CHAPTER 1: Communication Importance Of Communication

Etymology 1. Helps build good relationships

●Communis; Latin ; common, public, 2. Can make life more enjoyable
general 3. Can enhance overall well-being
● Communicare; to share, divide out; Functions
communicate, impart, inform; join, 1. to meet our social needs.
unite, participate in; to make 2. to enhance and maintain our sense
common of self
● Communicationem; Latin ; a making 3. to develop relationships
common, imparting, communicating; 4. to exchange information
a figure of speech 5. to influence others
● Communicacion; Old French 6 Crucial Characteristics of
● Communication; Early 15c ; act of Communication
communicating, act of imparting,
Communication is..
discussing, debating, conferring
Communication 1. Dynamic
2. Unrepeatable and Irreversible
● the process of exchanging and
3. Affected by Culture
acting on information between two or
4. Influenced by Ethics
more people.
5. Competence-based
● Involves an exchange of Verbal
6. Being transformed by media and
and/or Non-verbal messages
technology
(Hergie, 2011)
Nine Principles of Effective
● The process of generating
messages by sending and Communication
receiving (Communication in The 1. Clarity - it makes speeches
Real World) understandable
● The process of transmitting and 2. Courtesy - builds goodwill; involves
sending through speaking, writing, being polite
using pictures, and using non 3. Correctness - glaring grammar can
verbal language (Oxford Dictionary) obscure the meaning of the
● Process of exchanging information sentence.
through symbols, signs, behavior 4. Concreteness - reduces
(Merriam-Webster Dictionary) misunderstandings; messages must
● The process of making sense out be supported by facts; abstract
of the world and sharing it by words must be avoided
creating meaning through the use of 5. Conciseness - simplicity and
verbal and non-verbal messages directness; avoid using lengthy
(Beebe & Ivy, 2013) expressions and words
Family communication is the largest 6. Cultural Sensitivity - this becomes
single factor determining the kinds of an important standard for effective
communication due to increasing
relationships (we make) with others. (Satir,
emphasis on empowering diverse
2008) cultures
 7. Creativity - having the ability to craft 9. Feedback - the response of receiver
interesting messages in terms of to sender
sentence structure and word choice. Types of Context
8. Captivating - one must strive to ● Physical Context - location;
make messages interesting to environment conditions; physical
command more attention distance between communicators;
9. Consideration - messages must be seating arrangement; time of the day
geared towards the audience with ● Social Context - expressed purpose
consideration of the event as well as the nature of
Five Forms of Communication the relationships between and
1. Intrapersonal -communication with among the participants
oneself ● Historical Context - shared history
2. Interpersonal - communication between communicators that
between people who live mutually to impacts their current understanding
influence one another; occurs in ● Psychological Context -
dyads (pairs) encompasses moods and feelings
3. Group - occurs when 3 or more that a person brings to the
people communicate to achieve a conversation
shared goal ● Cultural Context - is the beliefs,
4. Public - occurs when one person
conveys information to an audience values, and ways of life of a
5. Mass Communication - occurs
group that influence how people
when messages are sent through
print or electronic media communicate. (Samovar &
Elements of Communication
Porter, 2003)
1. Source/Sender - forms and
transmits messages Types of Noise
2. Message - the verbal or nonverbal
content being conveyed by the ● Environmental Noise - physical
sender. Contains meaning and noise present in a communication
symbol encounter
3. Encoding - process of transforming ● Internal Noise - the thoughts and
thoughts into a message feelings that distracts your attention
4. Decoding - the process of when in a conversation
interpreting the encoded message ● Semantic Noise - happens when
sent by the sender the sender and receiver don't
5. Receiver - the one who decodes the understand each other's symbols,
message like due to language barrier.
6. Channel(s) - the means through
which messages pass
7. Context - the environment in which
communication takes place
8. Noise - the interference in between
the communication process
Communication Process ● Some believe a universal
Shannon and Weaver Model - This model ethical code is the best way to

