MODULE NAME:COMPUTER NETWORKS

MODULE CODE: CS3103

UNIT I COMPUTER NETWORK AND THE

INTERNET
What is Network:
A computer network links two or more computers so that they can
exchange data share resources such as printer etc.
1. Data(Files)
2. Resources(Printer, Scanner, etc)
Example:

Branch office connected with

head office, Group of People,
Railway tracks, Highways
Network Criteria
1. Performance:
Performance is measured in two ways:
* Transit time:
Time taken by a message to travel form one device to other.
* Response time
Time elapsed between inquiry and response
2. Reliability:
*Accuracy in delivery
*Measured by Network failure
3. Security/Scalability
*How our data is protected
Data communication
Exchange of data between two devices through the a transmission mode
1. Wired
2. Wireless
Components of Data communication:
1. Message: Information to be communicated.
2. Sender: Device that send the message
3. Receiver: Device that receive the message
4. Transmission medium: Path through which the message travel from
sender to receiver.
5. Protocol: Set of rules that governs data communication
What is internet:
The internet is a type of world wide computer network.
The internet is a global network of billions of computer and other electronic
devices. With the internet, it’s possible to access almost any information,
communicate with anyone else in the world, and do much more.
Example: Email, Web access, file transfer and many others.
Computer Network Work
A computer network is a set of computer that are connected together
so they can share information.

Computer network is a group of

computers connected with each
other through wire, optical fibers
or optical link

So that various device interact with

can interact with each other
through a network.
Computer Network can be categorized their size

There are different Type of Network

1. Personal area network(PAN)

2. Local area network(LAN)
3. Metropolitan area network(MAN)
4. Wide area network(WAN)
Personal area network(PAN)
Personal area network(PAN)

Personal area network is a network

arranged with in an individual
person typically with in a range of 10
meters.

Personal area network is used for

connecting the computer device of
personal use is known as a PAN
Local Area Network(LAN)

Local area network is a group of

computers connected to each other in
a small area such as building, office.

LAN is used for connecting two or

more personal computer through a
communication medium such as
twisted,
Pair, coaxial cable, etc
Metropolitan area network(MAN)

A metropolitan area network is a

network that covers a larger
geographical area by
interconnecting a different LAN to
form a larger network.

Government agencies Use MAN to

connect citizens and private
industries

In MAN various LAN are connected

to each other through a telephone
exchange line.
Wide Area Network(WAN)

Wide area network is a network that

extends large geographical area such
as state or countries.

A wide area network is quite bigger

network than the LAN.
 Network Edge
Computer and other devices are
connected at the end(Edge) of the
network.

That computers are known as hosts or end

system

End system:

In computer networks the computer to

internet are referred as end system. The
end system also called hosts.
Host:
A network host is a computer or other device connected to a
computer network.

Router:
A router is a device that forwards data packet along networks
Client:
A client is program running on one
end system that request and receives
a service form a server program running
On another end system
Eg. Web browser

Server:
A server is program running on one centralize
System that provides services to client and
Receives request from clients.
Eg: web server, email server, printer sever.
Connection oriented:
It is one kind of service. In connection oriented,
direct path is establish between source and
destination. Eg. Telephone system.
Connection less service
Connectionless service is a method of data transmission between two
computers in a different network.
Connectionless service is also termed as datagram service. This Service
look-alike the postal system where each letter carries its source
&desitination address and each one of them through a different path.
Computer network terms
 Bandwidth
Bandwidth is a measure of network speed or how fast the network
can transmit data. It’s typically measured in bits per second (bps),
megabits per second (Mbps), or gigabits per second (Gbps).
 Latency
When you want to transmit data within a network — whether to
download something from a local file server or stream a movie from
the Internet — there’s a delay between when you send your request
and when the other computer on the network receives it. This delay
is called latency.
 Ethernet
When people think about wired networks, they think of Ethernet and
Ethernet cables. Ethernet refers to a universal technology standard
for transmitting data over computer networks, much like how HDMI
is a universal standard for transmitting video and audio. Ethernet
cable standards include requirements for transmission speeds, cable
length, connector type, and cable construction.
 Modems
Modems convert one type of signal — like an analog signal
from a coaxial cable — to a digital signal that can be
transmitted wirelessly or via an Ethernet cable. On the flip
side, when you send information via the Internet, your modem
converts that digital signal into an analog signal. This signal is
then transmitted over the coaxial cable to your ISP’s servers
that communicate with the rest of the Internet.
Routers
Routers direct traffic within a network. They keep
close track of who’s connected to the network by
assigning each computer or device an Internet
Protocol (IP) address.
 Network Core
 The network core is referred as the mesh of routers that interconnect
the internet’s end system.
How Data transferred through network?
Different switching techniques are used for data transmission the network.
Basic methods of switching are:
 Packet switching
 Circuit switching
 Message Switching
What is switching
 Switching is the most valuable asset of computer network.
* Every time in computer network you access the internet or
another computer network outside your immediate location, or your
message are sent through a maze of transmission media and
connection devices.
* The mechanism for exchange of information between different
computer networks and network segments is called switching in
networking.
*In other words we can say that any type of signal or data element
directing or switching toward a particular hardware address or
hardware pieces.
What is packet?

