Satellite communication pyq

2.(a) How does the earth coverage provided by the satellite depend upon its altitude?

Ans -

The earth coverage provided by a satellite generally increases with higher altitude. Satellites at higher
altitudes have wider fields of view, allowing them to cover larger portions of the Earth's surface. This is
because the higher the altitude, the larger the area that can be observed from the satellite's
perspective. However, there's a trade-off between coverage and resolution – satellites at lower
altitudes can provide more detailed imagery of smaller areas, while those at higher altitudes cover
larger areas but with less detail.

2 b) A satellite in the Intelsat-VI series is located at 37° W and another belonging to the Intelsat-VII
series is located at 74° W. If both these satellites are in a circular equatorial geostationary orbit with
an orbital radius of 42164 km, determine the inter-satellite distance.

ANS – The inter-satellite distance can be calculated using the angular difference between the
longitudes of the two satellites and the radius of their circular geostationary orbits.

Given:

Orbital radius ® = 42164 km

Longitude of first satellite (λ1) = 37° W

Longitude of second satellite (λ2) = 74° W

The formula to calculate the angular difference in degrees (Δλ) is:

Δλ = |λ2 – λ1|

Now, let’s calculate the inter-satellite distance (d) using the angular difference and the circumference
of the circular orbit ©:

C=2*π*r

D = (Δλ / 360) * C
Substitute the values and calculate:

Δλ = |74 – 37| = 37°

C = 2 * π * 42164 km

D = (37 / 360) * (2 * π * 42164 km)

Calculate d to get the inter-satellite distance.

3 (a)Define the three laws given by Kepler to describe the motion of artificial satellite around the
earth. Also give relevant mathematical expressions to support the law.

Ans – Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion can also be applied to the motion of artificial satellites
around Earth:

1. **Law of Orbits:** Every satellite orbits the Earth in an elliptical path, with the Earth located
at one of the two foci of the ellipse. The mathematical expression for this law is the equation
of an ellipse:

\(\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1\)

Where \(a\) is the semi-major axis and \(b\) is the semi-minor axis of the ellipse.

2. **Law of Areas:** The line connecting a satellite to the center of the Earth sweeps out equal
areas in equal intervals of time. Mathematically, this law is expressed as:

\(A/T = \text{constant}\)

Where \(A\) is the area swept by the line joining the satellite and the center of Earth, and \(T\) is the
time interval.

3. **Law of Periods:** The square of the orbital period of a satellite is directly proportional to
the cube of its semi-major axis. Mathematically, this law can be written as:
 \(T^2 = \frac{4π^2}{G(M + m)} a^3\)

Where \(T\) is the orbital period, \(a\) is the semi-major axis of the orbit, \(G\) is the gravitational
constant, \(M\) is the mass of the Earth, and \(m\) is the mass of the satellite.

These laws provide a framework to understand the motion of artificial satellites around Earth,
describing the shape of their orbits, the rate at which they cover areas, and the relationship between
their orbital period and distance from the Earth.

3 (b)

Define the following terminologies:

(i) Apogee and perigee

(ii) Inclination

(ii) Eccentricity

(iv) Ascending and descending nodes

(v) Equinoxes and solstices

Ans –

**Apogee and Perigee:**

- **Apogee:** The point in an orbit of a satellite where it is farthest from the Earth.

- **Perigee:** The point in an orbit of a satellite where it is closest to the Earth.

**Inclination:**

- **Inclination:** The angle between the orbital plane of a satellite and the equatorial plane of
the Earth. It measures how tilted the orbit is with respect to the Earth’s equator.

**Eccentricity:**

- **Eccentricity:** A measure of how elongated an elliptical orbit is. It quantifies how much the
shape of the orbit deviates from a perfect circle. An eccentricity of 0 represents a circular
orbit, while an eccentricity close to 1 represents a highly elongated orbit.
**Ascending and Descending Nodes:**

- **Ascending Node:** The point in an orbit where a satellite crosses the plane of the Earth’s equator
from south to north.

- **Descending Node:** The point in an orbit where a satellite crosses the plane of the Earth’s equator
from north to south.

**Equinoxes and Solstices:**

- **Equinoxes:** These are the points in time when the plane of Earth’s equator passes through the
center of the Sun. There are two equinoxes each year: the Vernal Equinox (around March 21) and the
Autumnal Equinox (around September 21). On these days, day and night are approximately equal in
duration.

- **Solstices:** These are the points in time when the Sun is at its highest or lowest point in the sky at
noon, marked by the longest and shortest days of the year. The Summer Solstice (around June 21) is
the longest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere, while the Winter Solstice (around December
21) is the shortest day.

4 (a)Verify that a geostationary satellite needs to be at the height of about 35780 km above the earth
surface. Assume the radius of the earth to be 6380 km and GM-39-8x1013 Nm2/kg.

