J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp.

746−755, May, 2024

Journal of Thermal Engineering

Web page info: https://jten.yildiz.edu.tr
DOI: 10.14744/thermal.0000831

Research Article

Impact of nano-silica (SiO2) on thermic properties of concrete

Alaa N. SALEH1 , Omer Khalil AHMED1,* , Alyaa A. ATTAR1 , Abdullah A. ABDULLAH2
1
Technical College-Kirkuk, Northern Technical University, Kirkuk, 98XW+PFX, Iraq
2
College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit, 3400, Iraq

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history
Received: 15 July 2021 The application of nanotechnology in the field of Buildings and concrete Build is one of the
Revised: 21 August 2021 main goals of this article because of the technology’s role in enhances the properties of con-
Accepted: 21 September 2021 crete and increasing the efficiency of building materials, as well as in preserving natural re-
sources, reducing environmental pollutants, and increasing the attention that nanotechnology
Keywords: is currently receiving in various fields of science and engineering applications. By partially
Concrete; Nano-Silica; Specific replacing cement with silica nanoparticles, the current research is focused on investigate the
Heat; Thermal Conductivity; impact of silica nanoparticles (SiO2) on the concrete thermic properties, including specific
Thermal Properties heat capacity (SHC), thermic conductivity, and thermic diffusivity, in order to produce light-
weight concrete with good thermal insulation capabilities. In order to replace a portion of the
concrete’s weight, nano-silica (NS) was added in percentages of 1%, 2%, and 3%. The results
showed that the mixtures including nano-silica had lower thermic conductivity coefficient
values, ranging from 0.5 to 0.92 W/m.°C. This indicates that the thermic insulation capacity of
nano-concrete increased by 41.8 percent, 53.15 percent, and 65.57 percent, respectively. Fur-
thermore, based on the data, Thermal conductivity coefficient’s can be lowest value at a ratio
of (3%). As a result, replacing concrete beyond this proportion will result in a reduction in its
various qualities. Furthermore, a reduction in the specific thermic ability values was noted in
contrast to traditional concrete.

Cite this article as: Saleh AN, Ahmed OK, Attar AA, Abdullah AA. Impact of nano-silica
(SiO2) on thermic properties of concrete. J Ther Eng 2024;10(3):746−755.

INTRODUCTION Given that humans spend 90% of their time indoors, it is

crucial to provide these inhabitants with comfortable liv-
Global population growth has resulted in an unparal-
ing environments [3]. Human comfort within structures
leled surge in the usage of conventional fuels, along with depends on a number of variables, the most significant of
a notable rise in environmental contamination stemming which is temperature since the building›s ability to cool
from industrial and human endeavors [1]. According to and heat depends on the speed and the heat›s direction
statistics, activities carried out by people within buildings transmission through its walls [4]. The movement of heat
account for one-third of the world›s energy usage [2]. between a building›s roof and walls is influenced by thermal

*Corresponding author.
*E-mail address: [email protected]
This paper was recommended for publication in revised form
by Regional Editor Mustafa Kılıç

Published by Yıldız Technical University Press, İstanbul, Turkey

Copyright 2021, Yıldız Technical University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).
J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 746−755, May, 2024 747

