Applied Thermodynamics Lab

(MEF 217) 2021-2022

VERIFICATION OF BERNOULLI’S THEOREM

BITS Pilani Experiment 3

Pilani Campus
Bernoulli’s Equation:
Pressure head (p/ρg) + Velocity head (v2/2g) + Elevation (Z) = a constant

• Where

• P = the pressure (N/m2)

• ρ = density of the fluid (kg/m3)

• V = velocity of flow (m/s)

• g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)

• Z = elevation from datum line (m)

• γ =ρg (specific weight) Bernoulli Daniel

(1700, Groningen - 1782, Basel)

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Bernoulli’s Equation:
• Obtained by integrating the Euler’s Equation of Motion:

• ∫dp/ρ + ∫vdv + ∫gdz = const

• Pressure head or flow energy per weight (p/ρg)

+ Velocity head or (K.E. per weight) (v2/2g) +
Elevation or P.E. per weight (Z) = a constant

“The sum of the kinetic energy (velocity head), the pressure energy
(static head) and Potential energy (elevation head) per unit weight
of the fluid at any point remains constant”
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Bernoulli’s Equation:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qie6UCJqM_Q&t=1198s 4
Assumptions for Bernoulli’s equation:
i) Fluid is ideal i.e. no viscosity, frictions less flow

ii) Flow is steady, along a streamline

iii) Fluid is incompressible

v) Flow is irrotational

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Practical application
The Bernoulli’s equation forms the basis for solving a wide variety of fluid flow
problems:-

• Flow metering by obstruction meters

• Jets issuing from an orifice.

• Flow under a gate and over a weir,

• Flow around submerged objects,

• Flows associated with pumps and turbines.

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Experimental Set-Up and Equipment

5 1
3

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Equipment Description

Converging
diverging

Tube No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Distance 0 3.9 7.8 11.7 15.6 19.5 27.3 31.2 35.1
(cm)
Diameter 2.77 2.52 2.26 2 1.8 2 2.26 2.52 2.77
(cm)

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Procedure
1. Note down the cross-sectional area of duct at all piezometric points.

2. Open the supply valve and adjust the flow such that water level in the
inlet tank remains stable.

3. Measure the piezometric head for each piezometric point.

4. Collect the discharge in a collecting tank for a known time and compute
flow rate (Q).

5. Repeat the steps (2 to 4) for various discharges.

6. Plot and observe the variation of total energy (y-axis) across the
piezometric points (x-axis).

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Video

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Live demonstration

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 Observation table 1 Discharge (Q) for trial 1:
Reservoir tank head Rise of water level Time of Discharge Q
Trial. Volume V(cm3) =(Ac
after stabilization (h) in collecting collection t
No. x h) (cm3/sec) =V/t
of flow tank (cm) (sec)

1. 40.5 4 10 3880 388

Base area of measuring tank (Ac): Length 38.8 (cm) x Breadth 25 (cm) = 970 cm2
Piezometric
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Tube number
Cross sectional 6.02 4.98 4.01 3.14 2.54 3.14 4.01 4.98 6.02
area A (cm2)
Piezometric head 31.4 30.2 28.6 25.8 21.8 24.4 26.4 27.4 28.6
(p/γ +z) (cm)
Velocity (cm/sec)
=Q/A
Velocity head

v2 / (2g x100)
(cm)
Total head (cm)

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 Observation table 1 Discharge (Q) for trial 1:
Reservoir tank head Rise of water level Time of Discharge Q
Trial. Volume V(cm3) =(Ac
after stabilization (h) in collecting collection t
No. x h) (cm3/sec) =V/t
of flow tank (cm) (sec)

