World Industries: Locational Patterns and Problems

World Industries

 The industries are not being settled in a random fashion but they are settled so to
maximize their profit. Weber has suggested methods for the settlement of the
industries. Moreover, there are some methods which help entrepreneurs to perceive their
locational requirement.

Factors affecting the world industries location:

 Nearness to consumer Market: population and income level of people are deciding
factors of the market. India is the big market for industries, world industries are attracted
to India because of the big market.
 Cheap labor & skill labor source: industries are attracted to cheap labor areas. At
present, Vietnam and Bangladesh are examples of attractive locations.
 Labour law
 Availability of raw material source: Some Industries are attracted to the raw material
region to save transport costs. Industries in Bokaro, Rourkela, Bhilai in India are
examples of favorable industrial locations in the raw material region. Mostly these
industries are mineral processing-based industries.
 Cement and brick-based industries
 Smelting industries
 Iron industries
 Steel industries
 Jute industries
 Food processing industries
 Textile industries etc
 Historical factor
 In all the developed countries, the pattern of manufacturing is strongly
influenced by its past. In Europe, it evolved among communities that were each
self-sufficing in most of the basic necessities of life. History may influence the
industry in the following ways:
 Inertia factor
 Subsidiary industry – the new industry may use a by-product of the
primary industry. Or furnish one of its essential requirements.
 An old industry may gradually cease to carry on its old manufacture and
take on a new, Like Oxford motors, Roll Royce.
 The decline of industry led to creating a pool of unemployed labour as
well as assets such as factory buildings, railway facilities, and transport
nets.
 Electricity (Cheap energy availability)
 Availability of cheap means of transport: Industries along the coastal area and riverside
are attracted to save transport costs.
 Agglomeration area: In the agglomeration area cost of production is lower because of
the following favorable conditions:
  Low transport cost
 Favorable government policy
 Skill labor supply
 Infrastructure facilities
 For example, silicon valley in the USA.
 Geographical Conditions
 Precipitation & Availability of water: for industries & for colonies.
 Capital: huge capital is needed for establishing any industry, having a capitalist
government in the country is an attractive destination for the industries.
 Technology: To turn the resource into an asset with value.
 Favorable Climate: some industries such as sugar, and textile industries are attracted in
a humid climate region.
 Vulnerability to Natural Resources
 Government policies/regulations & Tax incentive by the government
 Investment climate
 Influence of pressure groups

Classification of Industries

 Primary Industry: It is the simplest form of industry which consists of the first
processing of raw materials and then producing industrial raw materials. Such
industries include the smelting of bauxite to make aluminum.
 Secondary Industry: Basically they include all reprocessing of partially manufactured
goods to make more complex products, e.g. the use of cloth in clothing and the use of
paper to make books. They are called heavy industries e.g. engineering, metal goods,
heavy chemicals, shipbuilding, locomotives, and light industries.
 Tertiary Industry: It consists of service industries such as trade, transportation,
commerce, entertainment, personal services, tourism, and administration, and so on.
 Quaternary industry: This group is involved in the research of science and technology
and other high-level tasks. They include scientists, doctors, and lawyers.
 Quinary Sector: Some consider these to be a branch of the quaternary sector, which
includes the highest levels of decision-making in a society or economy. This sector would
include the top executives or officials in such fields as government, science, universities,
nonprofits, healthcare, culture, and the media. These are of a consultancy nature.