conductivity. Consequently, thermal insulators are a vital contents of the glazed hollow beads and the coal gangue
and important tool that help to lessen heat transfer and a CG replacement ratio, Zhang et al. [18] experiments were
portion of the operating energy of equipment utilized for conducted to develop a new type of concrete with excel-
cooling and heating. Because the fuel and electricity needed lent thermal insulation and good bearing capacity. The
for this purpose are extremely costly, it is well known that concrete’s compressive strength and thermal conductivity
insulation is necessary to reduce heat load, lower the need coefficient improved, according to the results. with values
for heating and cooling devices, and lower emissions of of 37.7 MPa and 0.41 (W/m.K) respectively.
carbon dioxide and other gases that contribute to environ- Wang [19] replaced part of the cement with weights
mental pollution and global warming [5]. When building between 0.1 to 0.5 percent in order to look into how
homes, apartments, and commercial buildings, concrete nanoparticles affect concrete’s compressive strength and
with a large heat capacity and low coefficient of thermal thermal conductivity at different high temperatures. The
conductivity is a wise choice [6]. findings demonstrated that, at temperatures not exceed-
Recently, heat transfer [7-9], fluid mechanics [10-13] and ing 300 °C, nanoparticles increase compressive strength.
other technical applications have made use of nanotechnol- However, as temperatures rise, strength and thermal con-
ogy. Furthermore, a lot of papers have lately been published ductivity coefficient decrease when 0.1 percent of cement
in this topic on the application of nanotechnology, a con- is substituted with nano-clay cement; on the other hand,
temporary technology, to enhance the thermal properties when 0.3 percent of cement and 5.0 percent of nano clay
of concrete [14]. Sikora et al. [15], for instance, employed are substituted with concrete, the thermal conductivity
Nano-silica material and waste glass (WG) to replace reg- coefficient increases. Yuan et al. [20] investigation into how
ular river sand with WG 100% of the time in addition to Nano-MgO affects the thermal and mechanical character-
adding NS in the appropriate amounts to enhance cement istics of thermic power storage materials for composites
mortar›s mechanical and thermal properties (1, 2 and 3 made of alumina was conducted. The samples were heated
percent). Furthermore, empirical research demonstrated to 105, 350, and 900 °C by the researchers, and it was found
that WG lowers the absorption coefficient and thermal that the use of nanomaterials enhances the samples’ ther-
conductivity. Additionally, it was observed that the addition mic characteristics. At the same temperature, the ratio of
of Nano-silica substantially reduced thermic conductivity, thermic conductivity values with 1 percent of the Nano-
particularly at the greatest ratio (3 percent). Jittabut [16] material added were 34.8 percent and 23.6 percent more
investigated the mechanical and thermal characteristics of rise than those with pure mortar, and the ideal heat capacity
compounds of concrete and thermic power storage materi- value was attained 19.8 percent and 40.8 percent more rise
als. By combining particles of various sizes (12, 50, and 150 than that with pure mortar.
nm) with NS (1–5% by weight), the researcher was able to Reddy et al. [21] conducted research on how heat is
ascertain the impact of the size and condensation of NS par- transported during buildings using the thermic conduc-
ticles. The performance of Nano-silica in terms of thermic tivity property. For concrete samples where GGBS and
diffusivity, volume thermic capacity, compressive strength, nano-silica were largely substituted, the thermal conductiv-
bulk density and thermic conductivity was examined as ity was studied for varying cement weight ratios between
well as the degree to which it affected the performance. (from 1 - 5 percent). The concrete›s split tensile strength
Over the course of 28 days, the samples were exposed to and compressive strength both improved by 10%, accord-
nano-silica at temperatures between 350 and 900 oC with a ing to the data. The intensification of the concrete›s micro-
particle size of 50 nm. along with a decline in volume heat structure is responsible for this improvement, and it also
capacity and thermic conductivity. demonstrated superior thermal resistance over regular con-
The impacts of several storage techniques on the crete. The concrete loses heat conductivity when nano-sil-
mechanical and thermic properties of cement mortar were ica is added at a rate of up to three percent of the cement
examined by Al Zaidi et al. [17]. Initially, samples were weight. In earlier studies, lightweight insulating concrete
made by substituting 50% of the fly ash and 60% of the was created by adding expanded polystyrene (EPS) to con-
cement size with air gel. After that, the samples were added crete mixtures.
to varying weight ratios of Nano-silica to be stored under The impact of CaCo3, Al2O3, and TiO2 nano additions
various atmospheric conditions (1-3 percent). Given that individually, twice, and three times on the microstruc-
the samples’ he results for thermal conductivity were the ture, thermic, and mechanical properties of cement mold
lowest, it was possible to conclude that the samples’ capac- completion with fly ash was investigated by N. Vanitha et
ity for thermal insulation had improved. Using the curing al. [22]. The nanomaterials were added in percentages of
approach, It required soaking the samples for seven days in 2 percent, 4 percent, and 6 percent of the bonding mate-
water and then air-curing them for the remaining 28 days, rial›s volume. We observe a drop in the thermal conduc-
the range was (0.865 to 0.762 W/m.K). However, after the tivity values during the experiments, particularly in binary
samples were cured for 28 days in water, the greatest sam- and ternary mixes. In this investigation, Kaya and Kar
ple values came from the curing procedure, which ranged [23] employed (EPS) at rates of twenty percent, forty per-
from 0.918 to 1.051 W/m.K. By examining the effects of the cent, sixty percent, and eighty percent of the total volume.
748 J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 746−755, May, 2024

Thermal testing was performed on the samples. Based on compositions. To create fine gravel that matched the dimen-
the data, it was determined that the samples› density and sions of the casting molds that were utilized and the proven
thermal conductivity values decreased as the ratios of EPS Iraqi requirements (IQS No.45 1984), A sieve was used to
rose. The thermal conductivity coefficient values varied sort the gravel. (NO.3/811=0.95 cm) [27].
from 0.061 to 0.390, indicating that minimal values were
reached when compared to ordinary concrete. Based on Water
cork and cement mixes intended for building, Boussetoua Pure water was utilized to create the time basins for the
et al. [24] made their determination by examining the ther- samples, and all research mixes had a water- bonding pro-
mic and mechanical properties of cork as a novel physical portion of 0.48.
that was modified within the context of building implemen-
tation. Various amounts of cork grains are applied during Powder of Silicon Dioxide Nano (SiO2)
sample preparation. elevated humidity retention, decreased This scentless, white powder has a 20–30 nm diameter.
density, a lower coefficient of thermic conductivity, and a Figure 1 illustrate a specimen of the material. Because of
loss in mechanical characteristics are all associated with its numerous applications it is regarded as the most abun-
higher cork proportions. Therefore, thermal insulation can dance substance among the various species of nanomateri-
be achieved by using a cork concrete mixture. Reducing the als in terms of quantity, the fact that producing it is often
amount of cork used to concrete simultaneously enhances less expensive than producing most other nanomaterials,
its mechanical qualities and boosts its thermal and struc- and the fact that it is generally easier to handle than other
tural conductivity. nanomaterials. Table 1 [28] illustrate the parameters of the
A examination of the published literature reveals a NS substance.
dearth of research on the impact of nanomaterials on the
How to Mix Nano-Materials with Cement
thermal characteristics of concrete. The purpose of this
study is to assess how nano-silica (SiO2) affects the thermal Each concrete mix has a predetermined ratio, which
characteristics of concrete, including its thermal diffusiv- means that the components are mixed precisely to provide
ity, SHC, and thermal conductivity. SiO2 is used because a consistent blend of texture and composition. It›s also
it is comparatively inexpensive when compared to other important to consider combining the NS substance with
nanoparticles and because it improves the mechanical and the dry components using weight of cement within a thick,
thermal characteristics of concrete. As a substitute percent- to prevent the material from volatilizing through blending,
age of the cement›s weight, nano-silica was added at per- use an pristine nylon bag. Then, move the blending to a
centages of 1%, 2%, and 3%. bowl with a mechanical stirrer, add the water, and stir until
the mixture is homogeneous, about five minutes. For SiO2,
three different ratios were used: 1 percent, 2 percent, and 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS percent. The concrete›s various properties will be reduced
The chemical interaction between water and cement is by more than this percentage replacement [29], and the
known as cement hydration. where heat is released during findings were compared to ordinary concrete. Table 2 lists
the hardening process, and the concrete›s properties are not the mixture compositions and quantities utilized in cement
stable during this a period and rely on its degree of hydra- mortar.
tion [25]. The current study made use of a number of mate-
rials, as detailed below:

Portland Cement
In line with the Iraqi criterion advantages specified (IQS
No. 5 1984), This study used ordinary Portland Cement
(OPC), which is produced locally in the cement industry
and has been accredited by ISO 9001: 2015 for international
quality [26].

Fine River Aggregate

We examined the sieves and all sand classes (IQS NO.45
1984) [27], where the region was cleaned and sieve using
sand on a sifted (No. 4 = 0.475 cm) to remove clay and other
impurities. Throughout the experiment, Zone 3 gradient
number fine river aggregate was utilized.

Coarse Accumulation of Gravel

In addition, coarse accumulation, or gravel, with
a volume range of 5 to 1 cm, was included in all cement Figure 1. A sample of silicon dioxide nanomaterials (SiO2).
J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 746−755, May, 2024 749

Table 1. Properties of silicon dioxide nanomaterials (SiO2) [28] blend. Subsequently, the amalgamation is transferred
into the prefabricated molds. After that, the casting is
Parameter Specification completed in two layers by pouring long crushers into
size of particle (20-30)*10-9 m the templates 35 times with an iron rod, until half of the
Clarity %99.8 templates are filled. After being poured into the highways
color White thirty-five times to remove all air, reach the maximal
Fusion degree 1610-1728 Silesian density, and the gravitational forces is increased between
Boiling degree 2230 Silesian the Interconnected materials in a homogenous combina-
Density 2533 kg/m3 tion, the templates are left in the laboratory atmosphere
for an entire day to dry. When the templates are opened

