THE MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND

INNOVATIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

SAMARKAND STATE INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

COURSE WORK
THEME: DEVELOPING WRITING SKILLS IN ENGLISH AS A
FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Scientific supervisor: Karimova. Sh. V.

Done by: Farxodova. N. F.

Group: 2203

SAMARQAND - 2024

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 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………..3

CHAPTER I THE ROLE OF WRITING SKILLS IN LANGUAGE

LEARNING

1.1 Importance of writing skills in communication .. ……….….……….……….5

1.2 Different types of writing……...…………………………………...……….10

1.3 Overview of writing styles………….……………………...........................15

CHAPTER II EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES TO ELABORATE WRITING

SKILLS IN ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

2.1 Stages of writing: Prewriting, Drafting, Revising, Editing, and Publishing…21

2.2 Effective teaching of writing in English……………..……..…..………..….26

2.3 Enhancing writing abilities in foreign language…………….……….……..29

CONCLUSION.…………..……………………………………………………33

THE LIST OF USED LITERATURE……………….………………………35

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 INTRODUCTION

The actuality of the course paper. President of the Republic of

Uzbekistan Sh. M. Mirziyoyev on September 9, 2017, "Restructuring the preschool
education system from the ground up in the decision on improvement measures as
given, educational method that arouses interest in reading books from childhood,
the preparation of didactic materials and fiction, 13, 2017 September
"Development of publishing and distribution system of book products, on
improving and promoting book reading and reading culture. Decisions on the
program of comprehensive measures are also the goal of this science helps to
clarify the essence [1,22].
"It's time to establish a new system for teaching foreign languages in our
country, which will be a solid foundation for the future. Since we have set
ourselves the goal of building a competitive country, from now on, graduates of
schools, lyceums, colleges and universities must have a perfect knowledge of at
least 2 foreign languages. This strict requirement should become the main criterion
for the activity of the head of every educational institution," President Shavkat
Mirziyoyev insists. Writing plays an important role in teaching a foreign language.
At the beginning of training, mastering graphics and spelling is the goal of
mastering the technique of writing in a new language for students. Further, writing
is considered as an important skill in learning a foreign language.
The process of learning English is time-consuming and progressive, and it can
be faced a number of difficulties. This process consists of developing certain skills.
According to the general basis, they are divided into productive and receptive
types.Receptive skills are listening and reading. For this, students do not need to
perform the language, only they receive, absorb and understand the information.
These skills are sometimes called passive skills. Speaking and writing skills are
active skills and are different from each other [1,22].

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 This coursework focuses on improving writing skills for those learning
English as a second language. It covers the significance of effective writing in
communication, various writing styles, and the writing process, which includes
stages like brainstorming, drafting, revising, and editing. Key topics include
essential grammar and syntax, vocabulary expansion, and the structure of
paragraphs. The course explores different writing forms—descriptive, narrative,
expository, and persuasive—along with academic and creative writing techniques.
Students will also learn about writing for specific purposes, such as professional
correspondence and exam preparation. The importance of feedback and peer
review is emphasized, along with the use of digital tools to support writing.
The coursework culminates in the creation of a writing portfolio,
encouraging reflection and goal-setting for continued development. Overall, it aims
to equip learners with the skills necessary for effective writing in English.
The subject of the course paper. Subject of the given research includes the
semantic views from the teachers and also scientists and main procedures of
developing writing skills in English.
The object of the course paper is about background of different methods
of enhancing writing abilities and narrative techniques in classroom, consideration
and analysis of the forms and methods of assessing the achievements of students in
foreign language lessons as a means of developing self-esteem and mutual
evaluation of the student, as a factor in motivating the study of a foreign language.
The task of the work. We have the following tasks:
- Information about effective ways of developing writing skills in English as a
foreign language to learners.
- Facts about teaching different writing techniques and its position in English
language.
The aim of the course paper is to develop writing skills in English such
exercises which will stimulate the teaching process.
The tasks of the course paper are the following:
- determine the main patterns of difficulty in learning writing styles;
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- characterize the specific features of the foreign language teaching;
- give effective methodologies in developing the English language writings;
- investigate the key strategies of teaching writing skills in foreign language;
- and specify the ways of determining the language learning comprehension.
The structure of work. Hereby work consists of introduction, two main
chapter with three and four parts, conclusion and the list of the used literature. The
structure of the work allows for a systematic exploration of the topic, from
historical origins to contemporary implications, providing readers with a thorough
understanding of the interplay between writing history and language acquisition.

