Republic of Yemen

University of Saba Region

Faculty of IT&CS
Course: Modern Communications Systems

Modern Communications Systems

Dr. Abdullah Yahia Alamri

Lec.1
 Course content
week topics
1.2,3 4G(LTE)- (LTE Overview, Wireless communication channel, Multicarrier transmission
system (OFDM-OFDMA). Single carrier transmission system (SC-FDMA)-Voice Over LTE
(VoLTE) Technology), OFDM in fibre optical communications.
4,5 MIMO Systems(Introduction, space diversity and systems based on space diversity, MIMO
based system architecture, MIMO channel modeling, Capacity)
6,7 5G enabling technologies (e.g. MIMO, beamforming, small cells, OFDM waveform designs).
8 IOT
9,10 IOT
11 Software defined radio (Need for software radio, general structure for transceiver for SDR,
third generation SDR system architecture, trends in SDR, cognitive radio, spectrum sensing
in cognitive radio)

Text books ▪ Andrea Goldsmith, “Wireless Communications”, Cambridge University Press, 2005
▪ Hyung G. Myung “Single Carrier FDMA A New Air Interface for Long Term
Evolution .

2
LTE Overview
LTE Long Term Evolution
Introduction, Air Interface, Core Network, Operation
Outline
•The way to LTE: 3 main 3G limitations
•LTE main requirements
•LTE versus other Mobile technologies
•Summary of Major Progress in Wireless Communications
•Network Architecture Evolution
•LTE key features
•Basics of the LTE Air Interface
•Standardization around LTE
•LTE Summary
The three main 3G limitations that led to the development of LTE are:
1. Low bit rates: 3G networks had maximum bit rates that were significantly lower than the state-of-the-art systems
at the time, such as 802.11n and 802.16e/m. This was a limitation even though 3G networks supported higher
mobility levels.
2. High latency: The latency of 3G networks was too high for handling traffic with high bit rate variance efficiently.
This was because the latency of user plane traffic was greater than 30 ms and the latency of resource assignment
procedures was greater than 100 ms.
3. High terminal complexity: WCDMA and MC-CDMA systems, the two main 3G technologies, had high terminal
complexity. This made equipment expensive and resulted in poor performing implementations of receivers. It also
inhibited the implementation of other performance enhancements.
LTE was designed to address all of these limitations. It has higher bit rates, lower latency, and lower terminal
complexity than 3G networks. This makes LTE a more suitable platform for supporting a wide range of
applications, including mobile broadband, VoIP, and video streaming.
In addition to the three main limitations listed above, there were other factors that contributed to the development of
LTE, such as the increasing demand for mobile broadband services and the need for a more efficient way to use
spectrum. LTE is now the dominant mobile network technology in the world and is continuing to evolve to meet the
growing needs of users and operators.
• Low bit rates

• Bit rate is the amount of data that can be transferred over a network connection in a given amount of time. 3G networks had
maximum bit rates that were much lower than the state-of-the-art systems at the time, such as 802.11n and 802.16e/m. This
means that 3G networks were not fast enough to support some applications, such as high-definition video streaming.

• High latency

• Latency is the time it takes for data to travel from one point to another on a network. 3G networks had high latency, which
means that it took a long time for data to travel from the device to the network and back. This made 3G networks unsuitable for
some applications, such as real-time gaming and video conferencing.

• High terminal complexity

• Terminal complexity is the complexity of the devices that connect to a network. 3G devices had high terminal complexity,
which made them expensive to manufacture. It also made it difficult to implement new features and performance enhancements
in 3G devices.

• LTE addressed all of these limitations by using a number of new technologies, such as MIMO (multiple-input multiple-
output), OFDMA (orthogonal frequency-division multiple access), and SC-FDMA (single-carrier frequency-division multiple
access). These technologies enabled LTE to achieve higher bit rates, lower latency, and lower terminal complexity than 3G
networks.

• LTE is now the dominant mobile network technology in the world and is continuing to evolve to meet the growing needs of
users and operators.
LTE: lower cost per bit and improved end user experience
HSPA (high speed packet access) is a third-generation (3G) mobile broadband communications technology.
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is the standard for 3G or third generation communications.
LTE is the standard for the 4G or fourth generation standards
 The figure shows that LTE
networks have higher bit
rates and lower latency than
3G networks. This makes
LTE networks more suitable
for supporting a wide range
of applications, including
mobile broadband, VoIP,
and video streaming.

