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OLED

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30 views11 pages

OLED

Uploaded by

24ad083
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Organic Light

Emitting
Diode(OLED)
Module 2
Organic Light Emitting Diode
(OLED)
An OLED (organic light emitting diode) is a
light emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive
electroluminescent layer is a film of organic
compound which emits light in response to an
electric current.
• This layer of organic semiconductor is situated
between two electrodes, at least one of these
electrodes is transparent .
• OLEDs are used to create digital displays in
devices such as TV screens, computer monitors,
etc.
• There are two main families of OLED
1. Those employing conducting polymers
Principle
The principle of conjugated polymer OLED is
HOMO-LUMO transitions. The basic principle of
small molecule OLED is the creation of a light-
emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) on adding
mobile ions to an OLED
OLED employing conducting
polymers
• A typical OLED is composed of a layers of organic
materials between two electrodes, the anode and
cathode, which are all deposited on a substrate.
• The organic molecules are electrically conductive as a
result of delocalization of conjugated π-electrons.
• These materials have conductivity levels ranging from
insulators to conductors, and are considered as organic
semiconductors.
• The highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular
orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) of organic semiconductors are
similar to the valence and conduction bands of
inorganic semiconductors like silicon.
• The organic compounds used in OLEDs include derivatives
of poly (p-phenylene vinylene – PPV) and polyfluorene.
The colour of the emitted light depends on the
Construction

OLED have a simple bilayer structure, consisting of a


conductive layer and an emissive layer
A typical OLED structure consists of:
1. A transparent glass substrate which support the OLED
2. Anode made of indium tin oxide (ITO) which add holes
(or removes electrons) when a current flows through
the device.
3. A metallic cathode made of Al, Ca or Ag. It injects
electrons when a current flows through the device.
4. Organic bilayer consisting of a hole transport layer
(HTL)/conducting layer and an emissive layer (EML)
/an electron transport layer (ETL). The emissive
layer (near to cathode) is made up of n-type polymer
molecules (polyfluorene) and conductive layer (near
to anode) is made up of p-type polymer (polyaniline)
Construction
OLED
Working

➢ When a voltage is applied across anode and


cathode, the cathode (the negative terminal)
receives electrons from the power source and the
anode (the positive terminal) loses them. As a
result of this, the n-type emissive layer, becomes
more negatively charged (due to the increase in the
supply of electrons) and the p-type conductive layer
becomes more positively charged (more holes).
Compared to electrons, holes are more mobile. So
they jump across the boundary from conductive
layer to the emissive layer.
When a hole meets an electron, the positive and
negative charge cancel out and release a brief
burst of energy in the form of a quantum of light
or a photon. This process is called recombination.
As long as the current keeps flowing, the OLED
Small-molecule OLED

➢ It consists of three organic layers


sandwiched between electrodes
➢ Electron transport layer (ETL) is the
organic layer adjacent to cathode
➢ Hole transport layer (HTL) is adjacent to
anode
➢ Emissive layer (EML) usually consists of
light-emitting dyes or dopants dispersed in a
suitable host material. Materials like
quinacridone derivatives are often used.
Aaluminium quinacridone
Advantages
 Manufacture of OLED is highly economical and is
more efficient than LCD and flat panel screens.
 OLEDs are small, thin, light and flexible
 OLED has a refresh rate of 100, 000Hz which is
almost 9900Hz greater than an LCD display.
(Refresh rate-how many times per second the
display is able to draw a new image.)
 Better viewing experience. As the contrast ratio
of OLED is very high, it can be watched from an
angle nearly 90 degrees without any difficulty
 No back light and less power consumption
 The response time is less than 0.01ms in OLED and
for LED it is 1ms.
 OLEDs are cold lighting sources as they do not
generate any heat.
Applications
• OLEDs are used for making screens of smart
watches, mobile phones, laptops and TVs
• High light output of OLEDs favour the
readability in sunlight.

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