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 CHAPTER I THE ROLE OF WRITING SKILLS IN LANGUAGE
LEARNING
1.1 Importance of writing skills in communication
Writing skills play a vital role in the language learning process, serving as a
bridge between understanding and effective communication. Writing helps learners
internalize grammar, syntax, and vocabulary. By actively using these elements in
writing, students can better understand their functions and improve their overall
language proficiency. The act of writing encourages deeper engagement with the
language. It promotes critical thinking and aids in the retention of new vocabulary
and concepts, as learners must organize their thoughts and articulate them clearly.
Effective writing fosters clarity and precision in communication. It teaches learners
how to convey ideas logically and persuasively, which is essential in both personal
and professional contexts. Writing provides a platform for creative expression,
allowing learners to explore their thoughts and feelings. This creative outlet can
increase motivation and enthusiasm for language learning. Written work allows for
feedback from instructors and peers, which is crucial for improvement. It also
encourages self-reflection, enabling learners to assess their progress and identify
areas for growth. Strong writing skills are essential for academic achievement, as
many assessments require written responses. In professional settings, effective
writing is crucial for emails, reports, and presentations, making it a vital skill for
career advancement. Writing about diverse topics helps learners engage with
different cultures and perspectives. This exposure enhances cultural competence
and empathy, essential skills in our interconnected world. Through writing,
learners practice spelling, punctuation, and formatting. Mastery of these mechanics
is important for producing polished, professional work. Writing complements
speaking, listening, and reading. It reinforces vocabulary and structures
encountered in these other skills, creating a more integrated language learning
experience.
As learners see their writing skills improve, they gain confidence in their
language abilities. This boost in self-esteem can encourage further engagement
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with the language. Writing skills are fundamental to language learning, facilitating
communication, comprehension, and personal expression. By prioritizing writing,
learners can enhance their overall proficiency and gain valuable tools for
navigating both academic and real-world contexts. Teaching writing is important
because written communication is a key life skill. Adequate writing skills give a
person confidence and define his expertise in a particular language. Writing skills
are specific skills that help writers express their thoughts in words in a meaningful
way and engage mentally with the message. There are different definitions of
writing interpreted by different linguists. Writing is an integral part of a larger
activity that focuses on language practice, such as acting or speaking.
There are many reasons to encourage students to write both in class and outside of
class. First, when teaching writing, students are given more "thinking time" than
speaking. This gives them more opportunities to process the language – meaning
students think a lot about the language. But as a result of observations, it was
found that in secondary education it takes a lot of time, as a result, there is a lack of
time for important stages such as editing the written text, commenting on it, peer
evaluation. Therefore, TBLT (task-based language teaching) was found to be more
effective for secondary school students. Because in this language teaching method,
the students are given the appropriate text (authentic material) and given time to
study [2, 431].
Then a task is given to write a text (paragraph) similar to the given text. In
teaching writing, a teacher need to guide the student how to write and help them
learn to write effectively. Writing as a Process Teaching Writing, planning,
revising, orienting refers to the teacher guiding students through the process.
Writing has been considered a very important skill in teaching and learning
English as a foreign language (EFL) because it helps to strengthen vocabulary,
grammar, thinking, planning, editing, revising and other elements. is a
comprehensive skill. Writing is considered a key skill in the curriculum. It should
not be ignored. Writing is a complex skill. This requires a number of skills:
- the ability to form letters/find the necessary letters on the keyboard;
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- the ability to find which words and phrases to use;
- the ability to use spelling and punctuation marks;
- the ability to combine words and phrases logically (communication skills)
- organizing ideas into a coherent whole, using appropriate headings, transitioning
from one paragraph to another, etc.
The concept of literacy should be mentioned here. Literacy refers to the ability
to read and write. The psychological content of learning to write; it consists in the
formation of graphic and spelling skills and abilities to perform written tasks. The
latter may be in the nature of a record of orally assimilated material or material
with which students are introduced. Written tasks can be associated with written
speech - a statement of their communicative intention: to report something,
convey, etc. Schoolchildren perform tasks of varying degrees of complexity in
accordance with the educational process, and depending on the learning process.
So, the content of teaching writing includes three components: linguistic,
psychological and methodological. The technology of teaching writing. At the
initial stage, the foundations of graphic and spelling skills are laid, which are so
necessary for better assimilation by students of the language and speech material
being studied. Teaching writing includes: introducing students to writing letters,
training students in writing letters, mastering the spelling of words that have been
practiced orally and which students can read, writing sentences containing what
they have learned. Learning to writing is connected with learning read skills.
Writing can be characterized as a type of language performance with a certain
graphical system that is suitable not only for fixing linguistic knowledge of
language learners, but also to express their own ideas, attitudes, or beliefs. Writing
(as one of the four language skills – listening, speaking, reading and writing) has
always been part of foreign language school curriculum and written
communication is usually systematically practiced and developed. However, one
of the key questions is how to teach students to write in a foreign language. It is
vital to understand that writing (not only in a foreign language) has its specific
features and aspects and is different from the other skills. Its training and
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development requires a competent teacher and a prepared learner. The paper deals
with various aspects of writing as part of foreign language education.
Writing is a much slower process, letting you organize your thoughts more
before shaping your sentences. When writing, you can gradually process your
words, maybe even look them up first before transferring them onto paper or even
a digital document. With that, you’re also able to learn new vocabulary, spellings,
and pronunciations as you go. Once done, you can also look back on what you’ve
written and correct them if needed. Most of the activities we do every day — from
work meetings and presentations to writing emails and normal conversations —
bring out the need to communicate. Especially in today’s globalized business
environment, language skills are considered to be very important, surely boosting
anyone’s career. In fact, a lot of companies look at employing people with
proficient language skills. This way, they can speak with confidence, deduce
meaning, and exchange information with others. But in order to be a good and
effective communicator, you have to develop these four basic language skills:
listening, reading, speaking, and writing. Breaking these down, speaking and
writing are productive wherein the action of producing language is part of the
process of second language learning. As for listening and reading, there isn’t a
need to produce language, only the need to receive and understand it. With all the
words, phrases, and rules there are in a language, it may feel hard to memorize
them all. But many studies have shown that writing is proven to be helpful in
retaining information because putting your learning into practice is important for
cementing it in your mind, as practice creates new neural pathways in the brain.
When we write, we are putting some degree of thought into evaluating and
ordering the information that we are receiving. That process is what helps fix ideas
more firmly in our minds, leading to a greater recall. So, when you constantly write
in your target language, you’ll be less and less likely to forget what you’ve learned.
As the global workplace forces us to improve our communication skills, we should
pay further attention to our writing abilities since communication is transmitted
more through writing than any other type of media [19,98].
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 1.2 Different types of writing
Writing is a complex cognitive activity. It can be viewed somehow narrowly,
as a particular kind of verbal production skill where text is manufactured to meet a
discourse demand, or more broadly as a complex, integrated performance that
cannot be understood apart from the social and cognitive purposes it serves. Thus,
writing is integrated into various aspects of our everyday lives. Learning to write
properly is also crucial for students who plan to pursue communication degrees
and similar programs. Expert writers often develop elaborate goals, particularly
content and rhetorical goals, which require sophisticated problem-solving. In
contrast, novice writers typically take a simpler, natural approach to composing
and adopting a knowledge-telling approach in which content is generated through
association, with one idea prompting the next. However, regardless of whether a
writer is an expert or a novice, the ability to write well itself is more likely a sign
of clear thinking, better communication skills, understanding others’ situations,
and more. Impressive writing skills are also a great tool to have in a career. Even if
the position being considered is not exactly for a technical or creative writing job,
80% of employers still want candidates with good written communication skills.
This is because a lot of work involves using this skill such as answering an email,
communicating with clients, and interacting with team members. Writing is
today’s currency for good ideas.
There are many writing forms and each has its own objective, tone, style,
content, etc. However, there are four main categories into which every writing
types fall, namely, narrative, descriptive, persuasive, and expository.
Narrative Writing. Narrative writing is basically storytelling in written form
with the intent of motivating, educating, or simply entertaining the audience.
Regardless of whether the story being told is real or fictional, narrative writing can
be one of the easiest for the readers and the most difficult for the writers. That is
because readers will be prodded by their imagination and understanding in order to
get the narrative. Writers, on the other hand, will have to pen it in a way that will
bring readers to the world in their story while keeping them engaged and
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captivated. In order to convey a story, five basic elements need to be present: plot,
character, theme, conflict, and setting. Stories also need a beginning, interval, and
an ending, which can be either open or definite. Definite endings clearly conclude
the story while open ending gives room for interpretation and can either be left to
the imagination of readers or resolved in a sequel. Another important element of
narrative writing is the point of view of the person telling the story. This could be a
character in the story whose knowledge of the plot is limited to his/her part in the
story. Authors can also use the perspective of a narrator who carries the story
through an all-seeing eye that knows the motives, thoughts, and reactions of
characters. Narrative writing is a highly diverse genre that includes adventure,
fantasy, mystery, tragedy, comedy, fairy tale, myth, drama, fable, legend, science
fiction, love story, biography, autobiography, historical account, epic poems,
memoirs, jokes, novels, anecdotes, and screenplays. Examples:
Biography. A detailed account or description of the life of a person, which
typically includes basic facts such as childhood, education, relationships, family,
career, and death. If the biography narrates the life of a person written by another
person, it is called an autobiography.
Fable. A narrative that usually features animals that speak and behave like
human beings that carries a moral usually formulated at the end. It also typically
uses animal characters to highlight human weaknesses and follies.
Myth. A symbolic narrative that tells specific accounts of superhuman beings
or gods at an unspecified time, which involves extraordinary circumstances and
events. While the events being narrated in a myth are clearly in variance with the
order of natural law, it does not attempt to explain or justify them and presents
such extraordinary events with authority.
Descriptive Writing. Descriptive writing is akin to painting a picture with
words that attempt to provide readers with a firsthand and detailed impression of
places, characters, events, etc. Apart from describing what something looks like,
the author also appeals to the other senses of the readers such as smell, hearing,
and touch. As such, authors must be familiar with imagery definition as literary
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devices. The use of precise language is important in descriptive writing as general
adjectives, adverbs, verbs, etc. make it harder for readers to picture in their minds
what is being described. Therefore, the more vivid the details being presented are,
the more relatable the story is to the readers. And while authors can use descriptive
words with positive or negative connotations, their intent is merely to describe
something and not convince the audience of anything. Descriptive writing is also
typically injected into other types of writing because the need to describe a place or
event commonly arises in most types of literature. Adjectives and adverbs are the
most common elements used in descriptive writing. However, from time to time,
authors also utilize literary devices. As such, writers hoping to master this writing
style must also become familiar with simile and metaphor examples and other
figures of speech. A lot of fictional pieces fall under descriptive writing such as
poems, proses, lyrics, and plays. However, this type of writing also appears a lot in
nonfiction materials such as journals, travel diaries, and memoirs. Examples:
Poems. A literary piece based on rhythm and interplay of words typically
follows a set of rules which dictate the arrangement and number of syllables per
line. Modern poetry, however, sometimes does away with the rules where the lines
do not rhyme and syllables do not use any meter.
Memoir. Memoir, which comes from the French word for memory, is a piece
of literature about the author’s memory that can go all the way back to his/her
childhood. While it is more common for celebrities, world leaders, and other
prominent people to write a memoir, this is something that anyone can create.
Diary. A diary is commonly used to record personal experiences, thoughts, and
feelings, providing a chronology of emotions linked to events (Snowden, 2015).
Today, however, it has also become an important tool for organizing people’s
personal and professional lives.
Persuasive Writing. Persuasive writing, as the term suggests, is a type of
literature whose objective is persuading the audience in aligning their thoughts and
actions with the author’s own goals. The writer takes a definitive stance about
something, be it pro or against, and asks his/her audience to do the same. It is
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basically influencing someone to take the author’s side in order to have the
audience believe or do something favorable to him/her. Since the end goal is to
convince someone of something, the writing is typically backed by research,
analysis, logical inferences, and studies. This means that even though the piece
heavily contains the authors’ biases and personal opinions, it still includes reasons,
justifications, and arguments to exude an objective tone. With that said, however, it
is equally important to appeal to the readers’ emotions just as much. That is
because a strong connection is not just formed through facts and figures alone but
through the readers’ sympathy as well. When the target audience’s emotions are
swayed in favor of the writer, it is easier to appeal for a call to action about the
situation at hand. The most common example of persuasive writing is the editorial
section of newspapers. Others include reviews of books, places, products, movies,
music, etc. Cover letters, argumentative essays, letters of complaint, letters of
recommendation, and advertisements are also part of this genre. Example:
Argumentative Essay. This persuasive writing piece is written in a way that
develops and evaluates arguments to initiate, embody, or simulate different kinds
of textual and interpersonal interaction for reader consideration.
Cover Letter. A written document that is typically submitted with a job
application. It outlines the credentials and interests of the applicants in the open
position. Well-written cover letters complement the resume by explaining why the
candidate is the ideal person for the job.
Editorial. A section in a newspaper or magazine where writers share their
opinion about ongoing issues that may or may not reflect the opinion of the entire
publishing house. If the case is the latter, a disclaimer is shared. This is one of the
few articles in the newspaper that does not fall into the expository writing
category.
Expository Writing. Expository writing is written in a style that explains a
concept or shares information with the audience as well as provides instructions
and insights regarding a particular subject. It is one of the most common types of
writing and is typically present in other writing styles as well. Because it lays
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information to readers, it is sometimes referred to as information writing. Unlike
persuasive writing, expository style is devoid of the authors’ opinions. If writing
comprises facts and provides information about a subject but is written in a way
that persuades the readers, it does not fall into the expository writing category. For
example, an article titled “Five Reasons why Studying Abroad is a Bad Idea"
might contain factual data and statistics but it does connote a negative stance that
rather makes it a persuasive piece. Furthermore, because it can also be used to
describe things, it is sometimes confused with descriptive writing. However, there
are several key differences between the two. For instance, descriptive writing is
used for explaining the point of view of someone about a certain subject at a given
time while expository writing is used for explaining external processes, situations,
and things. Expository style is also carried with a matter-of-fact, neutral tone.
Non-editorial articles in newspapers and magazines, manuals, textbooks,
instructional guides, and nonfiction books are the most common examples of
expository writing. Others include how-to books, cookbooks, recipes, self-help
books, scientific research, educational resources, business books, technical write-
ups, medical journals, research, and others. Examples:
How-to Articles. This is a nonfiction article that provides the audience with a
series of steps to accomplish something. This is a popular type of article in online
media, thanks to the rise of the internet, leading to people wanting to share
instructions on doing something for a wider audience.
News Articles. Typically published in papers or online news sites, a news
article is a recount of a true event that occurred. It typically answers Who? What?
When? Where? and Why? questions. Some blogs and papers also account for news
articles.
Scientific Research. These are types of research that should be planned
systematically before its actual performance. The main purpose of scientific
research is to contribute towards the development of science through systematic
collection, analysis, and evaluation of data [17,87].

