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MAGNETIC-EFFECT-OF-CURRENT - Session-23-24

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44 views6 pages

MAGNETIC-EFFECT-OF-CURRENT - Session-23-24

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apoorv.gupta6677
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MANAV RACHNA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

SECTOR 14, FARIDABAD


SUBJECT- PHYSICS CLASS- X
CH-13- MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT (CHAPTER NOTES)

Some facts about magnets:-


 When a magnet is freely suspended, it always aligns towards north-south direction.
 Like poles always repel & opposite poles attract each other.
 Magnet always exists as dipole.
 Two poles can never be separated: if we try to cut them then also,
both the poles will exist even in a small piece of magnet.
It automatically develops the lost polarity.

Magnetic field

 A magnet always develops certain area around it where its effect can be felt known as
magnetic field. It is studied by drawing imaginary lines called magnetic lines of forces.

Characteristics

 They always originate from north pole & terminate at the south pole. This shows that if the
north pole was free, it would have moved towards the south pole.
 The place where they are closer indicates a strong magnetic field i.e. at the poles.
 Magnetic Field lines give the direction of magnetic force.
 Two magnetic lines will never intersect each other as they give direction of force & force
can not have 2 directions at a time.
 Magnetic Field lines are closed continuous curves.

# Magnetic lines produced around bar magnet :

Oersted’s experiment :-

He conducted an experiment and proved that a wire carrying an electric current produces
a magnetic field around it. The direction of magnetic field was confirmed by the deflection
of magnetic needle kept near the current carrying conductor or we can say near the circuit.
The rules that are given are listed below :
# Magnetic field produced by straight conductor
Characteristics:

(a) Magnetic lines are concentric circles.


(b) The direction of magnetic lines reverses
as we reverse the direction of the current.
When current flows upward, the direction of
magnetic lines is anticlockwise. When current
flows downward, the direction of magnetic lines is clockwise.
(c) The Magnetic field produced is directly proportional to the current & inversely
proportional to the distance from the conductor.
(d) To know the direction of magnetic field around a straight conductor we have Right hand
thumb rule:

 Right hand thumb rule:


 Suppose you grasp the conductor in your
right hand such that the thumb points in the
direction of the current, then the direction
in which your fingers curl gives the
direction of the magnetic field.

# Magnetic field produced due to circular loop


The Magnetic field produced around a circular loop is also circular. As we move away from
the loop, the concentric circle becomes bigger. At the centre, the magnetic lines are
parallel.
Characteristics

 The magnetic lines are circular at the points from where the current enters or leaves the
coil.
 Within the space enclosed by the coil,the field lines are in the same direction.
 Near the centre of the coil, the magnetic lines are almost parallel to each other.
 At the centre of the coil, the plane of magnetic field lines is at right angles to the plane of
circular coil.
 Magnetic field produced is directly proportional to the current and inversely proportional to
the distance from the conductor.
 The part from where the magnetic lines enter the coil facing us is considered as south pole
and the other is north pole.

Current flowing clockwise = south pole; Current flowing anti clockwise = north pole

# The strength of the magnetic field at the centre of the loop(coil)depends on:

(i) The radius of the coil- The strength of the magnetic field is inversely proportional to the
radius of the coil. If the radius increases, the magnetic strength at the centre decreases.
(ii) The number of turns in the coil: As the number of turns in the coil increase, the
magnetic strength at the centre increases, because the current in each circular turn is
having the same direction, thus the field due to each turn adds up.

(iii) The strength of the current flowing in the coil: as the strength of the current increases,
the strength of the magnetic fields also increases.

# Magnetic field produced due to solenoid


Solenoid: It is a long coil containing a large
number of turns of insulated copper wire.
When solenoid is connected to a battery and
current is passed through it, it also produces
a magnetic field which is similar to the magnetic
field produced around a bar-magnet ie
one side of solenoid acts as the north pole
& other as the south pole.

Strength of magnetic field can be changed by


(i) A coil of many turns of insulated copper wire wrapped in the shape of a
cylinder is called a Solenoid.
(ii) Magnetic field produced by a Solenoid is similar to a bar magnet.
(iii) The strength of magnetic field is proportional to the number of turns &
magnitude of current.
(iv) Decreasing the gap between turns of copper wire.
(v) The nature of material used in making solenoid.
# Electromagnet
It is a substance which starts behaving as a
magnet when a current is passed through it
but as the current is switched off, magnetism
is lost.
 It consists of a long coil of copper wire wound
on a soft iron core. The ends of the copper wire
are connected to a battery.

Factors affecting the strength of an electromagnet are as follows:

Number of turns in the coil.


 Current flowing in the coil.
 Length of gap between the poles.
Steel is not used for making electromagnet as it does not lose its magnetism even if the
current is switched off i.e., it forms a permanent magnet.

# Force experienced by a current carrying conductor kept in a magnetic field.


When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field ,it experiences a force
given by Fleming’s left hand rule, except when it is placed parallel to the field ( F = 0,
when kept parallel as angle is zero and sin 0 0 = 0)This force is largest when the
direction of current is perpendicular to
direction of magnetic field.
It is found experimentally that the force acting
on a current carrying conductor kept in
magnetic field depends on
(i) F ά current
(ii) F ά length of the conductor (l)
(iii) F ά magnetic field strength (B)
Combining all above

F = i B l sin

FLEMING’S LEFT HAND RULE


According to Fleming's left hand rule, if the thumb, fore-finger and middle finger of the
left hand are stretched to be perpendicular to each other as shown in the illustration , and
if the fore finger represents the direction of magnetic field, the middle finger represents the
direction of current, then the thumb represents the direction of force.
Alternating current(AC) and Direct current (DC):

. In AC the direction of current reverses periodically and DC the direction of


current remains same like in batteries.
. In India frequency of AC is 50 Hz

Advantages of AC over DC

1. AC can be used for long distance transmission.


2. AC can be converted into DC using rectifier
3. Using transformers, AC of desired value can be attained .

Disadvantages of AC:

AC is more dangerous

AC cannot be used for Electroplating

Earthing
Electrical appliances are always touched by hands. There can be a chance that the
insulation breaks or cracks and the bare wire touches the metal case and then the person
touching them might get a shock. To avoid such incidents, the metal cases are earthed.
By earthing we mean that the metallic body is connected to a thick copper wire which is
buried deep under the earth. The earth is always at 0 potential. So, if an electrical
appliance gets short circuit, the current flows to the metal body deep inside the earth. If the
magnitude of current rises due to short circuit, the fuse wire melts but the appliance or the
user will not receive any current as it is earthen.

Difference between Short circuiting and Overloading

Short Circuit occurs when neutral wire and live wire touch accidentally providing a very low
or zero resistance path for current. As a result current increases abruptly.

Overloading of the circuit occurs when large number of appliances are connected in a
single socket. This causes a large amount of current to flow and the fuse may blow off.

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