Major Industries

 Basic Industries: There are some industries that produce raw materials for other
industries and the iron and Steel industry. Its products are used in manufacturing
machines, which in turn, are used to produce other types of products. The major
producers of steel are CIS, U.S.A., Japan, and China.
 Consumer goods Industries: Produce goods for final consumption e.g. edible oil, tea,
coffee, bread biscuits, radio, television, etc.
 Metallic Industries: Modern Industries owe their development to metallic industries. It
includes nonferrous and ferrous industries copper, aluminum, etc. are called non-ferrous
industries which do not have Iron content. Industries based on metals having Iron content
 are known as ferrous industries. For example Iron and Steel industry, machine and tools,
motor cars, railways, engines, agricultural tools industries, etc.
 Shipbuilding Industry: It is ideally situated in areas noted for the Iron and Steel
Industry. Japan leads in the shipbuilding Industry.
 Automobile Industry: The best locations in established industrial regions with a
tradition of manufacturing components. General Motors, Ford and Chrysler of the
U.S.A., British Leyland in the U.K., Volkswagen and Mercedes in Germany, Fiat of Italy,
Datsun, Toyota, and Mazda of Japan are the major producers. U.S.A., Japan, Germany,
France, and other European countries are the major car producers in the World.
 Railway equipment and airplanes: It is located either in the heavy engineering districts
close to the steel rolling mills or at local points of the national railway system. The
United States is the world’s largest locomotive producer. The Industry is centered in
Detroit, Chicago, New York, etc., and is highly capital-intensive. The U.S.A. produces
the largest number of planes of which two-thirds are destined for export around the
world. Seattle on the eastern front is the hub.
 Chemical Industries: Chemicals are used widely such as in agriculture, the metallic
industry, textiles, leather, paper, glass, ceramics, soap, and food processing industries.
Chemical Industry is responsible for the development of the modern industry.
Petrochemical industry based on petroleum as raw material, chemical fertilizers, paints
and varnishes, plastics and some of the medicines are the products of the petrochemical
industry. The main petrochemicals manufacturing countries are the U.S.A. Spain, Britain,
and CIS.
 Textile Industry: Modern, mechanized textile manufacturing was first developed in
Britain. Textile manufacture using wool, cotton, silk, or linen according to the climatic
zone was practiced all over the world. Textile industries are located mainly in relation to
power and labor supplies. Cheap labor supplies were an important factor in the
establishment of textiles industries in the Southern U.S.A. and in Japan.
 Agro-based industries: Some of the industries utilize agricultural products as raw
materials, for example, Jute, tea, sugar, cotton, and vegetable oil industries. The food
processing industries of modern-day are also agro-based industries.
 Forest-based industry: Paper and pulp industry, rayon, turpentine oil, and furniture
industry are based on the raw materials obtained from the forests are known as forest
industries.