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 1.3 Overview of writing styles
Good writing and communication skills are just two of the most essential types
of writing skills, regardless of what industry you’re in. It is what will allow you to
collaborate with colleagues, persuade investors or customers, as well as get your
point across clearly in research. In fact, 37% of Americans deem it as an extremely
important trait in building a successful career. As such, one must continually work
on improving this skill. While each writer has his/her own unique style, there are
still some common principles that, when practiced consciously, can help you
achieve this. So whether you are writing fiction, a novel, a biography, or an online
article, the following simple but powerful tips will help develop your writing style.
Understand your concept. Your readers will not understand what you are trying to
say if you do not understand it yourself. So before you start writing, figure out the
overall point as well as the structure of your book.
1. Use straightforward words. Complicated words may make various kinds of
writing sound smarter. However, since they usually have a more specific
meaning, the margin of error increases. To avoid it, use a readily
understandable word instead of a less familiar one.
2. Avoid redundancies or fillers. Refrain from using words that add nothing but
unnecessary length to your sentences. It is easier to read a more concise
written piece.
3. Favor active voice. It is more direct and cuts down on the number of
required words, making your writing more efficient and concise. For
example, the sentence “Sally was loved by me" is in the passive voice and
contains five words. If you use the active voice, it will be “I love Sally"
which contains only three words.
4. Be consistent. Pay attention to details in your writing such as capitalization,
hyphenation, word choice, and numbers. Inconsistencies in the
aforementioned components can make your content harder to understand,
least irritating to read.

