This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D5324 − 16

Standard Guide for

Testing Water-Borne Architectural Coatings1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5324; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of procedures 2.1 ASTM Standards:3
for testing water-borne coatings to be used on exterior, interior D16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and
or both types of surfaces (Note 1). The properties that can be Applications
examined or, in some cases, the relevant test procedures are D185 Test Methods for Coarse Particles in Pigments
listed in Table 1 and Table 2. D215 Practice for the Chemical Analysis of White Linseed
Oil Paints (Withdrawn 2005)4
NOTE 1—The term “architectural coating” as used here combines the D344 Test Method for Relative Hiding Power of Paints by
definition in Terminology D16 with that in the FSCT Paint/Coatings the Visual Evaluation of Brushouts
Dictionary, 2 as follows: “Organic coatings intended for on-site applica-
tion to interior or exterior surfaces of residential, commercial, D358 Specification for Wood to Be Used as Panels in
institutional, or industrial buildings, in contrast to industrial coatings. Weathering Tests of Coatings (Withdrawn 2014)4
They are protective and decorative finishes applied at ambient tempera- D522 Test Methods for Mandrel Bend Test of Attached
tures. Often called Trade Sales Coatings.” Organic Coatings
NOTE 2—Architectural coatings that are designed to give better perfor- D523 Test Method for Specular Gloss
mance than most conventional coatings because they are tougher and more D562 Test Method for Consistency of Paints Measuring
stain and abrasion resistant are covered by Guide D3730.
Krebs Unit (KU) Viscosity Using a Stormer-Type Viscom-
1.2 The types of organic coatings covered by this guide are eter
as follows: D660 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Checking of
(1) Type 1 Interior Latex Flat Wall Paints, Exterior Paints
(2) Type 2 Exterior Latex House Paints, D661 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Cracking of
(3) Type 3 Water-Borne Floor Paints, and Exterior Paints
(4) Type 4 Interior Latex Semigloss and Gloss Paints. D662 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion of
1.2.1 Each is intended for application by brushing, rolling, Exterior Paints
spraying or other means to the material appropriate for its type, D772 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Flaking (Scal-
which may include plaster, masonry, wallboard, wood, steel, ing) of Exterior Paints
previously painted surfaces, and other architectural substrates. D869 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Settling of Paint
D968 Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the Coatings by Falling Abrasive
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information D1006 Practice for Conducting Exterior Exposure Tests of
only. Paints on Wood
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the D1014 Practice for Conducting Exterior Exposure Tests of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Paints and Coatings on Metal Substrates
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- D1210 Test Method for Fineness of Dispersion of Pigment-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- Vehicle Systems by Hegman-Type Gage
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. D1296 Test Method for Odor of Volatile Solvents and
Diluents
D1308 Test Method for Effect of Household Chemicals on
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
3
Subcommittee D01.42 on Architectural Coatings. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016. Published February 2017. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D5324 – 10. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D5324-16. the ASTM website.
2 4
Available from Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology (FSCT), 492 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
Norristown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422-2350, http://www.coatingstech.org. www.astm.org.

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 D5324 − 16
Clear and Pigmented Organic Finishes D4017 Test Method for Water in Paints and Paint Materials
D1475 Test Method For Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks, by Karl Fischer Method
and Related Products D4060 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
D1554 Terminology Relating to Wood-Base Fiber and Par- Coatings by the Taber Abraser
ticle Panel Materials D4062 Test Method for Leveling of Paints by Draw-Down
D1640 Test Methods for Drying, Curing, or Film Formation Method
of Organic Coatings D4213 Test Method for Scrub Resistance of Paints by
D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color Abrasion Weight Loss
Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials D4214 Test Methods for Evaluating the Degree of Chalking
D1849 Test Method for Package Stability of Paint of Exterior Paint Films
D2064 Test Method for Print Resistance of Architectural D4287 Test Method for High-Shear Viscosity Using a Cone/
Paints Plate Viscometer
D2196 Test Methods for Rheological Properties of Non- D4400 Test Method for Sag Resistance of Paints Using a
Newtonian Materials by Rotational Viscometer Multinotch Applicator
D2197 Test Method for Adhesion of Organic Coatings by D4585 Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings
Scrape Adhesion Using Controlled Condensation
D2243 Test Method for Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Water- D4707 Test Method for Measuring Paint Spatter Resistance
Borne Coatings During Roller Application
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and D4828 Test Methods for Practical Washability of Organic
Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coatings
Coordinates D4946 Test Method for Blocking Resistance of Architectural
D2369 Test Method for Volatile Content of Coatings Paints
D2370 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Organic Coat- D4958 Test Method for Comparison of the Brush Drag of
ings Latex Paints
D2486 Test Methods for Scrub Resistance of Wall Paints D5007 Test Method for Wet-to-Dry Hiding Change
D2574 Test Method for Resistance of Emulsion Paints in the D5068 Practice for Preparation of Paint Brushes for Evalu-
Container to Attack by Microorganisms ation
D2805 Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflec- D5069 Practice for Preparation of Paint-Roller Covers for
tometry Evaluation of Architectural Coatings
D3168 Practice for Qualitative Identification of Polymers in D5150 Test Method for Hiding Power of Architectural
Emulsion Paints Paints Applied by Roller
D3258 Test Method for Porosity of White or Near White D5179 Test Method for Measuring Adhesion of Organic
Paint Films by Staining Coatings in the Laboratory by Direct Tensile Method
D3273 Test Method for Resistance to Growth of Mold on the D5326 Test Method for Color Development in Tinted Latex
Surface of Interior Coatings in an Environmental Cham- Paints
ber D5895 Test Methods for Evaluating Drying or Curing Dur-
D3359 Test Methods for Measuring Adhesion by Tape Test ing Film Formation of Organic Coatings Using Mechani-
D3450 Test Method for Washability Properties of Interior cal Recorders
Architectural Coatings D6037 Test Methods for Dry Abrasion Mar Resistance of
D3456 Practice for Determining by Exterior Exposure Tests High Gloss Coatings
the Susceptibility of Paint Films to Microbiological Attack D6583 Test Method for Porosity of Paint Film by Mineral
D3719 Test Method for Quantifying Dirt Collection on Oil Absorption
Coated Exterior Panels (Withdrawn 2009)4 D6686 Test Method for Evaluation of Tannin Stain Resis-
D3723 Test Method for Pigment Content of Water-Emulsion tance of Coatings
Paints by Low-Temperature Ashing D6736 Test Method for Burnish Resistance of Latex Paints
D3730 Guide for Testing High-Performance Interior Archi- D6900 Test Method for Wet Adhesion of Latex Paints to a
tectural Wall Coatings Gloss Alkyd Enamel Substrate
D3792 Test Method for Water Content of Coatings by Direct D7072 Practice for Evaluating Accelerated Efflorescence of
Injection Into a Gas Chromatograph Latex Coatings
D3793 Test Method for Low-Temperature Coalescence of D7190 Practice to Evaluate Leaching of Water-Soluble Ma-
Latex Paint Films by Porosity Measurement (Withdrawn terials from Latex Paint Films
2012)4 D7306 Practice for Testing Low Temperature Film-
D3925 Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and Related Formation of Latex Paints by Visual Observation
Pigmented Coatings D7489 Practice for Evaluating Touch-Up Properties of Ar-
D3928 Test Method for Evaluation of Gloss or Sheen chitectural Coatings under Various Environmental Condi-
Uniformity tions
D3960 Practice for Determining Volatile Organic Compound D7514 Test Method for Evaluating Ink Stainblocking of
(VOC) Content of Paints and Related Coatings Architectural Paint Systems by Visual Assessment

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 D5324 − 16
D7786 Test Method for Determining Enamel Holdout substrate or if the substrate is in direct contact with damp
E70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With the ground, blistering, flaking or peeling may result.
Glass Electrode 4.2.3 Environmental conditions after application, both gen-
E105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials eral for the area and specific, such as under eaves, behind
E1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea- shrubbery, northside and southside exposure.
surement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
5. Selection of Tests
2.2 U.S. Federal Test Method Standard No. 141D:5
2131 Application of Sprayed Films 5.1 Because the conditions to which a coating is subjected
3011 Condition in Container vary with (a) the surface type: wall, floor, ceiling, and (b) the
4541 Working Properties and Appearance of Dried Film service environment: exterior or interior, specialized types of
6301 Wet Adhesion (Tape Test) water-borne coatings have been developed for the different
locations. The recommended test methods presented in Table 1
3. Terminology and Table 2 cover practically all of the properties of water-
3.1 For definitions of terms in this guide refer to Terminol- reducible coatings but all of them are not required with each
ogy D16 and D1554. type. Coatings intended for exterior use only or both exterior
and interior use require certain properties not relevant to those
4. Conditions Affecting Water-Reducible Coatings for interior use only. Selection of the methods to be followed
must be governed by experience and the requirements in each
4.1 Interior and Exterior Coatings: individual case, together with agreement between the pur-
4.1.1 Substrate Type—The substrate to be painted can affect chaser and the seller..
not only the application properties of a coating, such as gloss
and uniformity, but is also a factor in determining the type of 5.2 The purchaser should first determine the properties a
coating to use. For instance, a primer-sealer may be required coating should have and then select only those test methods
for porous substrates, such as new drywall, bare plaster, new that measure or evaluate those properties. After selecting the
wood or porous masonry. Other factors are the type and quality desired tests, the purchaser should then decide which proper-
of metal, wood or wood composite (plywood, particle board or ties are the most important and establish the requirements or
hardboard), the type, quality and alkalinity of concrete, plaster specifications accordingly. Since coating properties frequently
and joint cement systems, and the type and condition of any tend to oppose each other, such as low sheen versus good
previous coatings. cleansability, some properties may need to be less emphasized
4.1.2 Substrate Conditions—Conditions such as porosity if others are to be accentuated. This balance of properties must
and hardness determine the kind of coating that can be applied. be considered when selecting the tests and establishing the
The condition of previously painted substrates, such as degree requirements. The significance of the tests and the normal
of chalk, presence of grease, dirt, mold, and water-soluble or range of values are presented in the different sections, in most
oily contaminants, film adhesion and porosity, all influence the cases.
performance of coatings. Smoothness of the substrate affects 5.3 This guide does not indicate relative importance of the
the spreading rate, final appearance, and texture. various tests nor does it recommend specific test values
4.1.3 Preparation of previously painted substrates, including because properties very important to one purchaser may be less
cleaning, solvent cleaning, and sanding. so to another.
4.1.4 Type and quality of primer or undercoat and time of
drying before topcoating. 6. Sampling
4.1.5 The application properties, even of interior water- 6.1 Prior to sampling, the condition of the container should
reducible coatings, are affected by temperature and humidity at be established, since damage to it may cause evaporation,
the time of application and during drying. As these materials skinning, or other undesirable effects on the coating.
contain water, surfaces do not have to be completely dry before
6.2 Sample in accordance with Practice D3925. Determine
application. However, low temperature during drying may
the density in pounds per kilograms/litre (gallon) in accordance
cause poor film formation.
with Test Method D1475. Continue sampling and determining
4.2 Exterior Finishes: density until successive results agree within 45 g (0.1lb) or as
4.2.1 Substrate Weathering—Weathering of wood before agreed upon between the purchaser and seller. Then take
painting will probably adversely affect the performance of samples for testing.
exterior coatings. Some weathering of masonry surfaces may
6.3 Specify the amount required for a representative sample,
have beneficial effects on the performance.
the package sizes, and an identification code. A or 4-L (1-U.S.
4.2.2 Substrate Aspects of the Building—If construction
gal) sample is usually sufficient for the recommended tests, but
defects or defects due to age are such that excessive moisture
for guidance in selecting a sampling plan consult Practice
from the inside or the outside makes its way through the
E105.

7. Liquid Coating Properties

5
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,
732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:// 7.1 Condition in Container—Thickening, pigment settling,
www.access.gpo.gov. and liquid separation are undesirable and objectionable if

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 D5324 − 16
TABLE 1 List of Standards in Sectional Order
ASTM Federal Test Method
Property (or related test) Section
Standard Standard 141D

Sampling 6.2 D3925

Liquid Coating Properties
Condition in container 7.1 3011
Coarse particles and foreign matter 7.2 D185
Density or weight per gallon 7.3 D1475
Fineness of dispersion 7.4 D1210
Odor 7.5 D1296
Colorant acceptance 7.6 D5326
pH 7.7 E70
Package stability 7.8
Heat stability 7.8.1 D1849
Freeze-thaw stability 7.8.2 D2243
Settling 7.8.3 D869
Microorganism resistance 7.8.4 D2574, D3273
Coating Application and Film Formation
Application properties 8.1
Brush application 8.1.1 D5068
Brush drag 8.1.1.1 D4958
Roller application 8.1.2 2112
Roller spatter 8.1.2.1 D4707
Spray application 8.1.3 2131
Touch-up uniformity 8.2 D3928, D7489
Low-temperature coalescence 8.3 D3793, D7306
Rheological properties 8.4
Consistency (Low-shear viscosity) 8.4.1 D562
Rheological properties of non-Newtonian materials 8.4.2 D2196, D4287
Sag resistance 8.4.3 D4400 4494
Levelling properties 8.4.4 D4062
Drying properties 8.5 D1640, D5895
Wet-to-Dry Hiding Change 8.5.1 D5007
Appearance of Dry Film
Color difference 9.1 ...
Color appearance 9.1.1
Color differences by visual comparison 9.1.2 D1729
Color differences using instrumental measurements 9.1.3 D2244
Directional reflectance 9.2 E1347
Gloss 9.3
Gloss, 60° 9.3.1 D523
Sheen (85° gloss) 9.3.2 D523
Hiding power 9.4 D344, D2805, D5150
Burnish Resistance 9.5 D6736
Enamel Holdout 9.6 D7786
Properties of Dry Film
Interior and Exterior Coatings 10.1
Abrasion resistance 10.1.1 D968, D4060, D6037 6192
Adhesion 10.1.2 D2197, D3359, D5179
Wet adhesion 10.1.3 D6900 6301
Flexibility 10.1.4 D522, D2370 6221A
Resistance to household chemicals 10.1.5 D1308
Efflorescence from the film 10.1.6
Efflorescence from the substrate 10.1.7 D7072
Surfactant Stain Resistance 10.1.8 D7190
Interior Finishes 10.2
Block resistance 10.2.1 D4946
Print resistance 10.2.2 D2064
Film porosity 10.2.3 D3258, D6583
Washability and cleansability 10.2.4
Washability 10.2.4.1 D2486, D4213
Cleansability 10.2.4.2 D3450, D4828 6141B
Ink Stainblocking 10.2.5 D7514
Exterior Coatings 10.3
Adhesion to chalky surfaces 10.3.1 6301
Dirt pick-up 10.3.2 D3719
Fume resistance 10.3.3
Fume resistance test 10.3.3.1
Blister resistance 10.3.4 D4585
Exposure resistance 10.3.5 D1006, D1014
Chalking 10.3.5.2 D4214
Checking 10.3.5.3 D660
Cracking 10.3.5.4 D661
Erosion 10.3.5.5 D662
Flaking 10.3.5.6 D772
Fade resistance 10.3.5.8 D2244

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 D5324 − 16
TABLE 1 Continued
ASTM Federal Test Method
Property (or related test) Section
Standard Standard 141D

Stain resistance 10.3.6

Tannin Stain Resistance 10.3.6.1 D6686
Coating Analysis
Chemical analysis 11.1 D215
Volatile content 11.2 D2369
Volatile organic content 11.3 D3960
Water content 11.4 D3792, D4017
Pigment content 11.5 D3723
Pigment analysis 11.6 D215 7261
Nonvolatile vehicle identification 11.7 D3168
A
Equivalent only to Method B of Test Method D522.
B
Except for scrub medium.

material that has been stored cannot be readily reconditioned dispersion finer than 2 to 3 Hegman (3 to 2.5 mils). Some
and made suitable for application with a reasonable amount of interior flat latex paints have finenesses as low as 1 Hegman or
stirring. The referenced method covers procedures for deter- 90 µm (3.5 mils). Determine fineness of dispersion in accor-
mining changes in properties after storage and lists character- dance with Test Method D1210.
istics that are undesirable and objectionable in a stored paint. 7.4.1 The referenced method was designed primarily for
Determine condition in the container in accordance with coatings with good fineness of dispersion, such as high gloss
Method 3011 of Federal Test Method Standard No.141D. (See finishes. Some interior flat paints contain pigments so coarse
also 7.8 Package Stability.) that it is impractical to measure the fineness with a grindgage
7.2 Coarse Particles and Foreign Matter—Liquid coatings because the agglomerates are carried along by the scraper.
must be free of coarse particles and foreign matter to be able to NOTE 3—The fast drying of latex paints makes it difficult to make
form uniform films of good appearance, a typical maximum measurements of this type.
being 0.5 weight % of the total material. The referenced 7.5 Odor—One of the advantages of latex paints is that they
method with a 325-mesh (45-µm) screen gives the percent of contain little if any organic solvent. Thus interior latex paints
these particles. Determine content of coarse particles and do not have odors characteristic of solvent-borne coatings.
foreign matter in accordance with Test Method D185. However, other ingredients, such as ammonia, may be used
7.2.1 Another test method used in industry to determine that might also be objectionable in confined spaces. Hence,
whether coarse particles are present in the dry film of a interior latex paints should be tested for odor acceptability.
low-gloss finish is to scrape the surface of the film with a Although there is no specific ASTM test method for evaluating
spatula or metal edge of a ruler. Any particles larger than 325 odor of water-borne coatings, the industry does attempt to
mesh can be clearly seen after the surface has been scraped. measure this property. Determine whether the paint has an
7.3 Density or Weight per Gallon—The density measured in unpleasant or irritating odor as agreed upon between the
pounds per kilograms per litre = g ⁄ml (gallon) is used to ensure purchaser and seller, taking adequate precautions to ensure the
product uniformity from batch to batch, provides a check safety of the operator. Test Method D1296 may be suitable as
against the theoretical weight calculated from the formula, and the basis for a test.
is useful for determining the similarity of two samples. The
7.6 Colorant Acceptance—Tintability of white bases with
referenced method gives a procedure for measuring the density
colorants of standardized tinting strength is a trade require-
of the coating at a specified temperature. Most paints have
ment. If tinting colors are not adequately compatible with tint
densities of about 1.2 to 1.4 kg/L (10 to 12 lb/gal). Determine
bases, lighter, darker, or nonuniform shades of colors are
density in accordance with Test Method D1475, using a
produced. Determination of color development of a tinted paint
calibrated weight per gallon cup.
may be accomplished by following Test Method D5326.
7.4 Fineness of Dispersion—Generally, the more finely a
7.7 pH—Latex paints with low (acidic) pH may corrode
pigment is dispersed the more efficiently it is being utilized.
metal containers. To avoid this problem, the pH is normally
One method for measuring the degree of dispersion (commonly
stabilized within the range from about 5 to 10, depending upon
referred to as “fineness of grind”) is to draw the liquid coating
the type of latex used and the general formulation. The pH does
down a calibrated tapered groove varying in depth from 100 to
not determine the quality of a latex paint and should be used
0 µm (0 to 8 Hegman units) (4 to 0 mils) . The depth at which
only to ensure product uniformity. However, a change in pH
continuous groupings of particles or agglomerates, or both,
during storage may indicate poor stability and an unacceptable
protrude through the surface of the wet film is taken as the
change in the properties of a latex paint. Determine pH in
fineness of dispersion value. Higher readings in Hegman units
accordance with Test Method E70.
or lower readings in mils or micrometres indicate finer disper-
sion. Most interior semigloss and gloss latex coatings have a 7.8 Package Stability—Since paints are normally not used
fineness of about 5 to 7.5 Hegman or 40 to 7 µm (1.5 to 0.3 immediately after manufacture, they must remain stable in the
mils) while lower gloss finishes do not generally require a can for some time. At normal temperatures most water-borne

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 D5324 − 16
TABLE 2 Alphabetical List of Properties
Federal Test
ASTM
Property (or related test) Section Method
Standard
Standard 141D
Abrasion Resistance 10.1.1 D968, D4060, D6037 6192
Adhesion 10.1.2 D2197, D3359
Adhesion to chalky surfaces 10.3.1 6301
Analysis, chemical 11.1 D215
Application properties 8.1
Blister resistance 10.3.4 D4585
Block resistance 10.2.1 D4946
Brush application 8.1.1 D5068
Brush drag 8.1.1.1 D4958
Burnish Resistance 9.5 D6736
Chalking 10.3.5.2 D4214
Checking 10.3.5.3 D660
Cleansability 10.2.4.2 D3450, D4828 6141A
Coarse particles and foreign matter 7.2 D185
Colorant acceptance 7.6 D5326
Color appearance 9.1.1
Color differences by visual comparison 9.1.2 D1729
Color differences using instrumental measurements 9.1.3 D2244
Condition in container 7.1 3011
Consistency (Low-shear viscosity) 8.4.1 D562
Cracking 10.3.5.4 D661
Density or weight per gal 7.3 D1475
Dirt pick-up 10.3.2 D3719
Drying properties 8.5 D1640, D5895
Efflorescence from the film 10.1.6
Efflorescence from the film substrate 10.1.7 D7072
Enamel Holdout 9.6 D7786
Erosion 10.3.5.5 D662
Exposure resistance 10.3.5 D1006, D1014
Fade resistance 10.3.5.8 D2244
Film porosity 10.2.3 D3258, D6583
Fineness of dispersion 7.4 D1210
Flaking 10.3.5.6 D772
Flexibility 10.1.4 D522, D2370 6221B
Freeze-thaw stability 7.8.2 D2243
Fume resistance 10.3.3
Gloss 9.3
Gloss, 60° 9.3.1 D523
Heat stability 7.8.1 D1849
Hiding power 9.4 D344, D2805, D5150
Ink Stainblocking 10.2.5 D7514
Levelling properties 8.4.4 D4062
Low-temperature coalescence 8.3 D3793, D7306
Microorganism resistance 7.8.4 D2574, D3273
Nonvolatile vehicle identification 11.7 D3168
Odor 7.5 D1296 4401
Package Stability 7.8
pH 7.7 E70
Pigment analysis 11.6 D215 7261
Pigment content 11.5 D3723
Reflectance, directional 9.2 E1347
Resistance to household chemicals 10.1.5 D1308
Rheological properties of non-Newtonian materials 8.4.2 D2196, D4287
Roller application 8.1.2 D5069
Roller spatter 8.1.2.1 D4707
Sag resistance 8.4.3 D4400 4494
Sampling 6.2 D3925 1022
Settling 7.8.3 D869
Sheen (85° gloss) 9.3.2 D523
Spray application 8.1.3 2131
Stain resistance 10.3.6
Surfactant Staining 10.1.8 D7190
Tannin Stain Resistance 10.3.6.1 D6686
Touch-up uniformity 8.2 D3928, D7489
Volatile content 11.2 D2369
Volatile organic content (VOC) 11.3 D3960
Washability 10.2.4.1 D2486, D4213
Water content 11.4 D3792, D4017
Wet adhesion 10.1.3 6301
Wet-to-Dry Hiding Change 8.5.1 D5007
A
Except for scrub medium.
B
Equivalent only to Method B of Test Methods D522.

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 D5324 − 16
coatings can be stored for over a year with little change in finishes are tested on vertical surfaces and floor coatings on
properties. However, exposure in uninsulated warehouses or horizontal surfaces, although evaluation of the latter on vertical
during shipping to high temperatures in the summer or to low surfaces may be necessary to determine performance on stair
temperatures in the winter may cause unacceptable changes in risers, railings, posts, etc. The referenced method covers a
these products. Other unsatisfactory conditions that may occur means for the determination of the brushing properties of a
during storage are excessive settling and microbiological coating. Even though the test is subjective, someone experi-
attack. enced in the art can produce quite consistent results. Determine
7.8.1 Heat Stability—Exposure in service to high tempera- brushing properties in accordance with Practice D5068.
tures can be used to test for the stability of a packaged coating 8.1.1.1 Brush Drag—As the brush drag (resistance encoun-
that frequently encounters such conditions in service, or as an tered when applying a coating by brush) increases, any natural
accelerated test to predict stability when stored at temperatures tendency of the painter to overspread the paint is reduced. All
above freezing. Although indications of long term package other factors being constant, increased brush drag results in
stability can usually be obtained in several days or weeks at an greater film thickness with consequent improvements in hiding
elevated temperature, such as 50°C (125°F) or 60°C (140°F), and film durability. Conversely, increasing brush drag too
occasionally the results of the accelerated test do not agree with much can cause difficulties in spreading the paint easily and
those at prolonged normal storage conditions. In the referenced uniformly, leading to excessive sagging, prolonged drying time
method the changes in consistency and certain other properties and, in highly pigmented latex paints, possibly to “mud-
of the accelerated aged material are compared to those occur- cracking” due to excessive thickness. The referenced method
ring in a control kept at normal temperatures for a longer covers the determination of relative brush drag of a series of
period. When testing for heat stability, as such, changes in coatings applied by brush by the same operator. It has been
viscosity, flow, gloss, pH, foam resistance, color uniformity, established that the subjective ratings thus obtained correlate
and wet adhesion are usually checked. Determine heat stability well with high shear viscosities obtained instrumentally using
in accordance with Test Method D1849. Test Method D4287 (see 8.4.2), provided that the paints differ
7.8.2 Freeze-Thaw Stability—Water-borne coatings may be in viscosity by at least 0.3 poise (0.03 Pa·s). Determine brush
subjected to freezing conditions during shipping and storage. drag ratings in accordance with Test Method D4958.
Suitably stabilized products can resist several cycles of freez- 8.1.2 Roller Application—Both wall and floor coatings are
ing and thawing without showing deleterious changes such as frequently applied by roller. This type of application tends to
coagulation, graininess (seeding), or excessive viscosity in- produce some stipple pattern. The referenced method covers
crease. Many latex paints that increase in viscosity can still be the evaluation of a material’s characteristics when applied by
considered usable, if other properties that may be affected by a roller. Since foaming often occurs when water-borne coatings
higher viscosity, such as levelling and brushability, are satis- are roller applied, the amount of foam produced, and the
factory. Determine freeze-thaw stability in accordance with number of craters that remain after the bubbles have broken
Test Method D2243. should be determined during the test. Determine roller coating
7.8.3 Settling—Modern coatings are generally resistant to properties in accordance with Practice D5069.
hard settling, but do at times show separation and soft settling. 8.1.2.1 Some coatings spatter more than others when ap-
The referenced method covers the degree of pigment suspen- plied by roller. The degree to which a paint spatters when roller
sion in and ease of remixing of a shelf-aged specimen to a applied can be determined by the density of the spatter. In the
homogeneous condition suitable for the intended use. Deter- referenced method a specially designed notched spool is rolled
mine settling in accordance with Test Method D869. through a film of the test material that has been applied to a
7.8.4 Microorganism Resistance—Microorganisms in a plastic panel. Any spatter generated falls upon a catch paper
water-borne coating can cause gassing, putrefactive or fermen- and after drying is rated against photographic standards. This
tative odors, and loss of viscosity. Determine if the paint procedure eliminates the influence of the roller cover, thus
contains living bacteria and if it is resistant to attack by bacteria determining the spattering characteristics of the paint alone.
in accordance with Test Method D2574. Determine the resis- Determine spatter resistance in accordance with Test Method
tance to mold growth on the surface of interior coatings in D4707.
accordance with Test Method D3273. 8.1.3 Spray Application—Architectural coatings are some-
times applied by spray. Both air and airless spray are used on
8. Coating Application and Film Formation commercial work. Determine spray application properties in
8.1 Application Properties—Application or working prop- accordance with Method 2131 of Federal Test Method Stan-
erties of a paint are generally compared to a standard or dard No. 141D. Manual application is very subjective and
described by requirements in the product specification. Deter- should be performed only by an individual skilled in the art of
mine working properties in accordance with Method 4541 of using spray equipment.
Federal Test Method Standard No. 141D. 8.2 Touch-Up Uniformity—Coatings applied to large, flat
8.1.1 Brush Application—Brushed films should be smooth surfaces may exhibit localized areas of noticeably different
and free of seeds and on vertical surfaces should show no appearance due to variation in film thickness, different methods
sagging, color streaking, nor excessive brush marks. Brush of application, or localized damage in service. With a coating
drag should not be excessive although some degree of drag of suitable touch-up properties, additional material of the same
may be desirable for adequate film thickness application. Wall batch or lot can be applied only to these localized areas to

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provide uniformity of color, gloss, and levelling over the entire 8.4.4 Levelling Properties—Levelling is an important prop-
surface. Determine touch-up properties in accordance with Test erty when smooth, uniform surfaces are to be produced,
Method D3928. Variations in drying conditions effect architec- because it affects hiding and appearance. Brush marks and
tural coatings in field application and are also known to impact imperfections are much more conspicuous in semigloss and
touch-up uniformity. Determining touch-up uniformity under a gloss finishes than they are in low gloss materials. In the
variety of laboratory-controlled temperature and humidity referenced method a series of ridges is produced using a
scenarios may be accomplished by following Practice D7489. levelling rod and after drying they are compared to levelness
8.3 Low-Temperature Coalescence—If a latex paint is ap- standards. Determine levelling in accordance with Test Method
plied at too low a temperature it will not form a coherent film. D4062.
The referenced test method determines how well the latex 8.5 Drying Properties—The drying time of a coating is
particles fuse together or coalesce to form a continuous film at important in determining when a freshly painted room, floor or
low temperatures. Determine low-temperature coalescence of a stair can be put back in use. Slow drying may result in dirt or
series of coatings or reformulations in accordance with Test insect pickup causing a poor appearance or, if on an exterior
Method D3793. If staining media is not available or staining of surface, rain or dew may cause a nonuniform appearance. The
films is not possible due to testing restrictions, a visual method drying time of a coating is determined by its composition and
of determining the coalescent level is covered in Practice by atmospheric conditions during drying. Most latex paints dry
D7306. to touch in 1 to 2 h when the water has evaporated from the
film. Low gloss finishes can usually be recoated from within a
NOTE 4—Because of the poor reproducibility of this method with
numerical values, Test Method D3793 cannot be used to compare such few hours to 18 h. Because of the glycols present in semigloss
results from different laboratories. Interlaboratory agreement is improved and gloss latex coatings it is prudent not to recoat before at
significantly when rankings are used. least 18 h drying. Curing to obtain the ultimate properties may
8.4 Rheological Properties: take only a few days for some latex paints while others may
8.4.1 Consistency (Low-Shear Viscosity)—Consistency is require 1 to 2 weeks, depending upon the composition. Any
important, relating to application and flow, and should fall one of the several methods for determining the various stages
within a stated range for satisfactory reproduction of a specific of film formation in the drying or curing of organic coatings
formula. While consistency is an important property it does not may be used. For example, if two coats are specified the
determine the quality of a coating and should be used mainly determination of “dry-to-recoat” time is important. Determine
to ensure product uniformity. In the referenced method, con- appropriate drying time(s) in accordance with Test Methods
sistency is defined as the load in grams to produce a specified D1640 or D5895.
rate of shear. The load value is frequently converted to Krebs 8.5.1 Wet-to-Dry Hiding Change—Some highly pigmented
Units (KU) and the Stormer consistency reported on that basis. coatings will have a tendency to have better hiding properties
Although the consistency of most latex paints is about 150 to once they have dried than when they are still in the wet state.
300 g/100 revolutions, a much wider range is possible because Usually the greater this difference, the lower the quality of
of the great variation that may occur in the rheological paint. Determine the visual difference between wet and dry
properties of these paints. Two paints of the same consistency hide of white or off-white paints using Test Method D5007.
may have quite different rheological properties during appli-
cation. Determine consistency in accordance with Test Method 9. Appearance of Dry Film
D562. 9.1 Color Difference:
8.4.2 Rheological Properties of Non-Newtonian 9.1.1 The appearance of color is greatly influenced by
Materials—Rheological properties are related to application several factors. A color next to a yellow wall looks different
and flow characteristics of the liquid coating. The referenced than the same color next to a blue wall. The visual appearance
methods cover the determination of rheological properties and of a colored object illuminated by incandescent light, fluores-
are particularly suited for coatings that display thixotropic cent light, and natural light differs because the spectral com-
characteristics. However, they measure viscosity under differ- position of the incident lights vary. Gloss also affects color
ent shear rates. In Test Method D4287 there is only one rate but appearance. Low and high gloss coatings frequently look
it is similar to that occurring during brush application so that different in color, even though instrumentally their colors may
the measured viscosity is related to brush drag, spreading rate be identical.
and film build. Test Method D2196 includes procedures for 9.1.2 Color Differences by Visual Comparison—Visual
measuring viscosity at several shear rates to determine the comparison of colors is fast and often acceptable, although
amount of shear thinning and the viscosity change at low shear numerical values are not obtained. The referenced method
rates. The results can be used to evaluate sag resistance and covers the spectral, photometric, and geometric characteristics
levelling ability. Determine rheological properties in accor- of light source, illuminating and viewing conditions, sizes of
dance with Test Methods D2196 or D4287 or both. specimens, and general procedures to be used in the visual
8.4.3 Sag Resistance—Some coatings sag and form curtains evaluation of color differences of opaque materials relative to
before the film sets. Resistance to this type of flow is an their standards. Determine color difference in accordance with
important property particularly for semigloss and gloss finishes Practice D1729.
because of the unsightly film appearance. Determine sag 9.1.3 Color Differences Using Instrumental
resistance in accordance with Test Method D4400. Measurements—The difference in color between a product and

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 D5324 − 16
its standard can be measured by instrument. Generally the 9.4 Hiding Power—Hiding power is a measure of the ability
tolerance is agreed upon by the purchaser and seller and may of a coating to obscure the substrate, and is usually expressed
also be required if a product specification is involved. Color as the spreading rate for a specified level of opacity. It is,
measuring instruments provide numerical values that can be however, dependent on uniformity of film thickness, which in
compared to subsequent measurements. The referenced practical applications is influenced by the flow, levelling and
method covers the calculation of instrumental determinations application properties of the coating. Test Method D2805 is
of small color differences observable in daylight illumination precise, and gives an absolute rather than a comparative result.
between nonfluorescent, nonmetameric, opaque surfaces such Paint is applied with an applicator bar to minimize the effects
as coated specimens. If metamerism is suspected, visual of flow and levelling, film thickness is rigorously measured,
evaluation (9.1) should be used to verify the results. Calculate and film opacity is determined instrumentally. Test Methods
in accordance with Practice D2244 the color differences that D344 is a practical test in which paint is applied with a brush,
have been measured instrumentally. wet-film thickness is approximately controlled by spreading
9.2 Directional Reflectance—This property is a measure of rate, and hiding power is evaluated visually by comparison
the appearance of lightness of a coating. It is usually assigned with a standard paint, but results are affected by flow and
a value in specifications for white and pastel shades, a typical levelling of the materials. Test Method D5150 is a practical test
range being 76 to 92 % for white finishes. In the referenced in which paint is applied with a roller, wet-film thickness is
method the directions of illumination and viewing are specified approximately controlled by spreading rate, and hiding power
so as to eliminate the effect of gloss. Determine daylight is evaluated visually by comparison with a standard paint, but
directional reflectance in accordance with Test Method E1347. results are affected by flow and leveling of the materials and
drying rate of the paint. Determine hiding power in accordance
9.3 Gloss—This property is a measure of the capability of a with Test Methods D344, D2805, or D5150.
coating surface to reflect light in a mirror-like (specular)
manner, that is, light strikes the surface and is reflected at the 9.5 Burnish Resistance—Interior flat paints may become
equal but opposite angle. In the referenced method the numeri- burnished in areas where clothing or upholstered furniture rub
cal gloss units are the ratio of light reflected by a specimen to against a wall. This rubbing may cause a smoother, glossier
that reflected by the primary black glass that is assigned a gloss surface at the contacted area, depending on the level or type of
value of 100. The gloss of some coatings varies greatly with the pigments in the paint and binder hardness. Determine the
angle of incidence so that a complete description of their gloss burnish resistance of a paint by the use of Test Method D6736.
would require measurements over a wide range of angle. In 9.6 Enamel Holdout is the ability of a primer/topcoat system
practice, the gloss of architectural finishes is adequately to retain gloss of the topcoat relative to gloss of the topcoat
characterized by measurements at 60° or 85°, or both, from a over a non-porous smooth surface. The referenced method
line perpendicular (normal) to the surface. The 85° angle is a covers a means for the determination of the enamel holdout
very low “grazing” angle (5°) of illuminating and viewing the properties of both primers and topcoats. This standard may be
surface and the gloss at this angle is called“ sheen”. Attempts used by paint companies and raw material suppliers to quan-
to standardize the levels of gloss associated with the several titatively assess the interactions of primers and topcoats with
descriptive terms have not been very successful since the gloss respect to their ability to provide good enamel holdout.
scale is continuous with no distinct boundaries. Hence, there is Determine enamel holdout properties in accordance with Test
some overlap at the ends of some classifications in common Method D7786.
usage.
9.3.1 Gloss, 60°—Semigloss finishes are particularly sensi- 10. Properties of the Dry Film
tive to poor enamel hold-out of primers and undercoats. Low or 10.1 Interior and Exterior Coatings:
uneven gloss readings are indicative of this defect. Low gloss 10.1.1 Abrasion Resistance—Abrasion resistance is a mea-
finishes range from 0 to 20 while exterior latex house paints sure of the ability of a dried film to withstand wear from foot
may vary from 5 to 60. A range from 20 to 40 is typical of traffic and marring from objects rolled or pulled across the
water-borne floor finishes after drying for a few days. Interior surface. In the referenced methods, dry abrasive is applied to a
semiglosses vary from 35 to 70 but measurements taken shortly coated panel using the force of gravity or a jet blast for
after drying should be repeated after one week because the free-flowing abrasive or a weighted wheel for abrasive embed-
gloss can drop considerably in the first few days of drying. ded in a resilient rubber matrix. Determine dry abrasion
Determine the 60° gloss in accordance with Test Method D523. resistance in accordance with Test Methods D968, D4060, or
9.3.2 Sheen (85° Gloss)—Although low-gloss paints with D6037. (See 10.2.4.1 for wet abrasion resistance.)
good uniformity of appearance at low angles of viewing often
NOTE 5—Because of the poor reproducibility of abrasion test methods,
have little sheen while those with good cleansability usually testing should be restricted to only one laboratory when numerical
have moderate sheen, this is not always the case so that sheen abrasion resistance values are to be used. Interlaboratory agreement is
should not be used as a measure of other paint properties. The improved significantly when rankings are used in place of numerical
referenced method, using the 85° geometry, is useful in values.
characterizing the low-angle appearance of low-gloss coatings. 10.1.2 Adhesion—Adhesion, the ability of a film to resist
Nominally flat wall paints have a sheen of 1 to 10 whereas removal from the substrate, is an important property of a
velvets or eggshells range from 15 to 35. Determine the sheen coating. Determine adhesion in accordance with Test Method
(85° gloss) in accordance with Test Method D523. D2197, D3359, or D5179.

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10.1.3 Wet Adhesion—It is essential that a finish adhere another surface, particularly one with a pattern. Interior gloss
tightly to a given substrate or primer under the wet conditions and semigloss systems on window sills and other horizontal
of washing or scrubbing. There is no adequate test method surfaces often have flower pots placed on them that may tend
published by ASTM. Determine the wet adhesion of exterior to leave a permanent impression from the pressure. This
latex paints in accordance with Method 6301 of Federal Test tendency for a paint film to “print” is often a function of the
Method Standard No. 141D. hardness of the coating, the pressure, temperature, humidity,
10.1.4 Flexibility—Elongation is a measure of the flexibility and time that the two surfaces are in contact. Test for print
of a coating film. Most semigloss and full gloss water-borne resistance in accordance with Test Method D2064.
coatings can be bent over a 3.2-mm (1⁄8-in.) mandrel without 10.2.3 Film Porosity—The more porous a paint film is, the
affecting the film. However, interior flat and eggshell finishes worse its cleansability and enamel holdout. In the referenced
usually pass at 6.4-mm (1⁄4-in.). For exterior coatings Test method a special, colored penetrating medium is applied to the
Method D2370 is a much more discriminating method.6 coating and the change in reflectance indicates the degree of
Determine flexibility in accordance with Test Methods D522 or porosity. Determine film porosity in accordance with Test
elongation with Test Method D2370. Methods D3258 or D6583.
10.1.5 Resistance to Household Chemicals—An important
10.2.4 Washability and Cleansability—The capability of
property of some finishes is their ability to resist spotting,
satisfactorily removing marks without damaging the film is
softening or removal when subjected to household chemicals
essential for good performance of interior finishes. A coating
or strong cleaners. Determine resistance to these chemicals in
may be washable, that is, unaffected by the detergent solution,
accordance with Test Method D1308.
but may not have good cleansability. Frequently the difference
10.1.6 Efflorescence from the Film—Salt formation is pro-
between the two terms, “cleansability” and “washability” is not
duced by specific conditions of temperature and humidity if a
clearly understood so that there is confusion as to what is really
paint contains sufficient solid water-soluble material to cause a
being tested; for example, the title of Test Method D3450.
noticeable deposit on the film. However, because of the
Cleansability is evaluated by applying one or more stains and
improvements in latex and latex paint formulations few interior
soils and determining how readily they are removed. Wash-
latex paints effloresce.
ability is evaluated by determining the resistance of the film to
10.1.7 Efflorescence from the Substrate—Cementitious sub-
wet erosion either by visual assessment or measured film loss.
stances may contain sufficient solid water-soluble materials to
In general, the precision of both types of test is poor because
cause a surface deposit through leaching and evaporation.
several properties, such as hardness, water and detergent
Determine efflorescence resistance by use of Practice D7072.
resistance, cohesion and adhesion, are involved and the
10.1.8 Surfactanct Stain Resistance—Surfactant staining is
endpoint, except for the wet abrasion method, is rather indefi-
a common problem with exterior house paints, particularly
nite.
when subjected to humid environments (such as morning dew)
shortly after application. Interior paints used in humid areas 10.2.4.1 Washability (Also referred to as Scrubbing or Wet
such as kitchens and bathrooms may also experience surfactant Abrasion Resistance)—The scrubbing method, Test Methods
staining. Leaching of water-soluble materials may be depen- D2486, developed for interior latex flat wall paints can be
dent on colorant dispersions that are mixed into tint base applied to coatings of almost any type. In it the coating is
paints. Other paint components may also affect the leaching of applied to a black plastic panel that, during scrubbing with a
water-soluble materials. Determine surfactant staining by use nylon brush and abrasive cleaning agent, is raised by a narrow
of Practice D7190. shim to concentrate the test area. The number of back-and-forth
strokes (cycles) required to remove the film over the shim is
10.2 Interior Finishes: determined. Interior latex flat paints can vary in scrub resis-
10.2.1 Block Resistance—This property is important for tance from less than 100 to more than 1000 cycles. The
interior semigloss and gloss finishes since it governs the wet-abrasion method, Test Method D4213, is similar except
resistance of surfaces of dried coatings to sticking together that a sponge is used in place of the bristle brush while the shim
when stacked or placed in contact with each other. An interior is not used. This method also provides for the use of a
finish often comes in contact with itself, especially on doors, nonabrasive medium with paints having very low abrasion
windows and drawers where it sometimes sticks to itself resistance. The weight or volume loss per 100 cycles to erode
(blocks) depending on the hardness of the coating, the pressure, the film almost to exposure of the black substrate is the
temperature, humidity, and time that the surfaces are in contact. measure of scrub resistance. Evaluate washability, as just
The referenced method covers an accelerated blocking resis- described, in accordance with Test Methods D2486 or D4213.
tance procedure developed especially for architectural coat-
10.2.4.2 Cleansability—The older referenced method, Test
ings. Determine blocking resistance in accordance with Test
Method D3450, is similar to the wet-abrasion method, Test
Method D4946.
Method D4213, except that the sponge is used with either the
10.2.2 Print Resistance—The ability of a coating to resist
nonabrasive or abrasive cleaning agent to remove a carbon
printing is important because its appearance is adversely
black-oil stain. The ability to remove the stain is expressed as
affected if the surface texture is modified by contact with
the ratio (in percent relative) of the reflectance of the cleaned
area to that of the area before application of the stain. In Test
6
Ashton, H. E., “Flexibility and its Retention in Clear Coatings Exposed to Methods D4828, referred to as a “practical” test, numerous
Weathering,” Journal of Coatings Technology, Vol 51, No. 653, June 1979, p. 41. staining and soiling agents found in service and commercial