Industry Leading Countries

Iron and Steel USA, Germany, Russia

Cotton textile USA, Japan, Russia

Malaysia, Indonesia &

Rubber
Thailand
Industry Leading Countries

Synthetic Rubber USA, Germany, Japan

Woolen textile Australia, Russia

Silk textiles China, Japan

Microelectronics Japan, USA

Ship Building USA, Japan, Norway

Pulp & Paper Canada & USA

Newsprint Paper USA & Canada

Petroleum Products USA, Germany & Japan

Television Receivers Japan, USA

Cement Russia, Japan

Heavy Chemicals USA, Germany

Synthetic fibers USA, Germany

Aircraft USA, Russia

Locomotives USA, United Kingdom

Aluminium Canada, United Kingdom

Newsprint Canada, USA

Wood Pulp USA, Canada

Industry Leading Countries

Sawn wood
Russia, USA
Products

Cork Spain, Portugal

Major Industrial Regions of the World

 Moscow-Tula region of Russia – an industrial city and the administrative

center of Tula Oblast, Russia; it is located 193 kilometers south of Moscow, on the Upa
River. The region is rich in iron ore, clay, limestone, and deposits of lignite (coal). It
is a prominent industrial center with metalworking, engineering, coal mining, and
chemical industries.
 Magnitogorsk – is an industrial city in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located on the
eastern side of the extreme southern extent of the Ural Mountains by the Ural River.
It was named for the Magnitnaya Mountain that was almost pure iron, a geological
anomaly. Huge reserves of iron ore in the area made it a prime location to build a
steel plant. The city played an important role during World War II because it
supplied much of the steel for the Soviet war machine and its strategic location near
the Ural Mountains meant Magnitogorsk was safe from seizure by the German Army.
 Donbas of Ukraine (Donets Basin) – is a historical, economic, and cultural region of
eastern Ukraine. A coal mining area since the late 19th century, it has become a
heavily industrialized territory suffering from urban decay and industrial pollution.
The coal mines of Donbas are one of the most hazardous in the world due to
enormous working depths (down from 300 to 1200 m) as a result of natural depletion,
as well as due to high levels of methane explosion, coal dust
explosion, and rockburst dangers.
 Kuzbass region – located in southwestern Siberia, where the West Siberian Plain meets
the South Siberian Mountains. It is one of Russia’s most important industrial regions,
with some of the world’s largest deposits of coal. The south of the region is dominated
by metallurgy and the mining industry, as well as mechanical engineering and
chemical production.
 Great lakes region – The Great Lakes region of North America is a bi-national,
Canadian-American region that includes the eight U.S. states of Illinois, Indiana,
Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin as well as
the Canadian province of Ontario. Navigable terrain, waterways, and ports spurred an
unprecedented construction of transportation infrastructure throughout the region.
The region is a global leader in advanced manufacturing and research and
development, with significant innovations in both production processes and business
organization.
 Appalachian region – is a 205,000-square-mile region that follows the spine of the
Appalachian Mountains from southern New York to northern Mississippi. The
 Region’s economy, once highly dependent on mining, forestry, agriculture, chemical
industries, and heavy industry, has become more diversified in recent times, and now
includes a variety of manufacturing and service industries. Coal mining is the industry
most frequently associated with Appalachia due in part to the fact that the region
once produced two-thirds of the nation’s coal.
 New England – is a region in the northeastern corner of the United States consisting of
the six states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
and Connecticut. It historically has been an important center of industrial
manufacturing and a supplier of natural resource products such as granite, lobster,
and codfish. Exports consist mostly of industrial products, including specialized
machines and weaponry. About half of the region’s exports consist of industrial and
commercial machinery, such as computers and electronic and electrical equipment.
 Yokohama region of Japan – Yokohama is the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture and
the second-largest city in Japan by population after Tokyo. It is a major commercial
hub of the Greater Tokyo Area. The city has a strong economic base, especially in the
shipping, biotechnology, and semiconductor industries.
 Manchurian region of China – is a great industrial hub, with huge coal mines, iron-
and steelworks, aluminum-reduction plants, paper mills, and factories making
heavy machinery, tractors, locomotives, aircraft, and chemicals. The chief
commercial port is Dalian. The great Manchurian plain crossed by the Liao and
Songhua rivers is the only extensively level area. Fertile and densely populated, it has
been a major manufacturing and agricultural center of China.
 Sao Paulo region – is the largest city in Brazil & is considered the “financial capital
of Brazil”, as it is the location for the headquarters of many major corporations and the
country’s most renowned banks and financial institutions. Once a city with a
strong industrial character, Sao Paulo’s economy has become increasingly based on
the tertiary sector, focusing on services and businesses for the country.
 Lorraine region of France – is situated in the northeast corner of France bordering
Germany, Belgium, and Luxembourg. This region of France is a mostly rich farming
country through which the rivers the Meuse and Moselle flow, rising onto the
forested slopes of the Vosges. The region is known for its iron and steel industry and
crystal works.
 Ruhr and Silesia of Germany – Ruhr valley is an urban area in North Rhine-
Westphalia, Germany. It is Germany’s most densely populated region & is known
for coal mining and steel industries.
 West Coast region of Canada – Energy, and agriculture are Western Canada’s dominant
industries – and this region, with only 10 million inhabitants, is one of the world’s
largest net exporters of both energy and agricultural commodities. Approximate
breakdown: Oil (13% of world reserves; 4% of world production) Uranium (8% of world
reserves; 20% of world production), Potash (60% of world reserves; 30% of world
production), Wheat, coarse grains, oilseeds (21% of the world export market for wheat;
10% for oilseeds).
Industrial Region: United States of America

 The New England Regions.

 The New York-Mid-Atlantic Region.
 Mid-Western Region.
 North-Eastern Region.
 The Southern Region.
 Western Region.
 The Pacific Region.

Industrial Region: Canada

 Ontario and St. Lawrence Valley.

 Prairie Region.
 Pacific Coastal Region.

Industrial Region: United Kingdom

 Midland.
 Lower Scotland.
 North-East Coast.
 South Wales.
 Lancashire.
 London Basin.

Industrial Region: Germany

 Rhine Industrial Region.

 The Saar and Middle Rhine Industrial Region.
 The Hamburg Industrial Region.
 Berlin Industrial Region.
 Leipzig Industrial Region.