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 5. Ditch the adverb. Instead, find and use a stronger verb. If the adverb adds
nothing but complexity to your sentence, it would be better to remove it.
6. Keep your paragraphs short. This is the norm in less formal writing. A
paragraph should consist of sentences that support similar ideas. Short
paragraphs make a more visually appealing layout on a page and are easier
to digest.
7. Use qualifiers occasionally. Excessive qualifications can weaken your
writing. But occasional use of qualifiers such as “sometimes," “always,"
“very," “somewhat," and the like can help readers better understand the
message you are trying to convey. For instance, instead of saying “my friend
doesn’t like running," one can say “my friend somewhat dislikes running" to
better express the extent of the thought.
8. Proofread your draft. By doing thorough proofreading of your work, you
will get an opportunity to fix any errors that may cloud your intended
meaning and check your word choice. Make sure your sentences are
constructed properly, especially the complex sentences you use.
Proofreading your work will help you find ways to improve your writing
style.
Writing styles refer to the distinct approaches and techniques used by writers to
convey their thoughts and ideas. Understanding different writing styles is essential
for effective communication, as each style serves a specific purpose and audience.
Each writing style serves a unique purpose and is suited for different contexts and
audiences. Understanding these styles enables writers to choose the most effective
approach for their message, ensuring clear and impactful communication. A
writing style is simply the unique way a writer expresses their ideas and crafts their
prose. It’s like their personal signature or fingerprint on the page. A writer’s style
can be influenced by factors such as their personality, experiences, target audience,
and the purpose of their writing.

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 Different writing styles can evoke various tones and feelings in the reader,
making the piece more engaging, persuasive, or informative. Each style has its
own characteristics and techniques that writers use to effectively communicate
their message. Mastering different writing styles can make you capable of tackling
any writing task that comes your way [16,195].
Here’s a list of the most common and important styles of writing:
Expository writing style
Descriptive writing style
Persuasive writing style
Narrative writing style
Creative writing style
Argumentative writing style
Expository writing serves to inform, explain, or clarify ideas and concepts. Its
primary goal is to deliver information clearly and concisely without the influence
of the writer’s own opinions. This style of writing is foundational in academic and
technical settings, where understanding and precision are paramount. It is used in
writing expository essays, textbooks, business reports, manuals, and articles that
aim to educate and inform the reader about a particular subject.
An example of expository writing style: A journal article explaining the
process of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is the remarkable biochemical process by which plants
convert sunlight into chemical energy. It occurs in the chloroplasts, where sunlight
and carbon dioxide are transformed into glucose and oxygen through a series of
reactions. This process not only fuels the plant’s own growth but also sustains life
on Earth by producing vital oxygen and forming the base of the food chain.
2. Descriptive writing style
The primary purpose of descriptive writing is to provide a detailed sensory
experience for the reader. It uses rich and evocative language to describe the
subject matter in a way that the reader can visualize or imagine vividly.
Descriptive writing serves to immerse the reader in the scene or topic, allowing
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them to feel as if they are part of the setting or event being described. It is often
used in fiction, poetry, journal entries, descriptive essays, and nature writing, as
well as in certain types of journalistic and academic writing where detailed
descriptions are necessary.
An example of a descriptive writing style: The description of a puppy. The
small puppy was fluffy, with fur as white as snow. Its bright blue eyes sparkled
with curiosity as it playfully wagged its tiny tail. The soft jingle of its collar could
be heard as it bounced around the sunny backyard, exploring every corner with
excitement. The description uses picturesque language to describe the puppy,
making the reader imagine the experience of actually seeing the puppy.
3. Persuasive writing style
The purpose of persuasive writing is to convince or persuade the reader to
agree with the writer’s point of view or to take a specific action. Persuasive writers
use emotional appeals, logical arguments, and credible evidence to build their case.
The effectiveness of persuasive writing lies in its ability to influence the reader’s
beliefs or behaviors. This style of writing is essential in law, advertising, political
speeches, and opinion pieces.
An example of a persuasive writing style: A speech advocating for climate
change action.
Today, we stand at a crossroads. The evidence of climate change is
undeniable, and its effects are devastating. We have the power to change this
trajectory. By investing in renewable energy and reducing our carbon footprint, we
can safeguard our planet for future generations. The time for debate has passed;
now is the time for action. The speech uses compelling language to convince the
audience of the urgency of addressing climate change and suggests clear actions to
be taken.
4. Narrative writing style
Narrative writing serves to tell a story or to relay events in an organized,
chronological manner. It is used to engage the reader by presenting a compelling
tale, often to entertain, educate, or convey a particular theme or moral.
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In addition to entertainment, narratives can be used to preserve history, as in the
case of memoirs or biographies. It can also be used in narrative essays to share
personal experiences in a relatable way or to explore complex ideas through
literary devices.
An example of a narrative writing style: A personal anecdote in a college
application essay.
Back when I was eleven, a run-down piano in the community hall called out to
me, its keys worn from years of neglect. Despite its decrepit state, I saw potential.
Day by day, I cleaned and tuned it, and soon, my fingers danced across the keys,
bringing life to melodies that had long been silent. That piano wasn’t just an
instrument; it was my first step toward a lifelong passion for music. The essay
provides a narrative of personal growth and discovery centered around the piano,
offering insight into the writer’s character and history.
5. Creative writing style
Creative writing’s purpose is to entertain, provoke thought, express feelings,
and stretch the imagination of the reader. It’s a way for writers to express
themselves creatively by talking about all sorts of human experiences, like wild
adventures, deep thoughts, or trying out new ideas. Creative writing can help us
understand what it’s like to be human, share stories that touch our hearts, or just
give us a break from everyday life. It includes genres such as fiction, poetry,
drama, and other creative forms where the writer’s voice and style are integral to
the work’s impact and appeal.
An example of creative writing style: A short story opening in a literary
magazine.
When Luna opened the antique locket, she didn’t expect to find the ocean. But
there it was, a drop of the sea, trapped behind glass, its tiny waves crashing against
the metal shores. As she peered closer, the sound of distant gulls filled her ears,
and the scent of saltwater wafted through the air. Luna blinked, and for a moment,

