1.

PWD

NAME

pwd - print name of current/working directory

Syntax

pwd [OPTION]...

DESCRIPTION

Print the full file name of the current working directory.

OUTPUT:
2. MKDIR

NAME

mkdir - make directories

SYNTAX
 mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...

DESCRIPTION

Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist.

OUTPUT:
3. CD

NAME

cd – change directories

SYNTAX

cd... DIRECTORY...

DESCRIPTION

change the directory .

OUTPUT:
4. RMDIR

NAME

rmdir - remove empty directories

SYNTAX

rmdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...

DESCRIPTION

Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty.

OUTPUT:

5. LS
NAME

ls - list directory contents

SYNTAX

ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...

DESCRIPTION

List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none
of -cftuvSUX nor --sort.

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.

-a, --all

do not ignore entries starting with .

-r, --reverse

reverse order while sorting

-l use a long listing format

-R, --recursive

list subdirectories recursively

-d, --directory

list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links

-t sort by modification time

-u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access

time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time

-i, --inode
 print the index number of each file

OUTPUT:

ls:

ls-d:

ls-R:
ls-r:
ls-l:
ls-u:

ls-a:
ls-ld:

ls-i:
ls-t:
6. HOSTNAME

NAME

hostname - show or set the system's host name

dnsdomainname - show the system's DNS domain name

SYNTAX

hostname [-v] [-a] [--alias] [-d] [--domain] [-f] [--fqdn] [-i] [--ip-address] [--long] [-s] [--short] [-y] [--yp]
[--nis]

hostname [-v] [-b] [--boot] [-F filename] [--file filename] [hostname]

hostname [-v] [-h] [--help] [-V] [--version]

dnsdomainname [-v]

DESCRIPTION :

Hostname is used to either set or display the current host or domain name of the system. This name is
used by many of the networking programs to identify the machine. The domain name is also used by
NIS/YP.
OUTPUT:

7. CAT

NAME
 cat - concatenate files and print on the standard output

SYNTAX

cat [OPTION]... [FILE]...

DESCRIPTION

 Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output.

 Create FILE(s)
 Display FILES(s)

OUTPUT: (Create and Display File)

OUTPUT: (Merge)
8. BC

NAME

bc - An arbitrary precision calculator language

SYNTAX

bc [ -hlwsqv ] [long-options] [ file ... ]

VERSION

This man page documents GNU bc version 1.06.

DESCRIPTION

bc is a language that supports arbitrary precision numbers with inter‐

active execution of statements

OUTPUT:
 9. SORT

NAME

sort - sort lines of text files

SYNTAX

sort [OPTION]... [FILE]...

sort [OPTION]... --files0-from=F

DESCRIPTION

Write sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to standard output.

OUTPUT:
 10. CHMOD

NAME

chmod - change file mode bits

SYNTAX

chmod [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE...

 chmod [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE...

chmod [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...

DESCRIPTION

The chmod command is used to set the permission of one or more files for all three categories of
users(owner, group and others).

It can be run only by user which is the owner and the super user.

The command can be used in two ways:-

 In a relative manner by specifying the change to the current permission.

 In an absolute manner by specifying the final permission.

OUTPUT: (Previous File Permission of B)

OUTPUT: (Changed File Permission of B)
11.MV

NAME

mv - move (rename) files

SYNTAX

mv [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST

mv [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY

mv [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE...

DESCRIPTION

Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.

OUTPUT:
12. RM
NAME

rm - remove files or directories

SYNTAX

rm [OPTION]... FILE...

DESCRIPTION

The RM command removes the files & directories from the current working directories.

OUTPUT:
13. DATE

NAME

date - print or set the system date and time

SYNOPSIS

date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]

date [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]

DESCRIPTION

Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date.
OUTPUT:
14. WHO

NAME

who - show who is logged on

SYNOPSIS

who [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ]

DESCRIPTION

Print information about users who are currently logged in.

OUTPUT:
15. WHOAMI:

NAME

whoami - print effective userid

SYNOPSIS

whoami [OPTION]...

DESCRIPTION

Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID.

Same as id -un.

OUTPUT:
16. WHATIS

NAME

whatis - display manual page descriptions

SYNOPSIS

whatis [-dlhvV] [-r|-w] [-s list] [-m system[,...]] [-M path] [-L

locale] [-C file] name ...

DESCRIPTION

Each manual page has a short description available within it.