Industrial Region: France

 The Northern Industrial Region.

 The Lorraine Industrial Region.
 The Paris Industrial Region.

Industrial Region: Italy

 The Northern Region (Lombardy, Piedmont, Liguria, etc.).

 The Southern Region (Naples).

Other European Regions

  Swiss Plateau in Switzerland,
 Stockholm region in Sweden,
 Rotterdam-Amsterdam region in Holland,
 Brussels-Antwerp industrial region in Belgium.

Industrial Region: CIS

 The CIS is one of the mighty industrial powers of the world.

 The Moscow-Tula Industrial Region.
 The Southern Industrial Region.
 The Caucasus Industrial Region.
 The Ural Industrial Region.
 The Volga Industrial Region.
 The Kuznetsk Industrial Region.
 The Central Asia Industrial Region.

Asian Regions: Japan

 The Tokyo-Yokohama Region.

 The Osaka-Kobe Region.
 The Chukyo Region.
 The North Kyushu Region.

Asian Regions: China

 The Manchuria Region.

 The Yantze Valley Region.
 The North China Region.
 The South China Region.
 Other Regions (Canton, Swatow, and Minhow).

Asian Regions: India

 The Calcutta Conurbation.

 The Bombay-Poona Megalopolis.
 The Ahmedabad-Vadodara Region.
 The Southern Industrial Region.
 The Damodar Valley Region.
 The Capital Regions.
 Other Regions (Kanpur, Lucknow, Meerut, Allahabad, Varanasi, Jalandhar, Patiala,
Jaipur, Bilaspur, Cuttack, Bhubaneswar, Hyderabad, Trivandrum, Alleppey, Quilon, etc.)

Other Asian Industrial Zones

 Besides these major industrial regions, there are some isolated and scattered industrial
centres in Asia.
  Among these notable are Seoul, Chongtu, Taejon, Taegu, Pohang, Ulsal, and Kwangju in
South Korea, small islands like Hong Kong and Singapore are important.
 Of the smaller centres Karachi in Pakistan, Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia, and Kuwait are
important.

Asian industrial regions

Country Industry Centre Feature

Plain of Kwanto Electronics, Tokyo, Yokohama 24% population, Japan’s

Engineering products, biggest plain, Main
Aeronautics Industry, Administration Centre
Motor Vehicle

Nagoya and Industry (all types) Nagoya Osaka, Kobe, –

Kinki Area Kyoto

Nort Kyushu Iron & Steel, Yabat, Tobeta Ship building

Area Engineering, Ship Nagasaki
building

CIS Textile, Iron & Steel, Moscow, Tula Extended Market due to
Moscow Region Engineering, more population
Electronics, Defence
materials

Ukraine Iron & Steel, Krivoi, Donetz, Kevi, Odessa hill is in Ukraine
Engineering, Ship Odessa where Iron-ore and coal
building, chemicals, deposits found adequately
Sugar Industry

Ural Area Iron and Steel, Magneto-Metallic Minerals abundance in

Engineering, morsk, Chellabinisk Ural
Electronics, Defence
materials

North America Iron & Steel, Chicago, Detroit Chicago is the world’s
Great Lake Area Engineering Motor Indiana, Harvour longest Railway Junction
Country Industry Centre Feature

Vehicle, Meat Industry Buffalow and of pork large centre

of wheat.

Eastern Coastal Iron & Steel, Baltimore USA’s largest Steel

Area Engineering Philadellphia, Industry centre, 5%
Electronics Reichmohat chmohat population of the world
concentrates

Applachian Area Iron & Steel, Pitsburg, Yongstown Famous for ‘Steel
Engineering City’ of the world

New Zealand Engineering, Boston It is the first Industrial

Area Electronics, Woolen region of USA.
Industry, Fisheries Availability of hydro-
electricity, ports and
coastal facilities

California Area Oil refinery, Los AnglesSan Availability of Petrol,

Aeronautics, film Francisco development of film and
industry, Tourism tourism due to natural
industry beauty

Southern Part of Textile Industry, Iron Burmingham, Dallas The largest Industrial area
USA & Steel, Oil Refinery of Southern USA