19
she was no longer in her grandmother’s attic. This piece uses imaginative elements
and detailed imagery to engage the reader and tell a story.
6. Argumentative writing style
The purpose of argumentative writing is to present a reasoned argument in
favor of a particular position or point of view. This style of writing is analytical
and persuasive. It requires the writer to clearly articulate their stance on an issue
and support it with evidence, logic, and reasoning. Argumentative writing uses
facts and logic, not emotions, to persuade. It encourages critical thinking by
presenting multiple viewpoints and debunking opposing arguments. Argumentative
writing is critical in areas such as academic research, opinion-editorial pieces,
argumentative essays, legal cases, and public debates.
An example of argumentative writing style: An editorial arguing for the
preservation of historical buildings.
The city council must act now to protect our historic buildings. These
structures are not mere edifices of brick and mortar; they are the embodiment of
our community’s rich heritage and cultural identity. Critics may argue that
development is essential for economic growth, but must progress come at the cost
of our past? Surely, we can find a balance that honors both our history and our
future aspirations. Preserving these landmarks is not a blockade to modernization
—it is an act of respect for the narrative that has shaped us. The editorial presents a
clear argument for the preservation of historic buildings, addressing potential
counterarguments about economic development and proposing a balanced solution.
Adapting to a writing style will give an edge to your writing and make your work
stand out. Remember, adapting your writing style is not about losing your voice;
it’s about expressing your ideas most effectively for a particular context [15,197].

20
 CHAPTER II EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES TO ELABORATE WRITING
SKILLS IN ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
2.1 Stages of writing: Prewriting, Drafting, Revising, Editing, and
Publishing
Language is a medium of communication and people use a language to
convey their views, opinions, thoughts, ideas, reactions, emotions and passions.
People carry out their communication in order to fulfill their everyday needs.
Language plays a vital role in sharing our ideas and feelings with others.
Human beings are different from animals because of their oral and written
communication skills. So, language has become an important tool of
communication for human beings to convey their messages to others. Therefore,
there is a need for the human beings to learn the language skills. In learning
English also, the learners have to acquire all the four basic skills of it. Moreover,
the English language learners (ELLs) have to concentrate more on these four skills,
viz., listening, speaking, reading and writing [4,218].
Writing is considered the most difficult skill among these for the learners
because of the complexity of the English language. In English language learning
(ELL) environment, the learners find it difficult to produce well when they are
given certain tasks in writing. There are several reasons why students have lack of
written communication skills and some among them are the use of old-fashioned
methods by the teachers, lack of proper motivation, large crowded classrooms, lack
of facilities and learners’ attitude towards learning. The teachers of English have to
study the problems of their ELLs and try to change their methods of teaching so
that the learners can improve their writing skills. Moreover, the teachers have to
focus on the innovative techniques of teaching writing so that the learners will
follow them in order to develop their writing skills in English. Hence, the teachers
should involve the ELLs in pair work or group work to develop their writing skills
by embracing the latest techniques such as cooperative learning, collaborative
leaning and so on. This paper sheds a light on the significance of effective writing
skills and their characteristics in ELL environment. First of all, this paper
21
explains the importance of language skills, especially, the skills involved in
learning English. Then, it mainly focuses on writing skills which are the most
difficult skills for the ELLs to acquire. Later, it mainly discusses effective writing
skills and their characteristics in ELL environment.
The writing process is something that no two people do the same way. There is
no "right way" or "wrong way" to write. It can be a very messy and fluid process,
and the following is only a representation of commonly used steps. Remember you
can come to the Writing Center for assistance at any stage in this process [13,87].
1. Prewriting. “I will always jot down things, little ideas. I may never go back
to them. I may never see them again. But once they’re jotted down, they’re rotting
away, usefully, on the compost heap of my imagination. And they’re there if I need
them.”—Neil Gaiman. Brainstorming can be a response to a half-formed thought
you had while riding the subway, or to a writing assignment like a prompt that
kick-starts your writing one day. Either way, the writing process often looks very
much like an iceberg: thinking about characters and plot, daydreaming about the
world where your story is set takes up more time than most people realize. Some
stories take years to coalesce. Make a habit of writing down the things that have
captured your attention in the past week or month. These may become the source
motivators of your writing, maybe of your career. Any writing project will require
a sustained interest, so be sure to fill this page with your truth: What interests you?
This can be anything: a word, a movie, a person, an event, so long as it inspired
you. It can be subjects (cactus species, muscle cars, a voyage to Mars) or
people/types of people (therapists, spies, your Aunt Germaine). Try to include
things from other arts—for example, foods, music, or movies. When it comes to
building an idea for a novel, create a specialized subset of your compost heap,
which is a lexicon devoted exclusively to your novel. For example, if you’re
writing about Greenland, gather all the words you can about snow, ice, flora and
fauna, geologic formations, or weather occurrences. Research history and arts and
science. Write down all of the words you love and that you think could go into
your novel. It’s all about turning a thought over in your mind like a little piece of
22
grit. When you have something that looks vaguely like a pearl, it’s time to sketch
out a plan.
2. Planning. “I don’t like outlining either. But now I can’t work without one. I
have to have it. I have my whole plan.”—R.L. Stine. Common wisdom holds that
there are two types of writers. Plotters are those who meticulously plan every book
before they write it, and pantsers are those who fly by the seat of their pants,
setting off into a novel without a clear map. There are benefits to both styles, and
both types can get stuck at any point in their writing. For plotters, problems arise
when their characters decide to do something they weren’t expecting. It can be
difficult to accept that your story isn’t what you thought it would be, and there’s
often a tendency to force your way forward. Pantsers incline toward a different
problem: they get lost, usually in the middle section of their work, because they
haven’t got a clear enough idea of where they’re going. Plotters will benefit from a
re-thinking of their story structure, and pantsers will often benefit by building
some of the architecture their story needs. New writers in particular find it helpful
to have a road map, because it can be challenging to create a cohesive plot that
remains interesting from start to finish. This is why it may be necessary to build a
detailed outline before you start writing. A strong outline lets you stay in control of
the narrative as you establish the world of your story, and that can be as vague or
exhaustive as you’d like. If you put enough work into your outline, the most
difficult part of writing your book is finished. Doing so allows you to be relaxed as
you write and confident of the direction you are headed. It makes the writing
process more enjoyable. Here’s an example of a short outline format: A plot
synopsis giving a high-level summary of your story. This shouldn’t be longer than
a few paragraphs, and should feel a bit like a thesis statement.
3. Drafting. “Completing your first draft shows you can do it. No matter what
trouble you have later on, you know you can do it, no matter what.”—R.L. Stine
Time to let the words flow. Enjoy the process of creating your first draft. Focus on
getting through it from start to finish, and remember that you can always go back
and change things later. If a novel feels too intimidating, try writing a short story
23
instead. (Of course, short stories can be deceivingly more difficult to write than
novels, since they require a concise and extremely economical narrative containing
all the elements of a novel—in a fraction of the space.) If you’re working from an
outline, you can choose to approach your story in any order that feels right for you.
If you prefer to write in a linear fashion, begin with the first chapter. You will
inevitably make changes to your original plan along the way, and this is a good
thing. But remember that once you add an element to you book, such as a
surprising new character or some sort of plot twist, you’ll need to go back and
establish that character or story element early on in order to prepare your readers
for what is coming down the line. Some authors begin by handwriting because they
find it generates an unbroken flow from the brain to the hand to the page. They
then transcribe these pages to typed ones, editing as they go. This “rolling barrage”
method that allows you to keep what you’ve just written fresh in your mind. Many
writing courses will advise what is sometimes described as “downhill skiing”:
freewriting as fast as you can, and then going back later to revise (to literally
re-“vision”) what you’ve got. Remember: no one gets to see your rough draft but
you, so don’t hold back. Don’t edit yourself or criticize your choices. Figure out
your own way as you write. You can write straight through a draft, jump around,
reread the previous day’s pages, or any combination of these methods. Sometimes
a fear of making mistakes will sabotage your writing process or stop you from
putting ideas on the page. It can cause writer's block while you’re in the middle of
a project. Keeping speed in mind will help you move past this. If you feel stuck,
it’s best to push through and just get something—anything—onto the paper.
Everyone has bad writing days, and so will you. Just keep moving forward, and
complete the first draft. At this stage, just sit down and have fun. You can be more
serious when you go back and start revising your work.
4. Revising. “The process of doing your second draft is a process of making it
look like you knew what you were doing all along.”—Neil Gaiman