Table 2. Blending proportions in cement mortar

Blending no. Abbreviation percent of NS in the weight from cement OPC (g) WB Water (g)
1 Ordinary concrete - 2375 0.48 1141
2 S1 1 percent 2352 0.48 1141
3 S2 2 percent 2328 0.48 1141
4 S3 3 percent 2376 0.48 1141

Experimental Work
The tests were run three times and were carried out in and released into the air for an hour, symbols are added to
the laboratories of Kirkuk›s Northern Technical University. make them stand out. Picture (2-a). They are then stored
Each case›s outcomes were documented using the informa- for 28 days in the ripening tank at room temperature, as
tion below: obvious in Figure (2-b). Following that, they are removed
to carry out the necessary testing, as seen in Figure (2-c).
Formats for thermal conductivity testing
Thermal conductivity test form templates were created Thermic conductivity test
utilizing locally manufactured square molds built from Thermic conductivity is the capability of a substance
(10*10*2) centimeter billets. The molds were cleaned and to heat transfer. Conductivity is influenced by substance
lightly oiled, and then an iron cable was put at the low- density, humidity, and ambient temperature; it increases
est of each casting so thermocouples could measure the according to increased humidity, density, and temperature
temperature underneath the model. To prevent the con- [30]. Traditional concrete’s heat conductivity is (1.7–2.5)
crete mixture from adhering to the moulds, lubricate the
W/m.K. [16]. From the treatment pools, the samples are
motors.
taken after 28 days and let air dry. After that, the thermal
Particular templates for heat capacity testing conductivity is measured in compliance with the norma-
When casting models, 10*10*10 centimeter cubic iron tive specification (ASTM C177-10) [17] using the hot plate
molds are used to specific the models› determine thermic apparatus shown in Figure 3.
capacity. We meticulously cleaned, prepared, and used Three samples were tested for thermal conductiv-
engine lubricating oil to coat the interior of the molds to ity for each combination, placing the sample above the
prevent from being adhered to by the concrete mixture. plate used for cooling. The thermocouples were attached
above and below the sample, which was encircled by
Stacking and casting
holes and insulators in the external and interior water.
The molds are carefully cleaned, ready, and have
After that, the sample was screwed onto the heating plate.
motor lubricant applied to the internal surfaces in order
The water’s temperature within and outside the sample,
so as not to cause the concrete mixture to adhere to the
molds. After that, the necessary materials are prepared for as well as the temperatures above and below it, are mea-
mixing in varying proportions, where the percentage of sured after the heater is turned on and the equipment has
gravel is 4, the percentage of sand is 2, and the percentage been in a state of thermal stability for 30 minutes. For
of cement is 1. These materials are weighed using a sen- every sample, three readings were collected on average
sitive balance and water is added at a rate of = 0.48, then every thirty minutes. Next, the following computation of
added utilizing a graduated cylinder. Finally, the mixture the samples’ thermal conductivity coefficient was made
is placed in a mechanical mixer to achieve a consistent [31]:
750 J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 746−755, May, 2024

Figure 2. Concrete samples used in the tests.

J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 746−755, May, 2024 751

Heat is thereby transmitted between these materials. There

is an equal amount of heat gained and emitted by the two
substances [32]. The specific heat capacity was computed
using the following formula [33]:

m1.c1.(Teq – T1) = m.c.(T − Teq) (2)

m: Substance mass (kg)

c: The substance’s SHC (J/kg. oC)
T: Substance temperature (oC)
Teq: Temperature equivalent (oC)
m1: Water mass (kg)
c1: Water’s specific heat capacity (J/kg.oC)
T1: The water and calorimeter’s initial temperatures (oC)

Test of thermic diffusivity

Thermic diffusion is the relative movement of the mix-
ture components, which occurs when there is a difference
in the temperature of the concrete changes. Moreover, the
relationship between diffusion (δ) and thermal conductiv-
ity (k) is shown by the following formula [34] that follows:

v=,v-v.v (3)
Figure 3. Thermal conductivity device.
δ represents thermic diffusivity (m2/s)
K is the thermic conductivity factor (W/m. oC).
𝐾=,𝑄.𝐿-𝐴.∆𝑇. (1) c: SHC expressed as J/kg. oC.
ρ: mass (grams/m3)
K: is the coefficient of thermal conductivity (W/m.oC).
Q: How much heat is exchanged between the sample’s
two sides? (W). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
L: The sample’s thickness (m).
A: Area sample (m2). Test of Thermoelectricity (K)
ΔT: The temperature variation (oC) between the model’s A thermic conductivity test of the models was performed
two sides. on three models of each mixture, and Table 3 displays the
results. It is observed that the SiO2 added to the concrete
Test for particular heat capacity blend has resulted in a significant increase in the ability of
The SHC of a material is defined as the relationship thermic insulation when compared to conventional con-
between the power applied to it and the resulting tem- crete. The results of ordinary mixture concrete’s thermal
perature change. The concrete’s heat capacity is mostly conductivity, which were attained without the addition of
unaffected by the mineral characteristics. Conventional any nanomaterials, also make this clear. The thermal con-
concrete has a SHC of almost 880 (J /kg.°C), however as ductivity coefficient varied between 1.22 and 2.05 W/m.
temperatures rise and the concrete’s moisture content rises, °C, according to the measurements. On the other hand, the
this number increases significantly. In this work, the calo- conductivity coefficient of nano-thermal concrete varied
rimeter method was utilized to investigate the specific heat from 0.52 to 0.92 W/m. °C, suggesting that the inclusion
capacity models, a tool uutilize to compute the heat capacity of SiO2 enhances the material’s ability to hold onto heat.
and heat interchange rate. The heat capacity of an unknown The combination (S3) had the highest thermal insulation
sample can be found by mixing it with a known substance. capacity; the greatest percentage we could achieve when the

Table 3. Values of thermal conductivity for various combinations

Mixture I.D Ordinary concrete S1 S2 S3

1.34 0.92 0.77 0.56
(K) value (W/m.°C) 1.32 0.89 0.73 0.52
1.22 0.86 0.65 0.50
752 J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 746−755, May, 2024

SiO2 percentage was in the region of (0.5-0.56) W/ m. °C accordance with a search by Yuan et al. [20] that employed
was the thermic conductivity coefficient (3%). The results Nano-MgO and discovered that the optimal heat capacity
show that thermic conductivity diminishes as the increase was also attained, with an increase of 19.8 percent and 40.8
of SiO2 ratio. Preventing heat transfer due to the creation percent above pure mortar; the raise was brought about by
of a small air space is the main cause of the low thermic the materials› inherent compositions. Concrete›s specific
conductivity, which is in line with the findings published heat capacity, which can be exploited to boost the material›s
by Jittabut [16] and Kaya and Kar [23]. Substitute some of thermal energy storage capacity, is clearly correlated with
the NS with cement provides financial advantages because the quantity of silica in the material, as Figure 5 shows.
compared to other nanomaterials, it’s good and economi-
cal alternative. Figure 4 shows how heat conductivity varies Thermal Diffusivity Test (δ)
with different nano silica ratios. The definition of diffusion is the rate at which heat dif-
fuses through a medium. and can be computed by taking
Specific Heat Capacity Test (Cp) the value of specific heat and density and dividing ther-
One sample per mixture was used to examine the sam- mal conductivity by that value. A lowering in the thermic
ples› specific heat capacities using the calorie method. The diffusivity value leads to an increase in the time that heat
determined heat was emitted using the (CRD C124 – 73) travels through the material. Therefore, two essential ele-
Concrete, aggregate, and other material specific heat test ments of efficient thermal insulation are thermal diffusivity
method [19]. Table 4 shows the values for the specific and thermal conductivity. Consequently, one has to know a
heat capacity. for each of the blends. The concrete spe- material’s specific heat, density, and conductivity in order
cific heat capacity rose as the percentage of SiO2 added to calculate its diffusivity; these may be found using equa-
increased, according to a comparison between its specific tion (3) [34]. The values of different thermal diffusivity
heat capacity and that of normal concrete. The finding is in combinations are shown in Table 5, for ordinary concrete

Figure 4. Mixture’s thermal conductivity at different SiO2 ratios.

Table 4. Values of SHC for varied blend Table 5. Thermal diffusivity values ​​for different mixtures

Symbol Specific heat (J/kg.°C) Symbol Thermal diffusivity (m2/s)

Ordinary concrete 832 Ordinary concrete 6.38*10-7
S1 837 S1 4.23*10-7
S2 854 S2 3.41*10-7
S3 896 S3 2.38*10-7
J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 746−755, May, 2024 753

Figure 5. Nano concrete’s specific heat capacity values comparable with ordinary concrete.

