EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Internship Report submitted in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the award of a degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted by
PATNANA KALYANI
22NT5A0430

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Dr. Kausar Jahan
Associate Professor

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

57th DIVISION, NARAVA, VISAKHAPATNAM - 530 027

Academic Year 2024-25

 INTERNSHIP 2 MONTHS REPORT
2024

INTERNSHIP PERIOD DURING

2024
 CERTIFICATE OF INTERNSHIP

This is to certify that the INTERNSHIP report entitled “EMBEDDED SYSTEM” is

being submitted by PATNANA KALYANI (22NT5A0430) in partial fulfillment for
the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and
Communication Engineering to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
Gurajada Vizianagaram is a record of bonafied work carried out under my
guidance and supervision.

The results embodied in this INTERNSHIP report have not been submitted to
any other University or Institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma.

Dr. Kausar Jahan M.Tech, Ph. D Dr. B. Jeevan Rao M.Tech., Ph.d

Internship Guide Head of the

Department

EXTERNAL SIGNATURE
INTERNSHIP COMPLETION CERTIFICATE
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that work entitled “EMBEDDED SYSEM “ is

submitted towards completion of summer internship program
after 3rd year of B.Tech (ECE) at SkillDzire comprises of our
original work pursue under the guidance of Department of ECE.
This work has not been submitted to any other university or
institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

Place:Narava PATNANA KALYANI

date : 12-11-2024 (22NT5AO430)

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This work could not have been fruitful without the continuous guidance and
support from numerous people.

A project is a golden opportunity for learning and self- development. I

consider myself very lucky and Honor to have so many wonderful people, lead me
through, in completing of this project.
I wish to thank my Guide Dr. Kausar Jahan, Associate Professor, ECE who
constantly encouraged me throughout the completion of my internship work.

I would like to exhibit my thanks to Dr. B. Jeevana Rao, Head of the

Department, VIET for his consistent support throughout my work. I would like to
extend my thanks to Dr. D. Santha Rao, Dean Academics, VIET and Dr. G. V.
Pradeep Varma, Principal, VIET for their mind provoking analysis on my work.

My deep gratitude goes to Sri G. Satyanarayana Garu, Chairman, VIET for

providing facilities on the campus and encouraging us for internship.

I thank the Almighty for giving me the strength and patience to work through
all these years.

ii
 ABSTRACT

Embedded systems are increasingly becoming integral parts of almost all

technology
oriented applications. Embedded systems are the unsung heroes of much of the
technology we use today- video games, washing machines etc.The appliances
using
embedded systems are pre programmed to perform a dedicated or narrow range
of
functions as part of a large system, usually with minimal end user interaction and
optimum perform Embedded systems are used in navigation tools like global
positioning systems (GPS), automated teller machines(ATM's), networking
equipment's such as Echo cancellation, facsimile etc. the coming together of
embedded systems and the internet, which made possible the net working of
several
embedded systems to operate as part of a large system across networks be it a
LAN,
WAN, or the Internet. This convergence of embedded systems with the Internet
going
to transfer the way we live.The Embedded systems are fast achieving ubiquity,
blurring the lines between science fiction and hard reality.

iii
 CONTENTS

S.NO TITLE PAGE N0.

1 Introduction on Embedded System 1-2

3
2 Embedded Systems Examples

3 General-purpose Microprocessor 4

4-6
4 Basics of Microcontroller

5 Microprocessor vs Microcontroller 6-7

6 Pin description of 8051 Microcontrollers 7-10

7 Popular Microcontrollers 10

9 Three criteria in Choosing a Microcontroller 11

9 Hardware Structure of I/O Pin 12

10 Interfacing 16×2 LCD with 8051 12-14

11 Compents required 15-17

12
Circuit explaianation 17-20

13 21

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

S.No. TITLE PAGE NO.

1 embedded system 1

2 watch moving using microprocessor your 2

microoven

3 micro controller processs 2

4 embedded system examples 3

5 general purpose micro processor system 4

6 :block daigram of micro controller 6

7 differnce between micro controller and micro 6

processor
block diagram of micro processor and micro
8 controller 7

9 schematic internal architecture of a micro 8

controller
10 13

pin diagram of 8051

11 hardware structure 16

12 :LCD display 18

v
1. Introduction on Embedded System
o An embedded system is a special purpose system that is used to perform
one or few dedicated functions.
o Simply, we can call any electronic device that has a computer system
embedded inside it an embedded system.

Fig1:embedded system

o The microprocessor is the core of computer systems.

o Many communication, digital entertainment, portable devices, are controlled by
them.
o A designer should know what types of components he needs, ways to reduce
production costs and product reliable.
o Embedded systems are made to perform few tasks only, after implementation
you can’t use them for another purposes.
o Ex. You can’t watch movies using the microprocessor of your microwave oven!!