1. 40.5 4 10 3880 388

Area of measuring tank (Ac): Length 38.8 (cm) x Breadth 25(cm) = 970 cm2
Piezometric
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Tube number
Cross sectional 6.02 4.98 4.01 3.14 2.54 3.14 4.01 4.98 6.02
area A (cm2)
Piezometric head 31.4 30.2 28.6 25.8 21.8 24.4 26.4 27.4 28.6
(p/γ +z) (cm)
Velocity (cm/sec) 64.45 77.91 96.75 123.56 152.75 123.56 96.75 77.91 64.45
=Q/A
Velocity head 2.117 3.093 4.770 7.781 11.892 7.781 4.770 3.093 2.117

v2 / (2g x100)
(cm)
Total head (cm) 33.5 33.29 33.37 33.58 33.69 32.181 31.17 30.49 30.717

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 Observation table 2 Discharge (Q) for trial 2:
Reservoir tank head Rise of water level Time of Discharge Q
Trial. Volume V(cm3) =(Ac
after stabilization (h) in collecting collection t
No. x h) (cm3/sec) =V/t
of flow tank (cm) (sec)

2. 40.5 3 10 2. 30.5

Piezometric
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Tube number
Cross sectional 6.02 4.98 4.01 3.14 2.54 3.14 4.01 4.98 6.02
area A (cm2)
Piezometric head 30.2 29 27.6 25 21 23.6 25.6 26.8 27.6
(p/γ +z) (cm)
Velocity (cm/sec) – – – – – – – – –
=Q/A
Velocity head – – – – – – – – –

v2 / (2g x100)
(cm)
Total head (cm) – – – – – – – – –

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 Observation table 3 Discharge (Q) for trial 3:
Reservoir tank head Rise of water level Time of Discharge Q
Trial. Volume V(cm3) =(Ac
after stabilization (h) in collecting collection t
No. x h) (cm3/sec) =V/t
of flow tank (cm) (sec)

3. 40.5 3.5 10 - -

Piezometric
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Tube number
Cross sectional 6.02 4.98 4.01 3.14 2.54 3.14 4.01 4.98 6.02
area A (cm2)
Piezometric head 28.6 27.8 26.4 24 21.4 22.8 24.6 25.8 26.6
(p/γ +z) (cm)
Velocity (cm/sec) – – – – – – – – –
=Q/A
Velocity head – – – – – – – – –

v2 / (2g x100)
(cm)
Total head (cm) – – – – – – – – –

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 Observation table 4 Discharge (Q) for trial 4:
Reservoir tank head Rise of water level Time of Discharge Q
Trial. Volume V(cm3) =(Ac
after stabilization (h) in collecting collection t
No. x h) (cm3/sec) =V/t
of flow tank (cm) (sec)

4. 40.5 3 10 - -

Piezometric
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Tube number
Cross sectional 6.02 4.98 4.01 3.14 2.54 3.14 4.01 4.98 6.02
area A (cm2)
Piezometric head 35 33.8 32 28.8 23.4 26.4 29 30.4 31.4
(p/γ +z) (cm)
Velocity (cm/sec) – – – – – – – – –
=Q/A
Velocity head – – – – – – – – –

v2 / (2g x100)
(cm)
Total head (cm) – – – – – – – – –

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Results
It is observed from the calculated value that at
section where area is less velocity is high and
pressure is low which validates the Bernoulli’s
Equation.

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Graphs
Draw graphs for any one of trial (variation of total energy (y-axis)
across the piezometric points (x-axis).
Discuss your results, referring, in particular, to the following:
 Energy loss and how it is shown by the results of this
experiment, and the components of Bernoulli’s equation
(p/γ, v2/2g, z ) and how they vary along the length of the test
section.

 Indicate the points of maximum velocity and minimum

pressure.

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 Instruction for Submission
• Lab report should be in handwritten.
• Format for lab report (Sample file)
 ID_Your Name (on each paper)
 Name of the Experiment
 Observation table (Any one set) [1]
 Calculation for any one sample observation [5]
 Result (plot graphs on graph paper) [4]

• Submission in Nalanda Portal only. Email submission

not allowed. Last date of submission
 Portal open till 12:00 midnight of Monday (20th Sep 2021).
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 BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

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