Multiple Integrals

Double Integrals Over Rectangles

✦ Volumes and double integrals
✦ Average value
✦ Properties of double integrals

z = f(x, y) = y

R y

x y  1  x2
 Recall… Single Integral
 We do a Riemann sum to approximate the area
under the graph of a function of one variable by
adding the areas of the rectangles that form below
the graph resulting from small increments of x
(x) within a given interval [a, b]:
y
x

y= f(x)

x
a b
 Double Integral
 Similarly, it is possible to obtain an approximation of the
volume of the solid under the graph of a function of two
variables.
z

y= f(x, y)

c d
y
a
R
b
x
 Volumes and Double Integrals

 Given a function f (x, y), defined on a closed rectangle

Suppose: f(x, y) ≥ 0.

 Question: What is the volume of the solid S under the

graph of f and above R?
Volumes (cont’d)
 Volumes (cont’d)

 We do this by
✦ dividing the interval [a, b] into m
subintervals [xi-1, xi] of equal width 
x = (b – a)/m and
✦ dividing [c, d] into n subintervals
[yj-1, yj] of equal width y = (d – c)/n.
 Next we form the subrectangles

each with area A = xy :

Volumes (cont’d)
 Volumes (cont’d)

 *
Volume of the rectangular pillar: f x , y
ij
*
ij  A
 Volumes (cont’d)
 Following this procedure for all the rectangles and
adding the volumes of the corresponding boxes, we
get an approximation to the total volume of S:
m n
V   f  xij* , yij*  A
i 1 j 1
 Volumes (cont’d)

 As m and n become larger and larger this

approximation becomes better and better.
 Thus we would expect that
m n
V  lim
m ,n
 f  x
i 1 j 1
*
ij , y  A
*
ij

 We use this expression to define the volume

of S.
 Double Integral

 Limits of the preceding type occur

frequently in a variety of settings, so we
make the following general definition:
 Double Integral (cont’d)

 A volume can be written as a double

integral:
 Double Integral (cont’d)

 The sum in our definition of double integral is

called a double Riemann sum and is an
approximation to the double integral.
 If f happens to be a positive function, then the
double Riemann sum is the sum of volumes of
columns and approximates the volume under the
graph of f.
 Example

 Estimate the volume of the solid that lies

✦ above the square R = [0, 2]  [0, 2] and
✦ below the elliptic paraboloid z = 16 – x2 – 2y2.
 Divide R into four equal squares and choose the sample
point to be the upper right corner of each square Rij.
 Sketch the solid and the approximating rectangular boxes.
 Solution
 The paraboloid is the graph of
f(x, y) = 16 – x2 – 2y2 and the
area of each square is 1.
Approximating the volume by
the Riemann sum with m = n
= 2, we have
 Using More Squares
 We get better approximations to the volume if we increase
the number of squares.
 The columns start to look more like the actual solid when
we use 16, 64, and 256 squares:
 The Midpoint Rule

 We use a double Riemann sum to approximate

the double integral.
 The sample point x *
ij , y  in Rij is chosen
*
ij


to be the center x , y of R :
i j ij 
 Average Value
 We define the average value of a function f of one
variable defined on a rectangle R as
1
fave   f x , y dA
A R  R
where A(R) is the area of R.
 If f(x, y) ≥ 0, the equation

A R  fave   f x , y dA
R
says that the box with base R and height fave has
the same volume as the solid that lies under the
graph of f.
 Average Value (cont’d)
If z = f(x, y) describes a mountainous region and we chop
off the tops of the mountains at height fave, then we can use
them to fill in the valleys so that the region becomes
completely flat:

Calculus
 Properties (cont’d)
Assume that all of the integrals exist.