The data plane (sometimes known as the user plane, forwarding plane, carrier plane or bearer plane) carries
the network user traffic. The control plane carries signaling traffic.
 comparison of 3G and LTE networks in terms of their bit rates and latency.
The figure shows that LTE networks have higher bit rates and lower latency than 3G networks. This means that LTE
networks can transfer more data in a shorter amount of time.
The figure also includes some text that provides additional information about the comparison:
•LTE: Increased spectral efficiency: LTE uses a number of techniques to improve spectral efficiency, which is the
amount of data that can be transmitted over a given frequency band.
•This allows LTE networks to achieve higher bit rates than 3G networks.
•OFDMA: Multi-carrier technology: OFDMA (orthogonal frequency-division multiple access) is a modulation
technique that divides the available frequency band into multiple subcarriers. This allows multiple users to
transmit data simultaneously without interfering with each other.
•MIMO: Multiple input multiple output technology: MIMO uses multiple antennas at both the transmitter and
receiver to improve signal quality and increase data throughput.
Conclusion
LTE networks offer a significant improvement in bit rates and latency compared to 3G networks. This makes LTE
networks more suitable for supporting a wide range of applications, including mobile broadband, VoIP, and video
streaming.
Summary of Major Progress in Wireless Communications
LTE versus other Mobile technologies
Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network is the radio technology used between mobile terminals and the
base stations of 3GPPsystems is generically known as 'Universal Terrestrial Radio Access' (UTRA) and the access
network as 'Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network' (UTRAN)
Basics of the LTE Air Interface
 Basics of the LTE Air Interface
OFDMA
•Downlink multiplexing
•OFDMA stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
•Receiver complexity is at a reasonable level
•it supports various modulation schemes from BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM to 64 QAM.

SC-FDMA
•Uplink multiplexing
• SC-FDMA stands for Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access, a variant of OFDMA
•The advantage against OFDMA to have a lower PAPR (Peak-to-Average Power Ratio) meaning
less power consumption and less expensive RF amplifiers in the terminal.
 Basics of the LTE Air Interface
MIMO
•Multiple Input Multiple Output
•LTE will support MIMO as an option,
•It describes the possibility to have multiple transmitter and receiver antennas in a
system.
•Up to four antennas can be used by a single LTE cell (gain: spatial multiplexing)
•MIMO is considered to be the core technology to increase spectral efficiency.
HARQ
•Hybrid Automatic Retransmission on request
•HARQ has already been used for HSDPA and HSUPA.
•HARQ especially increases the performance (delay and throughput) for cell edge
users.
•HARQ simply implements a retransmission protocol on layer 1/layer 2 that
allows to send retransmitted blocks with different coding than the first one.
 Basics of the LTE Air Interface
Scalable bandwidth
•LTE air interface allows to drive cells with
1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10MHz, 15MHz &
20 MHz.
•This gives the required flexibility for operators
to use spectrum allocations not available to a
non-scalable wide-band or ultra-wide-band
system.
SC-FDMA is technically close to OFDMA, but is more power efficient
 Standardisation around LTE

Collaboration agreement established in December 1998. More in

www.3gpp.org

Next Generation Mobile Networks. Is a group of mobile operators, to

provide a coherent vision for technology evolution beyond 3G for the
competitive delivery of broadband wireless services.
More in www.ngmn.org
LTE/SAE Trial Initiative. Is was founded in may 2007 by a group of
leading telecommunications companies.
Its aim is to prove the potential and benefits that the LTE technology can
offer.
More in http://www.lstiforum.com/
• IMT-International Mobile
Telecommunications
•3GPP is considering bandwidths of up to
100MHZ to support LTE-Advanced.
•LTE-Advanced will require different
spectral efficiencies, depending on the
environment.
•3GPP requirements for LTE-Advanced
were approved in May 2008 (TR 36.913)
•A key issue for LTE-Advanced is the
backwards compatibility with LTE
Release 8, as well as with GSM/WCDMA/
HSPA and also with cdma2000.
•Some of the items from the LTE-
Advanced studies to be postponed for
3GPP releases beyond Release 10.
LTE Summary