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25 views15 pages

Presentation 1

Uploaded by

2021uce0050
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lead Compensators

Objective: Improve the transient response by increasing the system's


phase margin, which leads to a faster response and increased stability.
Characteristics:
• A lead compensator introduces a phase lead (positive phase shift) in
a certain frequency range.
• This helps in increasing the system's bandwidth and improving the
transient response.
• Transfer Function: The transfer function of a lead compensator is
typically:
Lag Compensators
Objective: Improve the steady-state accuracy by reducing the steady-
state error without significantly affecting the transient response.
Characteristics:
• A lag compensator introduces a phase lag (negative phase shift) in a
certain frequency range.
• It boosts low-frequency gain, which helps in reducing steady-state
error.
• Transfer Function: The transfer function of a lag compensator is
typically:
Lead-Lag Compensators
Objective: Achieve both transient response improvement and steady-
state accuracy by combining the benefits of both lead and lag
compensators.
Characteristics:
• Combines a lead compensator for phase margin improvement with a
lag compensator for steady-state accuracy.
• Ideal for systems that need to enhance both the transient response
and reduce steady-state error.
• Transfer Function: The transfer function of a lead-lag compensator is:
Design Techniques: Bode Plot vs. Root Locus
Bode Plot Method:
• Lead Compensator: Increase phase margin by placing the zero near
the desired crossover frequency to achieve a boost in phase.
• Lag Compensator: Place the pole at a lower frequency to increase
low-frequency gain and reduce steady-state error.
• Lead-Lag Compensator: Combine the two to achieve both phase
margin improvement and steady-state accuracy.
The Bode plot approach is ideal for frequency-domain specifications,
especially when working with phase margin and gain margin
requirements.
Root Locus Method:
• Lead Compensator: Place the zero strategically to shape the root
locus toward the desired pole locations for transient response
improvements.
• Lag Compensator: Place the pole near the origin to improve steady-
state gain, minimizing the effect on the overall root locus.
• Lead-Lag Compensator: Combine lead and lag effects, adjusting the
zero and pole placements to balance transient and steady-state
requirements.
The root locus method is useful for time-domain specifications and is
often applied when specific pole locations or damping requirements
are essential

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