1
Fig2:watch moving using microprocessor your microoven

Fig3: micro controller processs

2
2.Embedded Systems Examples

o  Digital and analog televisions

o  Set-top boxes (DVDs, VCRs, Cable boxes)

o  Personal digital assistants (PDAs)

o  MP3’s and iPod's

o  Kitchen appliances (refrigerators, microwave ovens)

o  Telephones/cell phones

o  Cameras

o  Global Positioning Systems And many others.

3
 Fig4:embedded system examples

3. Basics of micro controller

 CPU for Computers

 No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself

 Example Intel’s x86, Motorola’s 680x0

4
 Fig5:general purpose micro processor system

4.MICRO CONTROLLER

i. It’s a full computer system on a chip, even if its resources are far more

limited than of a desktop personal computer.

ii.  Designed for standalone operations.

iii.  A microcontroller has a processor and many peripherals integrated

with it on the same chip, like

iv. a flash memory, RAM, I/O ports, serial communication ports, ADC …Etc.

v.  A Timer Module to allow the MCU to perform tasks for certain time

periods.

5
 vi.  A Serial I/O Port to allow data to flow between the MC and other

devices such as a PC or another MCU.

vii.  An ADC to allow the MCU to accept analog inputs for processing.

viii.  But a microprocessor can’t do all the functions of a computer system

on its own, and needs another

ix. circuits to support it like: I/O devices, RAM, ROM, DMA controllers,

Timers, ADC, LCD drivers.. Etc

fig6:block daigram of micro controller

2.Microprocessor vs MicroController

6
Fig7:differnce between micro controller and micro processor

Fig8:block diagram of micro processor and micro controller

7
 Fig9:schematic internal architecture of a micro controller

3.Pin description of 8051 Microcontrollers

Fig10:pin diagram of 8051

8
Vcc（pin 40）：

– Vcc provides supply voltage to the chip.

– The voltage source is +5V.

 GND（pin 20）：ground

 XTAL1 and XTAL2（pins 19,18）

 RST（pin 9）：reset

– It is an input pin and is active high（normally low）.

 The high pulse must be high at least 2 machine cycles.

– It is a power-on reset.

 Upon applying a high pulse to RST, the microcontroller will reset and all

values in registers will be lost.

 Reset values of some 8051 registers 

 /EA（pin 31）：external access

– There is no on-chip ROM in 8031 and 8032 .

– The /EA pin is connected to GND to indicate the code is stored

externally.

– /PSEN ＆ ALE are used for external ROM.

– For 8051, /EA pin is connected to Vcc.

– “/” means active low.

 /PSEN（pin 29）：program store enable

– This is an output pin and is connected to the OE pin of the ROM.

 ALE（pin 30）：address latch enable

9
 – It is an output pin and is active high.

– 8051 port 0 provides both address and data.

– The ALE pin is used for de-multiplexing the address and data by

connecting to the pin of the 74LS373 latch.

 I/O port pins

– The four ports P0, P1, P2, and P3.

– Each port uses 8 pins.

– All I/O pins are bi-directional.

4.Popular Microcontrollers
 8051 (Intel and others)

 80386 EX (Intel)

 PIC (Microchip)

 68HC05 (Motorola)

 Z8 (Zilog)

5.Three criteria in Choosing a Microcontroller

1. Meeting the computing needs of the task efficiently and cost

effectively

o • speed, the amount of ROM and RAM, the number of I/O

ports and timers, size, packaging, power consumption

o • easy to upgrade

o • cost per unit

10
 2. Availability of software development tools

o • assemblers, debuggers, C compilers, emulator, simulator,

technical support

3. Wide availability and reliable sources of the microcontrollers.

6.The necessary tools for a microprocessor/controller

 CPU: Central Processing Unit

 I/O: Input /Output

 Bus: Address bus & Data bus

 Memory: RAM & ROM

 Timer

 Interrupt

 Serial Port

 Parallel Port

7.Pins of I/O Port

The 8051 has four I/O ports

o – Port 0 （pins 32-39）：P0（P0.0～P0.7）

o – Port 1（pins 1-8） ：P1（P1.0～P1.7）

o – Port 2（pins 21-28）：P2（P2.0～P2.7）

o – Port 3（pins 10-17）：P3（P3.0～P3.7）

o – Each port has 8 pins.

11
   Named P0.X （X=0,1,...,7）, P1.X, P2.X, P3.X

  Ex：P0.0 is the bit 0（LSB）of P0

  Ex：P0.7 is the bit 7（MSB）of P0

  These 8 bits form a byte.

 Each port can be used as input or output (bi-direction).

8.Hardware Structure of I/O Pin

A Pin of Port 1

Writing “1” to Output Pin P1.X Writing “0” to Output Pin P1.X

12
 Reading “High” at Input Pin Reading “Low” at Input Pin

 fig11:hardware structure

Each pin of I/O ports

– Internal CPU bus：communicate with CPU

– A D latch store the value of this pin

  D latch is controlled by “Write to latch”

 Write to latch＝1：write data into the D latch

– 2 Tri-state buffer：

  TB1: controlled by “Read pin”

 Read pin＝1：really read the data present at the pin

  TB2: controlled by “Read latch”

 Read latch＝1：read value from internal latch

– A transistor M1 gate

  Gate=0: open

  Gate=1: close

13
9.Interfacing 16×2 LCD with 8051
In this project, we will have brief discussion on how to interface 16×2 LCD module

to AT89C51, which is an 8051 family microcontroller. We use LCD display for the

displaying messages in a more interactive way to operate the system or displaying

error messages etc. Interfacing 16×2 LCD with 8051 microcontroller is very easy if

you understanding the working of LCD.

Hence, in this project, I will not only give the information of LCD and also provide

the code in C language which is working fine without any errors.

16×2 Liquid Crystal Display which will display the 32 characters at a time in two

rows (16 characters in one row). Each character in the display is of size 5×7 pixel

matrix. This matrix differs for different 16×2 LCD modules, if you take JHD162A,

this matrix goes to 5×8. There are 16 pins in the LCD module, the pin configuration

us given below

PIN NO NAME FUNCTION

1 VSS Ground pin
2 VCC Power supply pin of 5V
Used for adjusting the contrast commonly
3 VEE attached to the potentiometer.
RS is the register select pin used to write
display data to the LCD (characters), this pin
4 RS has to be high when writing the data to the
LCD. During the initializing sequence and
other commands this pin should low.
Reading and writing data to the LCD for
reading the data R/W pin should be high
5 R/W
(R/W=1) to write the data to LCD R/W pin
should be low (R/W=0)
Enable pin is for starting or enabling the
6 E module. A high to low pulse of about 450ns
pulse is given to this pin.
7 DB0
8 DB1

14
 9 DB2
10 DB3
DB0-DB7 Data pins for giving data (normal
11 DB4 data like numbers characters or command
data) which is meant to be displayed
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
Back light of the LCD which should be
15 LED+ connected to Vcc
Back light of LCD which should be connected
16 LED- to ground.
Table1:Interfacing 16×2 LCD with 805

Follow these simple steps for displaying a character or data

o E=1; enable pin should be high

o RS=1; Register select should be high

o R/W=0; Read/Write pin should be low.

To send a command to the LCD just follows these steps:

o E=1; enable pin should be high

o RS=0; Register select should be low

o R/W=0; Read/Write pin should be low.

Commands: There are some preset commands which will do a specific task in the

LCD. These commands are very important for displaying data in LCD. The list of

commands given below:

COMMAND FUNCTION
For switching on LCD, blinking
0F the cursor.
1 Clearing the screen
2 Return home.
4 Decrement cursor
6 Increment cursor
E Display on and also cursor on
80 Force cursor to beginning of the
15
 first line
Force cursor to beginning of
C0 second line
38 Use two lines and 5x7 matrix
83 Cursor line 1 position 3
3C Activate second line
0C3 Jump to second line position 3
0C1 Jump to second line position1
Table2:functions

10.Interfacing 16×2 LCD with 8051 Circuit

Diagram

Fig12:circuit diagram of Interfacing 16×2 LCD with 8051

16
11.Components Required

AT89C51 (8051 Microcontroller)

16X2 LCD Display
11.0592MHz Crystal
2 X 33pF Capacitors
2 X 10 KΩ Resistors
1 KΩ X 8 Resistor Pack
10 KΩ Potentiometer
330Ω Resistor
Push Button
10μF/16V Capacitor
8051 Programmer
5V Power Supply
Connecting Wires

12.Circuit Explanation

The crystal oscillator, along with two 33pF Capacitors, are connected to
XTAL1 and XTAL2, which will provide the system clock to the microcontroller.
RST Pin is pulled-LOW with the help of a 10KΩ Resistor. With the help of a
10μF Capacitor and a Push Button, you can reset the 8051 Microcontroller.
EA is pulled-HIGH with the help of a 10KΩ resistor.
The data pins of the LCD are connected to PORT0 (first, the PORT0 pins must
be pulled-HIGH with the help of a 1KΩ Resistor Pack). RS and E are
connected to PORT2 pins P2.0 and P2.1.
A 10KΩ Potentiometer is used to adjust the contrast of the LCD .