The basic unit of information to be transferred over the network

is referred to as a packet.

A packet is organized much like a conventional letter.

It contains Header and message.

What is packet Header?

Each packet has a header, which corresponds to the envelope.

The header contains the address of the recipient and the sender,
plus information on how to handle the packet as it travels
through each layer of the protocol suite.

What is Message?
The message part o the packet corresponds to the letter itself.
Network delay

•Network delay refers to the amount of time it takes for a packet to go

from point A to point B
•The time required to transmit a packet along its entire path.
•If point A is the source and point B is the destination, the delay is called an
end to end delay.
The types of are
•Propagation delay
•Transmission delay
•Queuing delay
•Processing delay
The delays, here, means the time for which the processing of a particular
packet takes place. We have the following types of delays in computer
networks:
1. Transmission Delay:
The time taken to transmit a packet from the host to the transmission
medium is called Transmission delay.

For example, if bandwidth is 1 bps (every second 1 bit can be

transmitted onto the transmission medium) and data size is 20 bits
then what is the transmission delay? If in one second, 1 bit can be
transmitted. To transmit 20 bits, 20 seconds would be required.
2. Propagation delay:
After the packet is transmitted to the transmission medium, it has to go
through the medium to reach the destination. Hence the time taken by the last
bit of the packet to reach the destination is called propagation delay.

Factors affecting propagation delay:

Distance – It takes more time to reach the destination if the distance of the
medium is longer.
Velocity – If the velocity(speed) of the medium is higher, the packet will be
received faster.
Tp = Distance / Velocity
Note:
Velocity =3 X 10^8 m/s (for air)
Velocity= 2.1 X 10^8 m/s (for optical fibre)
Queuing delay:
Let the packet is received by the destination, the packet will not be
processed by the destination immediately. It has to wait in a queue in
something called a buffer. So the amount of time it waits in queue before
being processed is called queuing delay.
In general, we can’t calculate queuing delay because we don’t have any
formula for that.
This delay depends upon the following factors:
If the size of the queue is large, the queuing delay will be huge.
If the queue is empty there will be less or no delay.
If more packets are arriving in a short or no time interval, queuing delay
will be large.
The less the number of servers/links, the greater is the queuing delay.
4. Processing delay:
Now the packet will be taken for the processing which is called processing
delay.
Time is taken to process the data packet by the processor that is the time
required by intermediate routers to decide where to forward the packet,
update TTL, perform header checksum calculations.

Throughput
Throughput in Packet switching:
Network throughput refers to how much data can be transferred form
source to destination with in a given time frame.
Throughput measures how many packet arrive at their destinations
successfully.
Throughput is a good way to measure the performance of the network
connection
Loss in packet switching:
Packet loss occurs when one or more packet of data traveling across a
computer network fail to reach their destination.
Packet loss is either caused by errors in data transmission, typically across
wireless networks or network congestion.
Packet loss is measured as a percentage of packets lost with respect to
packets sent.
Protocol layer and their service model

Protocols:
There need to accepted rules so devices can be compatible and reliably
communicate – these are what protocols are
Protocols are usually developed in layers, with each being responsible for a
different part of the communication process.
TCP/IP has 4 Layers:
Application layer – HTTP/S, FTP, SMTP, IMAP & POP, DNS
Transport Layer - TCP, UDP
Network layer – IP
Link layer – Ethernet, Wifi
Application Layer:
Where the network applications operate
(eg. Web browsers, email clients)

Transport Layer:
Set up the communication between the two hosts, including agreed rules
(like packet size)

Network Layer:
Addresses and packages the data, then actually routes it.

Link Layer:
Where the hardware(eg NICs) and drivers operate
Application layer:
The application layer is responsible for supporting network applications.
The application layer includes many protocols, including HTTP to support
the Web, FTP to support file transfer.
Transport layer: The transport layer is responsible for transporting
application-layer messages between the client and server sides of an
application. In the Internet there are two transport protocols, TCP and UDP,
either of which can transport application-layer messages.
Network layer: The network layer is responsible for routing datagrams
from one host to another. The Internet's network layer has two principle
components. First it has a protocol that defines the fields in the IP datagram
as well as how the end systems and routers act on these fields. This protocol
is the celebrated IP protocol.. There is only one IP protocol, and all Internet
components that have a network layer must run the IP protocol. The
Internet's network layer also contains routing protocols that determine the
routes that datagrams take between sources and destinations.
Link layer: The network layer routes a packet through a series of packet
switches between the source and destination. To move a packet from one
node (host or packet switch) to the next node in the route, the network layer
must rely on the services of the link layer.

Physical layer: While the job of the link layer is to move entire frames from
one network element to an adjacent network element, the job of the physical
layer is to move the individual bits within the frame from one node to the
next.
For example, Ethernet has many physical layer protocols: one for twisted-
pair copper wire, another for coaxial cable, another for fiber, etc. In each
case, a bit is moved across the link in a different way.
Thank You