24
As you enter the revising stage, read your manuscript aloud. Your ear will catch
awkward patches of sentence structure and infelicities that your eye often won’t.
Here you’ll just be looking at language, formatting, and style. One good technique
is to identify problem areas that you’d like to improve, then mark all of those areas
with a colored highlighter. Set a goal for yourself to get the entire manuscript back
to colorless. Look especially for sections where the writing seems different—
maybe it’s too sloppy, or something is overwritten—or sequences where someone
acted out of character. Search for sections that are too heavy on dialogue, or too
dense with exposition, and try to balance them out. Let your instincts guide you to
the places where something feels off and go back to them later for correction. Each
section of a novel will have its own challenges, and you may struggle with one
more than another. Some writers find that their beginnings are too slow, their
middles tend to be shapeless and messy, or their endings lack a satisfying note.
Generating the first draft is an exercise in “getting everything down that you can
get down. The second draft is all about finding surprises along the way and starting
to tease out the shape of your story. Go deeper into character. Don’t worry too
much about the plot yet. Be careful of falling in love with your story. That will
make seeing it objectively difficult, and may get in the way when it’s time to cut or
tighten [5,76].
5. Editing. “The story is an explosion. And you get to the end of it, and once
it’s done, then you get to walk around it and you get to look at the shrapnel and the
damage it did. And you get to see who died. And you get to see how it worked.”—
Neil Gaiman. There are two kinds of editing: editing as you write, and editing once
you’ve finished a draft. It’s a good idea to practice the first type on a daily basis by
tightening and proofreading your prose to make it concise and effective. When
reviewing the work that you’ve just done, ask yourself if it conveys what you
meant it to, if it makes sense, and if the writing feels good. The second type of
editing involves reading an entire manuscript while trying to imagine what a reader
will think of it. It’s difficult to edit your own writing without distance. Put the
manuscript aside for a few weeks or months. When you go back to the manuscript,
25
try to print out a physical copy. This not only gives you space to take notes on
problem areas, it makes a difference in how you read stories. Don’t spend too
much time editing the same problem areas over and over. This is a type of
procrastination and will generally only augment your feelings of frustration. Try to
find a balance: edit to smooth out your writing but don’t edit so much that you ruin
the original magic of your novel. Ask what your story is about. The major dramatic
question is usually involved the main character’s primary desire. This will often be
the driving force in your story. Ask yourself which areas you need to work on to
buttress that main story line. What areas are superfluous and distract from it? Does
your ending answer the major dramatic question? What areas have problems with
pacing? (i.e. too much dialogue, too much exposition, things feel “draggy”)
6. Publishing. A piece of writing may never truly feel complete to its author,
but if you’ve made it all the many iterations of your draft, and feel confident that
you’ve answered your major dramatic question, you’ve arrived at the last step!
Once you’ve finished editing your novel, you have two choices: you can self-
publish or sell your book to a publisher. Self-publishing has become more popular
with the rise of e-books and the ease with which you can upload your work to
online booksellers like Amazon and iTunes—keep in mind this means you’ll have
to make all of your own decisions in the publishing process, and this often requires
hiring editors, copyeditors, proofreaders, and cover artists [11,665].

