Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development

According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, our personalities grow through eight
stages over the course of our lives. Each of these phases is marked by a "psychosocial crisis" that requires
resolution. A healthy personality development and psychological well-being may be fostered via the
successful navigation of these phases, but issues can be brought about by crises that are not ultimately
addressed.

STAGE NORMAL ACTUAL FINDINGS INTERPRETATION

Autonomy Vs. Shame During Erik Erikson's The patient who During the "Autonomy
and Doubt "Autonomy vs. Shame undergo a significant vs. Shame and Doubt"
and Doubt" stage, medical procedure stage, typically aged 18
(18 months to 3 years old) children aged 18 months like exploratory months to 3 years,
to 3 years actively seek laparotomy and children naturally seek
independence. They manual reduction of independence. They
strive to do things on intussusception, enjoy making choices,
their own, from self- experienced a doing things on their
feeding to dressing up. disruption to their own, and exploring
Children at this stage normal developmental their preferences. This
often express their trajectory. According stage is characterized
desire to make choices, to Erikson's theory, by a growing sense of
whether it's picking out this age group is self and the ability to
clothes or deciding on a primarily focused on express emotions.
meal. Saying "no" is a developing autonomy. However, a major
common way for them However, the invasive medical procedure like
to assert their autonomy. nature of the exploratory laparotomy
They also learn through procedure and and intussusception
imitation, engaging in subsequent reduction can
role-playing and hospitalization can significantly disrupt
copying adult behaviors. significantly impact this developmental
As their motor skills the sense of control process. The invasive
improve, they gain and independence of nature of the procedure
confidence in their the patient. and hospitalization can
physical abilities. lead to feelings of fear,
Developing preferences The child exhibits anxiety, and a loss of
for toys, clothes, or behaviors such as control. This can cause
activities helps them regression to earlier to the patient to regress
explore their likes and behaviors, increased to earlier behaviors,
dislikes. They also start clinginess, or become clingy, or have
expressing a wider difficulty with difficulty separating
range of emotions and separation anxiety. from caregivers. These
understanding the These behaviors may behaviors may be
emotions of others. be interpreted as signs interpreted as signs of
Many children at this of shame and doubt, shame and doubt, as the
age are in the process of as the child may feel a patient may feel a loss
toilet training or have loss of control over of control over their
already achieved this their body and body and environment.
milestone. environment. The medical experience
Additionally, the can hinder the
child experienced development of
fear and anxiety autonomy, making it
 related to the medical challenging for the
procedures, which patient to assert their
further hinder the independence and
development of explore their world.
autonomy.

Recommendations

To the Patient and Family

To ensure the child's optimal recovery and future development, it is crucial to implement preventive
measures, promote proper nutrition, and provide a supportive environment. Regular check-ups with the
healthcare provider are essential to monitor the child's progress and address any potential concerns.
Adhering to the prescribed medication regimen is vital to prevent complications and promote healing.

A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains can support the child's growth and
development. Adequate hydration is also important to maintain overall health. Parents and caregivers should
create a safe and stimulating environment that encourages exploration and learning. Engaging in age-
appropriate activities, such as reading, playing, and outdoor activities, can promote cognitive, physical, and
emotional development.

Nursing Practice

Nurses play a crucial role in supporting children undergoing surgical procedures and their families.
Providing compassionate and empathetic care can alleviate anxiety and fear. Effective communication with
the child and family is essential to build trust and address concerns. Pain management strategies, such as
pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, should be implemented to minimize discomfort.

Close monitoring of the child's vital signs, wound healing, and overall condition is necessary to detect and
address any potential complications promptly. Collaborating with other healthcare professionals, such as
pediatricians, surgeons, and child life specialists, can provide comprehensive care. Educating the family
about the child's condition, treatment plan, and home care instructions is essential to ensure optimal
recovery.

Nursing Education

Nursing education programs should incorporate a strong foundation in child development and pediatric
nursing. Understanding the unique needs of children, especially those undergoing surgical procedures, is
crucial for providing effective care. Clinical experiences in pediatric settings can enhance nurses' knowledge
and skills in assessing, diagnosing, and managing pediatric conditions.

Interprofessional education can foster collaboration between nurses, physicians, and other healthcare
professionals. Integrating evidence-based practices into nursing education can ensure that nurses are
equipped with the latest knowledge and skills to provide high-quality care. Additionally, cultural
competence training can help nurses understand and respect the diverse needs and beliefs of pediatric
patients and their families.