What is searches the manual page names and displays the manual page descriptions of any name
matched.

OUTPUT:
17. W

NAME

w - Show who is logged on and what they are doing.

SYNOPSIS

w [-husfVo] [user]

DESCRIPTION

w displays information about the users currently on the machine, and

their processes. The header shows, in this order, the current time,

how long the system has been running, how many users are currently

OUTPUT:
18.CAL

NAME

cal, ncal — displays a calendar and the date of Easter

SYNOPSIS

cal [-3hjy] [-A number] [-B number] [[month] year]

cal [-3hj] [-A number] [-B number] -m month [year]

ncal [-3bhjJpwySM] [-A number] [-B number] [-s country_code] [[month]

year]

ncal [-3bhJeoSM] [-A number] [-B number] [year]

ncal [-CN] [-H yyyy-mm-dd] [-d yyyy-mm]

DESCRIPTION

The cal utility displays a simple calendar in traditional format and ncal

offers an alternative layout, more options and the date of Easter. The

new format is a little cramped but it makes a year fit on a 25x80 termi‐

nal. If arguments are not specified, the current month is displayed.

OUTPUT:
19. UNAME

NAME

uname - print system information

SYNTAX

uname [OPTION]...
DESCRIPTION:

Print certain system information. With no OPTION.

OUTPUT:
20. READ

NAME

read - read from a file descriptor

SYNOPSIS

#include <unistd.h>

ssize_t read(int fd, void *buf, size_t count);

DESCRIPTION

read() attempts to read up to count bytes from file descriptor fd into

the buffer starting at buf.

PROGRAM:
OUTPUT:

21. ECHO

NAME

echo - display a line of text

SYNOPSIS

echo [SHORT-OPTION]... [STRING]...

echo LONG-OPTION

DESCRIPTION

Echo the STRING(s) to standard output.

PROGRAM:

OUTPUT:
25. tr

NAME

tr - translate or delete characters

SYNTAX

tr [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2]

DESCRIPTION

Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing to standard output.

-c, -C, --complement

first complement SET1

-d, --delete
delete characters in SET1, do not translate

-s, --squeeze-repeats
replace each input sequence of a repeated character that is listed in SET1 with
a single occurrence of that character .

OUTPUT:
16. TTY

NAME

tty - print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input

SYNTAX

tty [OPTION]...

DESCRIPTION

Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input.

-s, --silent, --quiet

print nothing, only return an exit status

--help display this help and exit

--version
output version information and exit .

OUTPUT:
26. CUT

NAME

cut - remove sections from each line of files

SYNTAX

cut OPTION... [FILE]...

DESCRIPTION

Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output.

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.

-b, --bytes=LIST
select only these bytes

-c, --characters=LIST
select only these characters

-d, --delimiter=DELIM
use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter

-f, --fields=LIST
select only these fields; also print any line that contains no delimiter character, unless
the -s option is specified .

OUTPUT:
27. PR

NAME

pr - convert text files for printing

SYNTAX

pr [OPTION]... [FILE]...

DESCRIPTION

Paginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing.

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options

too.

OUTPUT
24. FILTER

A programme that uses character stream as Standard Input(<), Manipulates

its content and write it to standard output(>).
 Command like Cat, WC, CMP, uses both standard input and output.

OUTPUT:
17. Ln

NAME
ln - make links between files

SYNOPSIS
ln [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME

DESCRIPTION
Create a link between two files.

OUTPUT:
Q28: Write a Shell Script to find GREATEST of three numbers.

Code:

echo "enter first number"

read first

echo "enter second number"

read sec

echo "enter third number"

read third

if [ $first -gt $sec ] ; then

if [ $first -gt $third ] ; then

echo -e " $first is greatest number "

else

echo -e " $third is greatest number "

fi

else

if [ $sec -gt $third ] ; then

echo -e " $sec is greatest number "

else

echo -e " $third is greatest number "

fi

fi
OUTPUT

Q29: Write a Shell Script to find FACTORIAL of numbers.

Code:

fact=1

echo -e "enter a number"

read n

if [ $n -le 0 ] ; then

echo "invalid number"

exit

fi

if [ $n -gt 0 ] ; then

for((i=$n;i>=1;i--))

do

fact=`expr $fact \* $i`

done

fi

echo "The factorial of $n is $fact"

OUTPUT:
Q30: Write a Shell Script to find whether a no. is PRIME or NOT.