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 D5324 − 16
abrasive or nonabrasive cleaners as well as the standardized blister resistance can be qualitatively evaluated in a laboratory
cleaning agents can be used. In the revised edition the films test. Determine resistance to moisture blistering in accordance
may be cleansed manually or mechanically, but only the latter with Practice D4585.
is suitable for interlaboratory testing. Evaluate ease of remov- NOTE 6—Latex paints are frequently promoted on the basis of their
ability in accordance with Test Methods D3450 or D4828. ability to allow moisture to escape without causing blisters, so they should
10.2.5 Ink Stainblocking—Many architectural coatings sys- be tested for this property.
tems are designed to have functionality to both cover stains 10.3.5 Exposure Resistance—If the coating is intended for
found on interior household surfaces and block them from exterior use, evaluation of the resistance to weathering may be
penetrating to the surface of subsequent topcoats. This is required. In conducting exterior exposures follow Practice
especially true for architectural primer coatings. Determine the D1006 for wood substrates or Practice D1014 for steel.
ability of a coating system to block stains from a variety of inks 10.3.5.1 In establishing exterior performance on wood, use
or other household staining materials in accordance with Test the panels described in Specification D358 or as agreed upon
Method D7514. between the purchaser and the seller.
10.3 Exterior Coatings: 10.3.5.2 Degree of Chalking—Determine the rating using
Test Methods D4214.
10.3.1 Adhesion to Chalky Surfaces—Latex paints generally 10.3.5.3 Degree of Checking—Determine the rating using
have little ability to penetrate powder substrates. Consequently, Test Method D660.
adhesion to previous coatings that have chalked is poor unless 10.3.5.4 Degree of Cracking—Determine the rating using
the latex paint has been modified to penetrate and bind the Test Method D661.
chalk layer to the old coating. However, certain latices do exist 10.3.5.5 Degree of Erosion—Determine the rating using
that are designed to adhere well to chalky surfaces so do not Test Method D662.
require modification. There are no directly applicable ASTM or 10.3.5.6 Degree of Flaking—Determine the rating using
Federal Test Method Standard No. 141 test methods for Test Method D772.
adhesion to chalky surfaces, although work is still going on. 10.3.5.7 Mildew Resistance—Many exterior paints are sub-
The industry generally uses a pressure-sensitive tape to test for ject to microbiological discoloration on the surface with time.
this property. The tape is pressed firmly onto the dried latex This is especially true in warm, moist climates. Determine
film (fresh dry films do not adhere as well as aged dry films) mildew resistance in accordance with Practice D3456.
and then removed rapidly by pulling back upon itself. 10.3.5.8 Fade Resistance—Exterior latex paints usually
Method 6301 of Standard 141D describes a similar method but have good color retention because of their good resistance to
includes water exposure. chalking. However, the use of improper latex, pigment volume
10.3.2 Dirt Pickup—Low-gloss exterior latex paints gener- concentration, or pigments can lead to fading. There are no
ally have good resistance to dirt pickup. Gloss or semigloss ASTM nor Federal test methods specifically designed for
latex paints may be more subject to this type of disfigurement. evaluating fade resistance, but the change in color on exposure
Exterior exposure, particularly under an overhang (soffit), can be measured in accordance with Practice D2244 (see 9.2).
should indicate in a relatively short time (about 1 year) a 10.3.6 Stain Resistance—There is neither an ASTM nor a
paint’s tendency to this defect. Determine degree of dirt Federal test method available for evaluating general stain
collection in accordance with Test Method D3719. resistance of exterior latex paints. There are, of course,
10.3.3 Fume Resistance—Some paints exhibit a change in different kinds of stain such as the water-soluble extractives in
appearance (usually color) when subjected to air containing wood substrates, the formation of lead or mercury sulfides, and
certain sulfur compounds, notably hydrogen sulfide and sulfur rundown from metal surfaces of oxides that disfigure the
dioxide. This type of atmosphere may be present near indus- surface. Different kinds of test methods are required for
trial or other polluted areas and can cause a paint to yellow or water-soluble and insoluble stains.
darken in as little time as overnight. There are no ASTM or 10.3.6.1 Tannin Stain Resistance—Architectural coatings
Federal test methods for evaluating this color change, but one that are applied directly to raw wood surfaces are often
procedure used by the industry is as follows: expected to have the ability to prevent tannins and extractives
10.3.3.1 Apply a sufficient number of coats of the paint to found within the wood from penetrating into a topcoat. This is
two glass plates to hide the surface completely, allow to dry for especially important for painting wood boards that are more
6 h and expose one in a moist atmosphere of hydrogen sulfide heavily concentrated in tannins, such as cedar or redwood, in
for 18 h. Compare the color with the unexposed plate. The humid environments. Determine the ability of a coating to
color difference should not exceed that between plates that resist tannin staining in accordance with Test Method D6686.
have been coated with a paint made with titanium dioxide
pigment, lead-free zinc oxide, raw or refined linseed oil, and 11. Coating Analysis
sufficient cobalt added for drying, and similarly treated. 11.1 Chemical Analysis—If a specification requires certain
10.3.4 Blister Resistance—Blister resistance is the ability of raw materials or certain components in a given amount then
a dry film on wood to resist the formation of blisters caused by analysis is needed to determine whether the specified compo-
water from the wood substrate. In practice water can come nents are present and in what amounts. Analysis is primarily a
from either the interior of a home or from the structural defects measure of uniformity and does not necessarily establish
that permit entry of exterior water behind the wood. Moisture quality that can also be greatly affected by manufacturing

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 D5324 − 16
techniques. No single schematic analysis is comprehensive perature ashing of water-borne coatings. Some of these coat-
enough to cover the wide variety of paint compositions. Most ings may contain ingredients that lose water of hydration or
ASTM analytical methods apply to solvent-borne coatings. decompose at the test temperature. Consequently, caution must
However, some of them can be adapted to analysis of the be exercised in applying the method to materials containing
water-reducible type. Select test procedures from Practice unknown pigment compositions. If difficulties or disagree-
D215 and ASTM methods that are pertinent to the components ments are encountered with this procedure, the pigment should
of water-borne coatings. be separated from the binder using a centrifuge. Determine the
11.2 Volatile Content—The percent of volatile matter is a pigment content in accordance with Test Method D3723.
measure of the amount of a liquid coating lost as it dries. This 11.6 Pigment Analysis—The analysis of pigment may be
quantity is not necessarily indicative of the quality of the required if the product is covered by a specification or upon
coating. It is useful, however, for determining the similarity of agreement between the purchaser and seller. Analyze the
two batches. The referenced method covers the determination pigment in accordance with selected test procedures from
of the volatile content by weight of solvent- and water- Practice D215 and appropriate ASTM methods.
reducible coatings. The quantity determined subtracted from 11.7 Identification of Nonvolatile Vehicle—The type of
100 % gives the nonvolatile content of the coating. Determine binder used in a coating has a great influence on its properties.
the volatile content in accordance with Test Method D2369. The referenced method covers the qualitative characterization
11.3 Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Content—Several or identification of the extracted vehicle by infrared spectros-
local jurisdictions have adopted air pollution controls that copy and pyrolysis of the paint followed by gas-liquid chro-
severely limit the amount of VOC permitted in architectural matography. It is useful in detecting batch to batch uniformity
coatings, including interior latex gloss and semigloss paints. and the presence of major adulterants. Identify the nonvolatile
Since these paints may contain solvent such as coalescent and vehicle in accordance with Practice D3168.
co-solvent wet-edge aids, it is essential that these products not
exceed the established VOC limits. Determine VOC content in 12. Field Testing
accordance with Practice D3960. 12.1 Although many of the recommended test methods
11.4 Water Content—The amount of water may be required attempt to simulate conditions under which water-reducible
in the calculation of the VOC of coatings. The referenced coatings are applied and used, it is not possible to duplicate
methods cover the determination of the total water content of accurately all possible conditions. Testing materials under field
water-borne coatings, one using gas-liquid chromatography conditions is recommended for the final evaluation of suitabil-
and the other the Karl Fischer reaction. Determine water ity.
content in accordance with Test Methods D3792 or D4017.
11.5 Pigment Content—Pigment provides the hiding and 13. Keywords
color and influences many other properties of a coating. The 13.1 architectural coatings; coating tests; water-borne coat-
referenced method describes the procedure for the low tem- ings

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