2.2 Effective teaching of writing in English

The twenty-first century has witnessed greater changes in communication and
language plays a prominent role in human communication. Without language,
people cannot communicate their ideas, thoughts, feelings, views, opinions,
reactions, passions and emotions to the people living around them. There is no
society that can exist without having a language. So, there is a need for the people
to learn a language in order to communicate their ideas and feelings with their
fellow human beings. Consequently, people have to learn a language and its skills
26
to convey their messages clearly and effectively to the others. The real
success of communication depends mainly on the way of expression.
Language skills help human beings to get perfection in their
communication.Furthermore, perfect learning of the skills of a language is the right
key to open the lock of success in all fields in this modern world. As there is more
is more importance to the language skills, many people try to acquire these skills
by putting into practice. There is an old proverb which was derived from the
culled wisdom of centuries saying, “Practice maketh a man perfect”. There is no
doubt that practice makes a person not only perfect but also skillful, adept, expert,
proficient and even superior in a certain field. Therefore, the learners of any
language have to put more emphasis on practice to get good knowledge of the
language [3,365].
While learning a new language, learners face difficulties at the initial stages.
It is due to the complexity of structure, vocabulary, semantics, grammar and
some other aspects. Some learners find it easy to learn a new language, whereas,
the other find it more difficult. Hence, learning a new language involves a
mixed experience and the learners have to put more efforts in learning the skills
of the language in order to get a very good command over the language. It is a
known fact that communication is possible only and when there is a
language. If there is no language to communicate, it leads to the dearth of
communication. Therefore, a language should exist in order to communicate
our views, opinions, ideas, thoughts and feelings to the other people who live in
this global world. When people have perfection in a language, they can
communicate well with others and convince them in accomplishing their
works. This perfection is achieved with a lot of practice and people have to spend
more time on the basic skills of the language. The language skills are needed for
people to communicate their messages effectively to the others. Effective
communication is possible by acquiring all the language skills. Therefore, the
learners of a language have to concentrate more on the language skills as they are
the most important ones in developing both oral as well as written communication.
27
Due to globalization, the whole world has become a global village and
people can communicate with other people who live in different states, regions
and even countries. As different people of the world speak different languages, it is
very difficult for people to learn all the languages spoken throughout the world.
Hence, there should be a common language for people to communicate with the
people all around the globe. Since English is spoken all over the world and it has
been an official language for some countries and also acting as lingua franca,
people have to learn it and get mastery over it in order to fulfill their ambitions and
desires and achieve their aims and goals. In order to learn the English language
well, the learners have to learn the basic skills involved in it.
Writing is a productive skill and it is the most complex skill of the four language
skills. The ELLs have put their thoughts and ideas in the form of writing as
they cannot miss the information. Writing in English is considered the most
difficult skill because of its complexity of structure and vocabulary.
Moreover, the spelling system of words in the English language is entirely
different from its pronunciation. As there is no one to one correspondence
between the spelling and pronunciation, most of the ELLs find it difficult to write
in English. Furthermore, the coherence and organization also important in
writing paragraphs. The teachers should take up group activities in the
classroom to develop the ELLs’ writing skills so that the learners participate
very actively in these activities and perform the given assignments well. As
writing involves many essential things, the teachers have to train their learners to
write small paragraphs in English. While the learners do their assignments, the
teachers should assist them wherever they find any difficulty. It is the duty of the
teachers to train the ELLs to prepare them to write better in English. Writing is
considered the most important skills of English language. When compared to the
other skills, writing seems to be the most difficult skill for the ELLs as it
involves many things in it. The ELLs find listening and reading are the
easiest skills whereas they find speaking and writing are more difficult ones as
they are productive skills. The learners have to work hard in acquiring these two
28
skills as they need more practice. Hence the teachers have to think of alternative
methods to teach these skills. Writing skill has undergone many developments and
changes in the recent years. In this regard, Harmer says, “Human activity of
writing is a fairly recent development in the evolution of men and women … some
of the earliest writing found so far dates from about 5,500 years ago” [9,78].

2.3 Enhancing writing abilities in foreign language

It is logical to anticipate that teaching one will lead to the student’s
proficiency in the other because the reading and writing processes are correlated
and, in many cases, combined. The goal was to find out how extended reading
strategy training (ERST) affected first-year undergraduate students’ writing
abilities. Thirty-one of the 61 undergraduate participants from Wollega University
were placed in the control group and 30 were placed in the experimental group.
Interviews and tests on the ability to write paragraphs were used to gather the data
over the course of 10 weeks. The following criteria were evaluated: the capacity to
handle the specified issue, well-developed thoughts, well-organised concepts,
acceptable transitions, unity, coherence, syntactic diversity, and idiomaticity with
few lexical or grammatical faults. The interview data were evaluated thematically,
while the quantitative results were primarily studied using analysis of covariance.
The results show that ERST significantly improves the writing abilities of the
students. This outcome is consistent with past research that showed extensive
reading to be helpful in enhancing students’ writing abilities and offers valuable
information on the significance of including the ERST programme into the writing
process in writing courses.
Students at the university level consistently make major errors in spelling,
grammar, tense, punctuation, capitalisation, conjunction, and concept structure,
despite Ethiopia’s prominent role in education policy and execution. As in many
other nations, the teaching of writing skills in Ethiopian schools has drawn
criticism from a number of researchers and observers. First, it has been claimed
that the writing component of English language instruction is occasionally skipped
29
for a variety of reasons. Second, if they attempted to teach it, they would probably
do it in a conventional way, namely by utilising writing exercises at the sentence
level to reinforce specific vocabulary and grammatical rules. Additionally, it is
common for curriculum designers and textbook authors to undervalue writing in
comparison to other language abilities. This may be seen by the fact that writing
assignments in English textbooks almost always come at the end of the chapter.
This disregard for writing abilities in English language instruction could have
serious repercussions. Students may find it difficult to communicate effectively in
writing without the right training and practise, which could impede their
performance in school and in their careers. Additionally, if writing is not given
enough attention, it may continue to be thought that speaking and listening come
first, devaluing written communication in society at large. To solve this problem,
teachers must place a high priority on writing education and give students the
chance to improve their abilities through engaging and relevant exercises. This can
entail integrating writing into all facets of language learning, for instance, through
journaling or group writing assignments. Writing is an important part of language
education and, by valuing it, we can provide students with the skills they need to
succeed in school and in the workforce. By providing engaging and interactive
training materials, the programme aimed to foster a love for writing and encourage
students to express their ideas effectively. In addition, the rationale for this study
was to evaluate the effectiveness of the writing programme in improving the
university students’ writing skills, the ultimate goal being to determine if this
programme truly succeeded in elevating the writing standards of university
students and if it could serve as a model for future writing initiatives. Through this
evaluation, valuable insights could be gained on effective teaching methods and
strategies for enhancing students’ writing proficiency that the programme would
succeed in raising the university students’ writing standards [8,13].
A well-liked method of teaching writing that emphasises the connection
between the author, the reader, and the text is called “transactional theory.”
According to this notion, writing is a dynamic activity that encompasses numerous
30
viewpoints and interactions. The abilities and methods students need to interact
with texts in a meaningful way can be developed by students through extensive
reading strategy training, which can be a useful way to complement this approach.
Teachers may assist students in building a solid foundation of information and
understanding that they can draw from when they write by encouraging them to
read widely and deeply. Additionally, this method underlines the value of revision
and feedback by encouraging students to analyse their own writing and seek out
other people’s opinions. Ultimately, teachers can assist their students in becoming
more proficient writers who are able to communicate clearly in a range of
circumstances by incorporating transactional theory with thorough reading strategy
training. In general, transactional theory provides a useful foundation for creating
language teaching methods that support student autonomy, engagement, and
success. Scholars underline the critical role reading plays in developing citizens
with bright brains who can write. The notion put forth by Krashen contends that
substantial reading for interest or enjoyment aids in the development of writing
abilities. Reading gives the writer an awareness of how reader-based text looks and
feels. This implies that writer learns that reading is necessary to add knowledge
and experience, and the reader is moved to write to record, express, and clarify
thoughts and feelings that arise from reading, as an illustration of how reading and
writing are connected because they are two processes that support one another.
Reading also aids in the development of vocabulary and grammar, two
aspects that are crucial for writing well. Writing professionals can learn new
writing strategies and styles by reading, which they can then apply to their own
work. This is crucial in professions that place a high emphasis on originality and
innovation, like journalism or creative writing. Regular readers are more likely to
have a better understanding of the world and to grow in their capacity for empathy.
Additionally, combining reading and writing into instructional methods fosters
imagination and creativity, allowing pupils to explore novel concepts and
viewpoints. Additionally, it fosters in them a passion of learning that lasts a
lifetime, which is necessary for success in any end eavour. Teaching kids to read
31
critically and write effectively is crucial now more than ever because of the easy
access to information in the digital era. According to Marhaeni, reading helps
pupils to develop their knowledge, critical thinking abilities, and capacity to
produce knowledge. In other words, reading is a crucial skill for every writer who
wants to hone their art and create compelling prose.
International research has been conducted on the topic of reading and writing
integration, which has also attracted considerable interest in the field of language
studies. It has been discovered that encouraging students to study texts and develop
arguments based on evidence when reading and writing are integrated in the
classroom improves students’ critical thinking abilities. The idea that reading and
writing are two sides of the same coin informed this method of teaching writing. It
acknowledged that pupils learn to study and comprehend the craft of writing when
they read like authors. In general, this integration of the two skills shows that the
reading intervention develops depending on the common nature of reading and
writing and can change the knowledge and practise of the writing performance.
A social constructionist framework controls the writing process. According to
this concept, writers gain knowledge and abilities by doing a lot of practise,
thinking critically, and exchanging perspectives in both official and informal
settings with friends, family, teachers, and other writers through their written
products. Reading motivates students, as it teaches them significant ideas and
sharpens their analytical and critical thinking faculties. Reading gives students
something to talk about, encourages them to remember their prior information, and
aids in the development of a new schema for them. Reading also helps to focus
class discussions on the topic at hand. Reading gives students something to write
about because, at this age, they lack the sophisticated ideas necessary to write on a
specific subject. They can get these concepts through reading. Reading also helps
students develop their voice, grammar, syntax, and language skills because it
exposes them to examples of excellent writing. The introduction of process writing
pedagogy in the late 1960s and early 1970s was the most significant development
in writing theory in this century [6,34].
32
 CONCLUSION