Code.
echo -n "Enter a number: "

read num

i=2

while [ $i -lt $num ]

do

if [ `expr $num % $i` -eq 0 ]

then

echo "$num is not a prime number"

echo "Since it is divisible by $i"

exit
fi

i=`expr $i + 1`

done

echo "$num is a prime number "

OUTPUT:
Q31: Write a Shell Script to print FIBONACCI Series.
Code:
c=0

a=1

b=1

read -p "Enter limit of fibonacci Series:" n

echo -n "$a "

echo -n "$b "

#Fibonacci series logic

while((c<n))

do

c=$((a+b))

echo -n "$c "

a=$b

b=$c

done

echo -e "\n"

OUTPUT:
Q32: Write a Shell Script to SUM of digit of a number.

Code:

echo -e "enter the number"

read n

sum=0

a=$n

while(($n >0))

do

x=`expr $n % 10`

sum=`expr $sum + $x`

n=`expr $n / 10`

done

echo "the sum of $a is $sum"

OUTPUT:
Q33: Write a Shell Script whether a year is a LEAP YEAR or not.

Code:

echo-e “enter a year”

read year

if[$year-le 0 ];then

year=`date | cut-d ” ” –f6`

fi

if[`expr$year%year%400`-eq0];then

echo “$year is a leap year”

elif[`expr$year%100`-eq0];then

echo “$year is not a leap year”

if[`expr$year%year%4`-eq0];then

echo “$year is a leap year”

else

echo “$year is not a leap year”

fi

OUTPUT:
Q34: Write a Shell Script to Print the following triangle of number.

1
12
123
1234
12345
Code:

for((i=1;i<=5;i++))

do

for((k=1;k<=(5-i);k++))

do

echo -e "\c"

done

for((j=1;j<=i;j++))

do

echo -e "$j\c"

done

echo -e "\n"

done

OUTPUT:
Q35: Write a Shell Script to find number is EVEN or ODD.

Code:

echo "enter a no "

read x
y=`expr $x % 2`
if test $y -eq 0
then
echo "no is even "
else
echo "no is odd"
fi
OUTPUT:

Q36: Write a Shell Script to display the system date in format MM/DD/YY
and system time in hrs:mins:secs.
Code:
echo current date in required format MM/DD/YY
date +%D
echo current time in required format hrs:mins:secs
date +%T

OUTPUT:

Q37: Write a Shell Script to CONCATENATE two Files.

Code:
CAT > F1
CAT > F2
CAT F1 F2 > F3
CAT F3

Output:

Q38: Write a Shell Script to say HELLO to USER.

Code:

echo enter your name

read name
echo hello $name

OUTPUT:
Q39: Write a Shell Script to display name of users who are currently
logged in the system along with total number of user.

Code:
echo users currently logged in to computer along wid total no of users
who
a= who | wc -l
echo $a
OUTPUT:

Q40: Write a Shell Script to compute PALINDROME of a string.

Code:
echo "Enter a string to be entered:"

read str

echo

len=`echo $str | wc -c`

len=`expr $len - 1`
i=1
j=`expr $len / 2`

while test $i -le $j

do

k=`echo $str | cut -c $i`

l=`echo $str | cut -c $len`

if test $k != $l

then

echo "String is not palindrome"

exit

fi

i=`expr $i + 1`

len=`expr $len - 1`

done

echo "String is palindrome"

OUTPUT
Q41: Write a Shell Script to REVERSE a number.
Code:
echo "Enter a number"

read n

sd=0

rev=0

while [ $n -gt 0 ]

do

sd=$(( $n % 10 ))

rev=$(( $rev *\ 10 + $sd ))

n=$(( $n / 10 ))

done
echo "Reverse number of entered digit is $rev"

OUTPUT:

Q42: Write a Shell Script to read a file and print alphabets and lines.
Code:
echo Enter the filename

read file

w=`cat $file | wc -w`

c=`cat $file | wc -c`

l=`grep -c "." $file`

echo Number of characters in $file is $c

echo Number of words in $file is $w

echo Number of lines in $file is $l

OUTPUT:
Q43: Write a Shell Script to CONCATENATE two STRINGS and find out the
LENGTH of concatenated string.

Code:
echo Enter first string:

read s1

echo Enter second string:

read s2

s3=$s1$s2

len=`echo $s3 | wc -c`

len=`expr $len - 1`

echo Concatinated stringis $s3 of length $len

OUTPUT: