheric pressure= 1 atm (about 1.013 x 105 pa or 101300 pa)
 101300 Nm-2 = 10.13 Ncm-2 = 1.013 kgcm-2

 Applications of Atmospheric Pressure


 Drinking with a straw
 Drawing a liquid into a syringe by withdrawing the plunger
 Holding a rubber sucker on a smooth surface
 Removing dust with vacuum cleaner
 Pressure Due to a Liquid Column
 The taller the liquid column (with narrow base), the larger the amount of liquid
contained, the greater the weight of the liquid to exert pressure
 The amount of pressure in the SAME liquid column is DIFFERENT at DIFFERENT
DEPTHS.
 The greater the depth, the greater the weight of the liquid above it, the greater
the pressure

 The pressure in a liquid depends on the HEIGHT of the liquid


 The amount of pressure increases with DEPTH

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
=
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
(𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒)(𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)
=
(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 × 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 = 𝝆 𝒈 𝒉 (𝜌 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑)

 2 cases of Liquid Pressure


1. With atmospheric pressure
 p = p0 + ρ g h
 Pressure at bottom = atmospheric pressure + pressure due to liquid column
In this case, when the container is open, there is atmospheric pressure acting
on the liquid as well.
2. Without atmospheric pressure
 p=ρgh
 Pressure at bottom = pressure due to liquid column only In this case, when
the container is closed, air is removed (vacuum), so there is no atmospheric
pressure.

 Factors affecting pressure in a liquid


1. Density of liquid
2. Depth of liquid
3. Gravitational acceleration

When it is at equilibrium, pressure must be the same at any point along the same depth
Note: pressure does not depend on the shape of the liquid column.

 Measurement of Pressure
1. Simple Mercury Barometer
 Used to measure atmospheric pressure

How to construct

 A thick-walled glass tube (about 1m long) is filled with


mercury completely
 The open end of the tube is covered with a finger and
inverted
 Place the inverted tube in a trough of mercury

Observation: The height of the mercury column found to be


about 760mm or 76cm
Atmospheric pressure = 1 atm or 760 mmHg or 76 cmHg

Reasons for using mercury in a barometer


 Mercury does not wet glass
 Mercury has a high density
2. Manometer
 Used to measure gas pressure

How to construct
 The manometer consists of a U-tube containing a column of
liquid
 The liquid can be mercury, water or oil

How to measure?
 When both arms are open, same atmospheric pressure is
exerted on the liquid surfaces (same horizontal level)
 To measure the pressure of a gas, left side is connected to a
gas supply
 The gas exerts pressure on the surface at L. The gas pressure must be greater
than atmospheric pressure to cause the right side to rise
 Pressure at L given by p = p0 + ρ g h
Pressure in: Solids liquids Gas
Pressure = Force/Area Pressure = h p g The air surrounding us exerts a
pressure in all directions which
h = depth of liquid (m) is about 105 Pa.
Equation p = density of liquid (kg/m3)
g = gravitational field
strength

This formula can only be - A liquid exerts pressure - A barometer is used to


used for solids. because of its weight. measure pressure. It consists
- Liquid pressure acts equally of an inverted tube in a dish of
in all directions. This is mercury. The space above the
because particles of the mercury in the tube is vacuum.
water can flow and wrap - Liquid mercury is used as its
around the object. density is very high and a
Remarks shorter barometer can be used
to show atmospheric pressure.
- An object can be bent/sucked
in due to the production of
vacuum and due to the
difference in pressure; the
atmospheric pressure will
press on the object.

 Hydraulic Systems
 Pressure can be transmitted throughout a liquid in hydraulic presses
 When a small force is applied to the smaller piston, pressure is exerted on the
liquid
 This pressure is transmitted in the liquid (oil) and is the same everywhere within
the oil. Thus the pressure at the bigger piston must also be p.
 Since area at the bigger piston is bigger, force must also be greater

A small force applied to the


smaller piston can lift a greater
load on the bigger piston

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