Figure 6. Nano concrete’s thermal diffusivity values comparable to ordinary concrete.

the value is 7.5*10-7 µm2/s [35]. The results showed that 2. The mixture (S3) had the optimum thermal insulation
the values of thermal diffusivity dropped as the amount of capacity when the SiO2 addition was 3 percent of the
Nano-silica added to the mixture increased (Figure 6). This cement’s weight, and the thermic conductivity coeffi-
decrease can be related to relationship between diffusivity
cient measured between 0.5 and 0.56 W/m.oC.
and conductivity, as shown by Eq (3).
3. As the amount of NS addition increased, a rise in the
SHC values was seen.
CONCLUSION
4. As the additional percentage of NS increased, a decrease
Based on our findings, the following conclusions can be in the thermal diffusivity values was seen.
drawn: 5. As a result, substituting some of the cement with
1. The findings clearly that the inclusion of NS enhanced
nano-silica has positive effects on the economy and
concrete’s capacity for thermic insulation. Conventional
concrete had a thermic conductivity of between 1.22 environment since nano-silica is a good substitute
and 2.05 W/m.oC, whereas nano-concrete had a ther- that is reasonably priced when compared to other
mic conductivity of between 0.5 and 0.92 W/m.oC. nano-materials.
754 J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 746−755, May, 2024

NOMENCLATURES [4] Mohammed F, Khalil O, Emad A. Effect of climate and

design parameters on the temperature distribution of
Symbol Description
a room. J Build Engineer 2018;17:115−124. [CrossRef]
OPC Ordinary Portland cement
[5] Holman JP. Heat Transfer. 10th ed. New York:
WB water-binder ratio
McGraw-Hill Education; 2009.
GGBS Ground granulated blast-furnace slag
[6] Xu Y, Chung DDL. Cement of high specific heat and
EPS Expanded polystyrene
high thermal conductivity, obtained by using silane
SHC Specific heat capacity
and silica fume as admixtures. Cem Concr Res
NS Nano-silica
2000;30:1175−1178. [CrossRef]
WG Waste glass
[7] Kilic M, Abdulvahitoğlu A. Numerical investigation
CG Coal gangue
of heat transfer at a rectangular channel with com-
S1 1% SiO2
bined effect of nanofluids and swirling jets in a vehicle
S2 2% SiO2
radiator. Therm Sci 2018;2018:3627−3637. [CrossRef]
S3 3% SiO2
[8] Kilic M, Ali HM. Numerical investigation of com-
bined effect of nanofluids and multiple impinging jets
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS on heat transfer. Therm Sci 2018;2018:3165−3173.
I would want to express my gratitude to all those who [CrossRef]
have given me valuable information that has helped make [9] Ragupathi P, Abdul Hakeem AK, Saranya S, Ganga B.
this study paper a success. I also express my gratitude to the Non-Darcian three-dimensional flow of Fe3O4/Al2O3
international publishing houses for compiling important nanoparticles with H2O/NaC6H9O7 base fluids past a
data from studies that were released in foreign publications. Riga plate embedded in a porous medium. Eur Phys J
Spec Top 2019;228:2571−2600. [CrossRef]
AUTHORSHIP CONTRIBUTIONS [10] Kilic M. A heat transfer analysis from a porous
plate with transpiration cooling. Therm Sci
Authors equally contributed to this work. 2018;2018:1632−1647. [CrossRef]
[11] Saranya S, Ragupathi P, Ganga B, Sharma RP, Abdul
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Hakeem AK. Non-linear radiation effects on mag-
The authors confirm that the data that supports the netic/non-magnetic nanoparticles with different
findings of this study are available within the article. Raw base fluids over a flat plate. Adv Powder Technol
data that support the finding of this study are available from 2018;29:1977−1990. [CrossRef]
the corresponding author, upon reasonable request. [12] Ragupathi P, Abdul Hakeem AK, Al-Mdallal QM,
Ganga B, Saranya S. Non-uniform heat source/
sink effects on the three-dimensional flow of
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
Fe3O4/Al2O3 nanoparticles with different base flu-
The author declared no potential conflicts of interest ids past a Riga plate. Case Stud Therm Engineer
with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication 2019;15:100521. [CrossRef]
of this article. [13] Abdul Hakeem AK, Ragupathi P, Saranya S, Ganga
B. Three dimensional non-linear radiative nano-
fluid flow over a Riga plate. J Appl Comput Mech
ETHICS
2020;6:1012−1029.
There are no ethical issues with the publication of this [14] Jaishankar P, Karthikeyan C. Characteristics of
manuscript. cement concrete with nano alumina particles. IOP
Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 2017;80:012005. [CrossRef]
[15] Sikora P, Horszczaruk E, Skoczylas K, Rucinska T.
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