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19 views4 pages

Asm1 17197

Uploaded by

Kumud
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SESSION: 2024-2025

DEMOCRATIC POLITICS - CHAPTER 4


WORKING OF INSTITUTIONS

Class Work

Q1. Why do we need Political Institutions?


A1. We need political institutions because of the following reasons:
• To take decisions: Countries need political institutions to take decisions regarding the
welfare of the people. Institutions formulate various policies and programmes.
• Implementation: The decisions which have been taken are to be implemented. So
countries need institutions to implement the decisions.
• To solve the disputes: Institutions are also needed to solve the disputes between
various institutions.
• To take right decisions: Institutions help the governments to take the right decisions.
• To avoid bad decisions: Institutions follow a proper procedure to take decisions.
Institutions make it difficult to have a good decision taken very quickly but they also
make it equally difficult to rush through a bad decision.

Q2. What was the reaction of the people to the implementation of Mandal Commission
Report?
A2. The implementation of the Mandal Commission Report led to widespread protests and
counterprotests, some of which were violent. People reacted strongly because this decision
affected thousands of job opportunities. Some felt that job reservations were essential to
cope up with the inequalities among people of different castes in India. Others felt that this
was unfair as it would deny equality of opportunity to people who did not belong to the
backward communities. They would be denied jobs even if they were more qualified.

Q3. Describe the ways in which Lok Sabha is more powerful than Rajya Sabha.
• An ordinary law has to pass through both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. In case of
differences, a joint session is held. Since Lok Sabha has larger number of members
will prevail.
• Lok Sabha exercises more powers in money matters. Once it passes the budget or the
money bills, the Rajya cannot reject it. It can delay it by 14 days or suggest changes
in it. The Lok Sabha may or may not accept these changes.
• Lok Sabha controls the Council of Ministers. If the majority of Lok Sabha members
say they have no confidence in the Council of Ministers, all ministers including the
Prime Minister, have to quit. Rajya Sabha does not have this power.

Parliament

➢ An assembly of elected representatives is referred as Parliament which is the supreme


political authority representing the people.
➢ Parliamentary discussions also influence the decision of the government and bring
pressure to act.
➢ No decision can then be implemented without the favour of the parliament.

Why Do We Need a Parliament

• For making laws in any country, parliament is responsible.


• Support of Parliament is an ultimatum for the government to take any decision.
• Government’s money also is controlled by the parliament
• It is called the supreme forum of argument on public issues and national policy in any
country.

➢ In India, Parliament consists of two Chambers or Two Houses of Parliament:


o House of the People (Lok Sabha): It is directly elected by people and has the
power in order to represent on behalf of the people.
o Council of States (Rajya Sabha): Elected indirectly in order to look after the
interests of different states, regions or federal units.

Powers of the Prime Minister

➢ He is the head of the government and chairs cabinet meetings


➢ He keeps an eye and coordinates the work of all departments.
➢ In case of any disagreement between departments, his decision is final.
➢ Exercises general supervision of all ministries.
➢ Leader of all ministers.
➢ He is responsible for Distributing the work to the respective ministers.
➢ Has the power to dismiss ministers.
➢ The entire ministry will quit when the Prime Minister quits or resigns.
The President

• The President is called the head of the State.


• The President is not elected directly by the people but he/she has to get a majority of
votes from Members of Parliament (MPs) and the Members of the Legislative
Assemblies (MLAs) to win the election.
• In the name of the President- Every government activity take place.
• Laws and key policy resolutions of the government are issued.
• All the major appointments like that of the Chief Justice of India, Judges of the
Supreme Court & the High Courts of the states, the Governors of any state, the
Election Commissioners or Ambassadors to other countries, etc are made.
• All international treaties & agreements are done in his/her name.
• The President is also the commander in chief of defence forces of India.
• The Council of Ministers advises the President to exercise these powers.
• The President can appoint the Prime Minister by own will.

The Judiciary

➢ Supreme Court for entire nation


➢ High Courts in states
➢ District Courts
➢ Local Courts

An integrated judiciary in India gives the Supreme Court control of judicial administration
in the country. The other courts other than this are bound by its decisions. It can take up any
disputes
• between citizens of the country
• between citizens and government
• between two or more state governments
• between the union and state-level governments

The Judiciary of India is not under the control of the legislature or the executive in any
manner. The judges do not act as per the government or the party in power.
Powers of Judiciary

• The power to interpret the Constitution of the country lies on the Supreme Court and
the High Courts.
• The constitutional validity of any legislation or action of the executive can be
determined by them through judicial review.
• According to the Supreme Court of India, the basic principles of the Constitution
cannot be changed by Parliament.
• Indian judiciary is the guardian of the Fundamental Rights. According to public
interest litigation, if the public interest is hurt by the actions of the government, then
the public can approach the judiciary.

HOME WORK

Q1. Prime Minister is considered as the most powerful man in the government?
Explain.

Key points
• Head of the government
• Coordinator of different departments
• Distributor of work
• Power to dismiss the ministers

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