Writing is a complex language skill. It allows using a system of graphic signs

to ensure communication between people. This is a productive activity in which a
person records speech for transmission to others. The formation of writing skills is
especially important when teaching students a foreign language in primary school.
The formation of writing skills in students plays an important role in the formation
of other abilities, literacy, reading, listening, and speaking skills. In short, teaching
writing is a complex process, it is considered a psycholinguistic process that
depends on the student's character, mood, and ability. It is extremely difficult to
teach children who have just come to school to write. Also, teaching children to
write is directly connected with the process of teaching them to read. Teaching
writing is a difficult process that requires physical and mental work. The process of
teaching writing imposes a number of responsibilities on the teachers, the teacher
should try to develop the graphic and orthographic skills of students in this
process. Moreover, teacher’s guidance is also crucial while teaching writing at
school. Teacher’s task is to consider learner’s needs, interests and level while
choosing writing material kin order to make the lesson interesting, effective.
Developing writing skills in English as a foreign language (EFL) is a
multifaceted and essential process that significantly impacts learners' overall
language proficiency and their ability to communicate effectively in a globalized
world. As the importance of English continues to rise across various domains—
academic, professional, and personal—mastering writing in this language becomes
increasingly critical. This conclusion synthesizes the key aspects discussed
throughout the exploration of writing development strategies and emphasizes their
relevance and application in the EFL context. Writing serves as a fundamental tool
for communication and expression. For EFL learners, the ability to write
proficiently in English opens doors to academic success and career opportunities.
Writing is not merely about constructing sentences; it involves the ability to
articulate thoughts, present arguments, and convey information clearly and
33
persuasively. This skill is invaluable in academic settings, where essays, research
papers, and reports are common. Additionally, in the professional world, effective
writing is crucial for crafting emails, reports, proposals, and presentations.
Moreover, writing fosters critical thinking and reflection. It encourages learners to
analyze their ideas, organize their thoughts, and present them logically. This
process not only enhances their writing but also cultivates a deeper understanding
of the subject matter. For EFL learners, developing these skills in writing can lead
to increased confidence in using the language overall, as writing often requires a
different level of engagement with vocabulary, grammar, and style than speaking
or listening. Writing is also a tool for self-expression. For EFL learners, the ability
to articulate thoughts and experiences in English can be a transformative process,
allowing them to share their unique perspectives and cultural backgrounds. Writing
can serve as a means of exploring identity and fostering a sense of belonging in a
multicultural environment.
In summary, developing writing skills in English as a foreign language is a
comprehensive and essential process that significantly impacts learners' language
proficiency and communication abilities. By understanding the stages of writing,
implementing effective strategies, and recognizing the long-term benefits of
writing skills, educators can create a supportive and enriching learning
environment for EFL learners. The journey to becoming proficient writers in
English is not merely about mastering grammar and vocabulary; it is about
fostering a deeper understanding of the language, enhancing critical thinking, and
developing a voice in a global context. As learners engage in the writing process,
they build confidence, refine their skills, and prepare themselves for a world that
values effective communication. Ultimately, investing in writing development is
an investment in learners' futures, equipping them with the tools they need to
navigate the complexities of language and connect with others in meaningful ways.

34
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3. Flower, L., & Hayes, J. R. (1981).A Cognitive Process Theory of Writing.
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5. Harmer, J. (2015). The Practice of English Language Teaching. Pearson
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6. Hedge, T. (2000). Teaching and Learning in the Language Classroom. Oxford
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INTERNET RESOURCES:
20.https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-writing-process-definition-steps.html7
21.https://writing.ku.edu/writing-process
22.https://www.masterclass.com/articles/a-complete-guide-to-the-writing-process
23.https://cmsw.mit.edu/writing-and-communication
center/resources/writers/writing-process/
24.http://bowenpeters.weebly.com/uploads/8/1/1/9/8119969/
writing_process_detailed.pdf

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