 If f(x, y) ≥ g(x, y) for all (x, y) in R, then

 Theorem 1
Evaluating a Double Integral Over a Plane Region

a. Suppose g1(x) and g2(x) are continuous functions on [a, b] and

the region R is defined by R = {(x, y)| g1(x)  y  g2(x); a  x  b}.
Then,
b
 g2 ( x )
 dx
R  f ( x , y ) dA  a  g1 ( x ) f ( x , y ) dy

y

y = g2(x)

y = g1(x)

x
a b
 Theorem 1
Evaluating a Double Integral Over a Plane Region

b. Suppose h1(y) and h2(y) are continuous functions on [c, d] and

the region R is defined by R = {(x, y)| h1(y)  x  h2(y); c  y  d}.
Then,
d
 h2 ( y )
 dy
R  f ( x , y ) dA  c  h1 ( y ) f ( x , y ) dx

y

R
x = h1(y) x = h2(y)

c
x
 Examples
 Evaluate ∫R∫f(x, y)dA given that f(x, y) = x2 + y2 and R is the
region bounded by the graphs of g1(x) = x and g2(x) = 2x
for 0  x  2.
Solution
 The region under consideration is:

y g2(x) = 2x

4 g1(x) = x
3

2 R
1

x
1 2 3 4
 Examples
 Evaluate ∫R∫f(x, y)dA given that f(x, y) = x2 + y2 and R is the
region bounded by the graphs of g1(x) = x and g2(x) = 2x
for 0  x  2.
Solution
 Using Theorem 1, we find:


2  1 3 
2x
 
f ( x, y )dA    ( x  y )dy dx    x y  y   dx
2 2x

2 2 2
0  x 
 3  x 
R 0

2  3 8 3   3 1 3  
  2 x  3 x    x  3 x   dx
0
   
2
10 3
2 5 4
 x dx  x = 40/3
0 3 6 0
 Examples
 Evaluate ∫R∫f(x, y)dA, where f(x, y) = xey and R is the plane
region bounded by the graphs of y = x2 and y = x.
Solution
 The region under consideration is:
 The points of intersection of
the two curves are found by y
2
solving the equation x = x,
giving x = 0 and x = 1. 1

g2(x) = x

R
g1(x) = x2
x
1
 Examples
 Evaluate ∫R∫f(x, y)dA, where f(x, y) = xey and R is the plane
region bounded by the graphs of y = x2 and y = x.
Solution
 Using Theorem 1, we find:

f ( x, y )dA    2 xe dy dx    xe  2  dx
  
1 x x

1
y y
R 0
 x  0 x 
1 1
  ( xe  xe )dx  0 xe dx  0 xe dx
1 x2
x x2 x
0

1
 1 
 ( x  1)e x  e x 
2
Integrating by parts on
 2 0 the right-hand side

1  1 1
  e   1    (3  e)
2  2 2
 The Volume of a Solid Under a Surface

 Let R be a region in the xy-plane and let f be

continuous and nonnegative on R.
 Then, the volume of the solid under a surface
bounded above by z = f(x, y) and below by R is
given by
V   f ( x, y)dA
R
 Example
 Find the volume of the solid bounded above by the plane
z = f(x, y) = y and below by the plane region R defined by
y  1  x2 (0  x  1)
Solution
 The graph of the region R is:
 Observe that f(x, y) = y > 0 for (x, y) ∈ R.

1
y  1  x2

x
1
 Example
 Find the volume of the solid bounded above by the plane
z = f(x, y) = y and below by the plane region R defined by
y  1  x2 (0  x  1)
Solution
 Therefore, the required volume is given by

1 1 x2 
V    ydA     ydy  dx
R 0
 0 


1 1
1 x 2 
11
  y 2
 dx   (1  x 2 )dx

0 2
 0 2
 0

1
1 1 3 1
 x x  
2 3 0 3
 Example
 Find the volume of the solid bounded above by the plane
z = f(x, y) = y and below by the plane region R defined by
y  1  x2 (0  x  1)
Solution
z
 The graph of the solid
in question is: z = f(x, y) = y

R y

x y  1  x2