South-eastern Textile and wool Montreal, Ottawa, Coal and Iron-ore

Canadian region industry, Iron & Steel, Toronto available
Engineering and Paper
Industry

South-Western Wine, Fisheries and Vancouver Here Ports are open for
Canada Paper Industry whole year

England Objects related with London International market and

London Basin demand Metropolitan facilities
Country Industry Centre Feature

Southern Wales Ship building, Iron and Cardiff Export centre

Area Steel, Chemical

North Eastern Iron and Steel, Leeds

Area Engineering, ship
building

Lancashire Cotton and woolen Manchester and Facilities of ports and

Industry Liverpool temperate weather

Scotland Ship building, woolen Glasgow –

and cotton, Iron &
Steel, Chemical,
Medicines

Rea Basin Iron & Steel, Burmingham Situated on Pennines hill

Engineering and
clothes Industry

Germany Iron & Steel, wool Berlin Ports are open yearly due
Berlin Area industry, Textile, to North-Atlantic drift
sports materials, ship-
building

Lawrence-Saar Iron and Steel, Luxemburg Brussels Famous for metal work
Area Chemical Engineering (Famous for Diamond
finishing)

France Demand-related Paris Availability of

Plan of Paris industry, Perfumes, International & National
Food processing market

Upper Motor vehicle, Frankfurt Abundance of hydro

Aeronautics

Rhine Valley Paper, Light Zurich electricity ad forest

Country Industry Centre Feature

Engineering objects produces

Italy Textile industry, Milan (Textiles)Turin —

Po-Valley MotorVehicle, industry (Vehicle)

South Wool Industry, Ship Gutenberg Taiga Forests.High

Scandinavia building, Iron & Stockholms quality Iron-orefrom
SteelPaper Industry Sweden

Centre Major Industry

Ahmedabad Cotton Textile

Akron (Ohio, USA) Synthetic rubber

Anshan (China) Iron & Steel

Antwerp (Belgium) Shipbuilding, petrochemicals

Auckland (NZ) Dairy products

Baku Oil refinery

Belfast (Northern Ireland) Ship building

Birmingham (England) Iron & steel

Cadiz (Spain) Cork

Cairo (Egypt) Cotton textiles

Chelyabinsk (Russia) Iron & Steel

Chiba (Japan) Marine engineering

Chicago Meat Packing

Dallas (Texas, USA) Aircraft

Detroit (Michigan, USA) Automobiles

Dhaka Carpet
Centre Major Industry

Dresden (Germany) Optical Instrument

Dundee (Scotland) Cotton Textile

Glasgow Ship building

Gorky Engineering

Halifax (Canada) Worsted textiles

Hamamatsu (Japan) Musical instruments

Hamburg Ship building

Hamilton Iron & Steel

Havana Cigar

Hongkong Toys, light electronicindustries

Houston Oil refinery

Ivanovo (Russia) Cotton textiles

Johannesburg Gold Mining

Kansas city Aircraft

Kiev (Ukraine) Engineering

Kimberley Diamond

Kingston Locomotive

Lyons Silk

Los Angles Aircraft

Magnitogorsk Iron and steel

Manchester Cotton textiles

Milan (Italy) Silk

Moscow Cotton textiles andheavy Industries

Multan Pottery
Centre Major Industry

Munich Lens Manufacturing

Nagasaki Ship building

Nagoya Ship Building

New Castle Iron & Steel

New York Ship building,cotton textiles

Osaka Cotton Textile

Ottawa Paper

Pittsburg (USA) Iron & Steel

Quebec (Canada) Marine engineering

Ruhr Valley (Germany) Iron and steel

San Francisco Ship building

Sarnia (Canada) Oil refinery

Seattle (USA) Aircraft

Shanghai Cotton Textile

Sheffield (England) Cutlery

Shenyang (China) Iron & Steel

Tokyo Ship building &cotton textiles

Tula (Russia) Iron & Steel

Vancouver Oil refining &shipbuilding

Vienna Glass

Vladivostok Ship Building

Wellington (New Zealand) Dairy

Windsor (Canada) Automobile

Zurich (Switzerland) Light Engineering