Fig13:lcd display
17
 Programming LCD to 8051

Coming to the programming you should follow these steps:

 STEP1: Initialization of LCD.

 STEP2: Sending commands to LCD.
 STEP3: Writing the data to LCD.

Initializing LCD

To initialize LCD to the 8051 the following instruction and commands

are to be embed in to the functions

 0x38 is used for 8-bit data initialization.

 0xoC for making LCD display on and cursor off.
 0X01 for clearing the display of the LCD.
 0x80 for positioning the cursor at first line .

Sending Commands to the LCD

 E=1; enable pin should be high

 RS=0; Register select should be low for sending commands
 Placing the data on the data registers
 R/W=0; Read/Write pin should be low for writing the data.

Writing the Data to the LCD

 E=1; enable pin should be high

 RS=1; Register select should be high for writing data
 Placing the data on the data registers
 R/W=0; Read/Write pin should be low for writing the data.

13.Code Embedded

#include<reg51.
h>
#define lcd P0

sbit rs=P2^0;
sbit e=P2^1;

18
void delay (int);
void cmd (char);
void display (char);
void custom (void);
void string (char *);
void init (void);

unsigned char custom_char[]= {0x00,0x04,0x0E,0x04,0x15,0x0E,0x04,0x00,

0x00,0x04,0x0E,0x0E,0x0E,0x1F,0x04,0x00,
0x00,0x0A,0x15,0x11,0x11,0x0A,0x04,0x00,
0x0E,0x11,0x11,0x1F,0x1B,0x1B,0x1B,0x1F,
0x0E,0x11,0x10,0x1F,0x1B,0x1B,0x1B,0x1F,
0x00,0x0E,0x15,0x1B,0x0E,0x0E,0x00,0x00,
};

void delay (int d)

{
unsigned char i;
for(;d>0;d--)
{
for(i=250;i>0;i--);
for(i=248;i>0;i--);
}
}
void cmd (char c)
{
lcd=c;
rs=0;
e=1;
delay(5);
e=0;
}
void display (char c)
{
lcd=c;

19
 rs=1;
e=1;
delay(5);
e=0;
}
void custom (void)
{
int k;
cmd(0x40);
for(k=0;k<48;k++)
display(custom_char[k]);
cmd(0x80);
}

void string (char *p)

{
while(*p)
{
display(*p++);
}
}
void init (void)
{
cmd(0x38);
cmd(0x0c);
cmd(0x01);
cmd(0x80);
}
void main()
{
init();
custom();
string("Electronics Hub ");
cmd(0xc0);
string(" Presents ");
delay(2000);
cmd(0x01);
cmd(0x80);

20
 string(" Custom Chars ");
cmd(0xc0);
string(" on 16x2 LCD ");
delay(2000);
cmd(0x01);
cmd(0x80);
string("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP");
cmd(0xc0);
string("1234567890");
cmd(0xca);
display(0);
display(1);
display(2);
display(3);
display(4);
display(5);
while(1);
}

21
 CONCLUSION

Embedded systems are at the heart of modern technology, enabling countless

applications across industries like automotive, healthcare, consumer
electronics, industrial automation, and more. They combine hardware and
software into compact, dedicated systems designed for specific tasks,
providing efficient, real-time processing and control. Developing embedded
systems requires a deep understanding of both hardware and software, as well
as a clear design process that includes requirements gathering, system
architecture, component selection, firmware development, testing, and
debugging. By optimizing for performance, power efficiency, and reliability,
engineers can build systems that meet the unique constraints and
requirements of each application. The impact of embedded systems is far
reaching, as they continue to enable innovations in smart devices, IoT,
autonomous machines, and safety-critical systems. As technology advances,
embedded systems will play an even more critical role in connecting the
digital and physical worlds, making them a cornerstone of future technology
development.

22
 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT STATEMENT

Name of the
Student: Program of
Study: Year of
Study: Group:
Register No/H.T. No:
Name of the
College: University:

SL.N Evaluation criterion Maximu Marks

O m Awarded
Marks
1 Activity Log 1
0
2 Internship Evaluation 3
0
3 Oral Presentation 1
0
GRAND TOTAL 5
0
23
Date: Signature of the Faculty
Guide
EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT STATEMENT

Name of the
Student: Program of
Study:
Year of Study:
Group:
Register No/H.T. No:
Name of the
College: University:

SL.N Evaluation criterion Maximu Marks

O m Awarded
Marks
1 Internship Evaluation 80
For the grading giving
2 by the supervisor of 20
the Intern Organization
3 Viva-Voce 50
TOTAL 150
GRAND TOTAL 200
(EXT.50M + INT.100M) 24
Signature of the Faculty Guide

Signature of the Internal Expert

Signature of the External Expert

Signature of the Principal with S

25