helps us understand how messages can judge right and wrong

behavior, including
get distorted during communication.
communication.
Primary Principles of Communication
● Ethical communication is
1. Be aware of your communication to
yourself and others essential for responsible thinking,
2. Effectively use and interpret verbal
messages decision-making, and building
3. Effectively use and interpret strong relationships. It values
non-verbal messages
4. Listen and respond thoughtfully truthfulness, fairness,
5. Appropriately adapt messages to
others responsibility, and respect for all.
Ethics in Communication ● Ethical communicators must be
● Ethics - the moral principles of right
sensitive to others' needs,
and wrong
● Critical Components of Human respect their choices, privacy,
Behavior: Ethics and Ethical
Behavior self-worth, and provide honest
● Cultures rely on shared rules and
information.
norms to guide how people interact
and organize society. CHAPTER 2: COMMUNICATION AND
● Norms - are rules that guide
GLOBALIZATION
acceptable behavior within a
Globalization
group. They define what's
● the process of increased
considered normal and interconnectedness, most notably in
economics, politics, and culture
appropriate.
● Globalization is the process of
Three Universal Cultural Norms
the world becoming more similar
1. The value of truth in terms of goods, services, and
2. Respect for another's dignity
3. The expectation that innocent cultural influences.
people should not suffer any harm ● The increasing
interconnectedness of countries
 was made possible by easier franca) in many areas like
travel and communication. education, government, and
● Globalization is a broad set of business.
changes that have reshaped the Globalization and Communication
world in recent decades.
● Globalization is characterized by
● Globalization is a complex and
increasing interdependence
multifaceted phenomenon.
between countries, fueled by
● It is a natural result of
digital advancements, rapid
technological progress and can
communication, and accessible
lead to positive economic and
information.
political connections.
● Globalization has blurred national
● It's driven by economic forces but
boundaries through increased
also shaped by political
communication.
interactions between businesses,
● Understanding cultural
governments, and international
differences can help avoid
corporations.
miscommunication
● Globalization is equated with
● The goal of global communication
economic growth and recognition
is to achieve understanding
Origins of Globalization
and connection through
● Globalization began in Great effective communication.
Britain, which emphasized the Strategies to Become an Effective
importance of the English
Global Communicator
language.
● Review communication principles
● Great Britain's global expansion
● Analyze the message receiver
fueled the growth of globalization.
● Be open and accept other
Today, English serves as a
cultures
common language (lingua
 ● Learn about cultures and apply ● it involves interactions between
people with varying cultures and
what is learned backgrounds
To Communicate Effectively:
● Consider language needs
1. Find ways to communicate your
Effects of Globalization messages to someone without
hurting the other person due to
1. Easy access to information cultural differences
2. Edutainment - an integration of 2. We must remember that there are
education and entertainment. internal and external considerations
3. The Internet is a tool that brings to be done when communicating
edutainment with others
Entrepreneurial Marvels Effective communication is crucial in any

● Globalization has transformed interaction

business communication, allowing ● it involves a complex
for virtual meetings and information comprehension of how symbols
exchange through internet and signs are presented based on
technology, reducing the need for the cultures and environment of the
long-distance travel. communicators
● Improved communication allows Culture
businesses to market globally more ● (Martin & Nakayama, 2010) culture
effectively. is the learned patterns and
● Advanced communication also attitudes shared by a group of
enables international organizations people
to react quickly to changing ● (Geert Hofstede, 1984) Culture is
economic, political, or social the programming of the mind
conditions. ● Culture shapes one's perceptions
and ideas
Intercultural Communication
● It is the communication between
Increase Social Awareness
two people with different cultures
● Information Technology and
(Chen & Starosta, 1898)
networks enable them to share
● It is a symbolic, interpretative,
opinions, and views, work on
transactional, contextual process
projects, and research on different
(Lustig & Koester, 2007)
areas.
● it refers to the effects on
communication behavior when
CHAPTER 3 different cultures interact with one
another. (Asaratnam, 2013)
Communication
Communication is affected by differences of
● is not just the mere sending and
culture and backgrounds.
receiving of messages
 ● Culture becomes a significant ● Nonverbal cues are very crucial and
determiner of how people approach more often control how the message
any form of communication is understood more than the verbal
● People encounter difficulties in cues which may be more indirect
processing and understanding than direct (Halverson & Tirmizi,
messages due to factors like 2008).
language, context, and meaning ● On a more fundamental level,
● Problems often happen when there high-context communities are less
is a lack of comprehension about formal, and relational harmony is
how certain cultures "work" valued and maintained as decisions
How to lessen miscommunication in an are made. (Sagepub.com)
intercultural context Low-Context Culture

1. understand that no two individuals are ● Communicators find meaning

primarily in the words of
alike
messages, not the surroundings.
2. observe and learn the cultures of other (Sagepub.com)
people that can possibly cause ● Meanings are communicated
explicitly or clearly
miscommunication
● nonverbal communication is not
High-Context and Low-Context Cultures easily comprehended.
- (Neese, 2016) this refers to the values ● Self-expression becomes relational
value.
cultures place upon direct and indirect
● such culture prefer direct
communication communication.
- they both rely on verbal and non verbal ● Relationships do not seem to have
cues an important role in the
communication process.
High-Context Culture ● Ideas and information are sent and
● the meaning of a message is received explicitly (Halverson &
primarily drawn from the Tirmizi, 2008)
surroundings Cultural differences shape how people
● people in this culture don't have to interact and communicate with one another.
say much
● It takes into account the background ● Most of the time,
information of the sender and misinterpretations are a result of
receiver when comprehending differences in cultural values
message (Spring, 2000).
● people read nonverbal cues with Potential Areas for Misinterpretation
high degree of accuracy in Intercultural Communication
● Productivity would depend on According to AJ Schuler (2003)
how these relationships work
1. Opening and closing conversations
within and among the members
2. Taking turns during conversations
of the group.
3. Interrupting
 4. Using silence ● - Productivity would depend on how
5. Using appropriate topics of these relationships work within and
conversation among the members
6. Using humor of the group.
7. Knowing how much to say ●
8. Sequencing elements during a ● - Nonverbal cues are very crucial
conversation and more often control how the
Skill Set for Intercultural Understanding message is understood more than
1. Know your biases and stereotypes the verbal cues which may be more
2. Tolerate the unknown indirect than
3. Practice cultural respect direct (Halverson & Tirmizi, 2008).
4. Educate yourself ● - On a more fundamental level,
5. Be prepared for consequences high-context communities are less
6. Relate to the individual, not the formal, and relational harmony is
culture valued and maintained as decisions
● Culture is not merely limited to are made. (Sagepub.com)
geographics. Low-Context Culture
● Intercultural communication is an ● Communicators find meaning
ever-evolving process. primarily in the words in messages,
● How people communicate not the surroundings.
will continue to change over time. (Sagepub.com)
● No culture is better than the other ● Meanings are communicated
● No culture is perfect. explicitly or clearly
High-Context and Low-Context Cultures ● nonverbal communication is not
- (Neese, 2016) this refers to the values easily
comprehended.
cultures place upon direct and indirect
● Self-expression becomes relational
communication value.
- they both rely on verbal and non verbal ● such culture prefer direct
communication.
cues
● Relationships do not seem to
High-Context Culture have an important role in the
● - the meaning of a message is communication process.
primarily ● Ideas and information are sent and
● - people in this culture don't have to received explicitly (Halverson &
say much because of their Tirmizi, 2008)
similarities ● Cultural differences shape how
● - It takes into account the people interact and communicate
background information of the with one another.
sender and receiver when ● Most of the time,
comprehending message misinterpretations are a result of
● - In high-context cultures, people differences in cultural values
typically read nonverbal cues with (Spring, 2000).
high degree of accuracy