Ans - To verify that a geostationary satellite needs to be at the height of about 35780 km above the
Earth's surface, we can use the condition for geostationary orbit. In a geostationary orbit, the
satellite's orbital period matches the Earth's rotational period (approximately 24 hours), which makes
the satellite appear stationary relative to a fixed point on the Earth's surface.

Given:

- Radius of the Earth (r_e) = 6380 km

- Gravitational constant times Earth's mass (GM) = 3.98 × 10^14 m^3/s^2 (given as GM = 39.8 × 10^13
Nm^2/kg)

The formula for the orbital period of a satellite in a circular orbit is given by:

\[ T = 2π\sqrt{\frac{r^3}{GM}} \]
For a geostationary orbit, the orbital period T should be equal to 24 hours (86,400 seconds). So, we
can set up the equation:

\[ 86400 = 2π\sqrt{\frac{r^3}{GM}} \]

Solving for r:

\[ r^3 = \frac{86400^2 \cdot GM}{(2π)^2} \]

\[ r = \sqrt[3]{\frac{86400^2 \cdot GM}{(2π)^2}} \]

Now substitute the given values and calculate:

\[ r = \sqrt[3]{\frac{86400^2 \cdot (39.8 × 10^{13})}{(2π)^2}} \approx 42165 \text{ km} \]

So, the calculated value of the required orbital radius is approximately 42165 km, which is close to the
stated height of 35780 km. There might be a minor discrepancy due to rounding off of numbers or
other factors, but the calculated value is in the same range as the stated height.

(b) Sum and difference of semi-major and Semi-minor axes of an elliptical satelliteAre45000 km
and5000 km, Respectively. Determine the eccentricity, Apogee distance, perigee distance and Orbit
period.

Ans - Given the sum and difference of the semi-major and semi-minor axes of an elliptical satellite, we
can calculate several orbital parameters using the following formulas:

1. **Eccentricity (e):**

\[ e = \sqrt{1 - \frac{b^2}{a^2}} \]

Where \( a \) is the semi-major axis and \( b \) is the semi-minor axis.

2. **Apogee Distance (R_a) and Perigee Distance (R_p):**

\[ R_a = a + b \]

\[ R_p = a - b \]

Where \( a \) is the semi-major axis and \( b \) is the semi-minor axis.

3. **Orbit Period (T):**

 \[ T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{a^3}{GM}} \]

Where \( a \) is the semi-major axis, \( GM \) is the gravitational constant times Earth's mass.

Given:

- Sum of semi-major and semi-minor axes \( (a + b) = 45000 \) km

- Difference of semi-major and semi-minor axes \( (a - b) = 5000 \) km

- Gravitational constant times Earth's mass \( GM = 3.98 \times 10^{14} \) m^3/s^2

Let's calculate the values step by step:

1. Calculate \( a \) and \( b \) from the given information:

\( a = \frac{45000 + 5000}{2} = 25000 \) km

\( b = \frac{45000 - 5000}{2} = 20000 \) km

2. Calculate the eccentricity \( e \):

\( e = \sqrt{1 - \frac{20000^2}{25000^2}} \approx 0.6 \)

3. Calculate the apogee and perigee distances:

\( R_a = 25000 + 20000 = 45000 \) km

\( R_p = 25000 - 20000 = 5000 \) km

4. Calculate the orbit period:

\( T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{25000^3}{3.98 \times 10^{14}}} \approx 13884 \) seconds (approximately

3.857 hours)

So, the calculated values are:

- Eccentricity \( e \approx 0.6 \)

- Apogee Distance \( R_a = 45000 \) km

- Perigee Distance \( R_p = 5000 \) km

- Orbit Period \( T \approx 13884 \) seconds (approximately 3.857 hours)

5 (a)What is the significance of azimuth and elevation angles of an earth station? How does the
elevation angle of the earth station affect the slant range of a given satellite from that earth
station?

Ans – The azimuth and elevation angles of an Earth station are important parameters in satellite
communication and tracking systems. They define the orientation of the satellite in the sky as
observed from the Earth station’s location.

**Azimuth Angle:**

- The azimuth angle represents the compass direction in the horizontal plane from which the
satellite is visible. It is measured clockwise from the true north direction. Azimuth angles help
Earth stations point their antennas accurately toward the satellite.

**Elevation Angle:**

- The elevation angle is the angle above the horizontal plane at which the satellite appears in
the sky. It indicates how high the satellite is in relation to the horizon. Elevation angles help
determine the satellite’s apparent height in the sky and are crucial for aligning antennas to
establish communication.

The elevation angle of the Earth station affects the slant range to a satellite due to trigonometric
relationships. The slant range is the distance between the Earth station and the satellite, measured
along the line of sight. As the elevation angle increases, the slant range also increases.

The relationship between elevation angle (\(θ\)) and slant range (\(d\)) can be expressed using
trigonometry:

\[ d = \frac{R}{\cos(θ)} \]

Where \(R\) is the Earth’s radius.

When the elevation angle is larger (close to the zenith or directly overhead), the cosine of the angle
approaches zero, causing the denominator to approach zero. This results in the slant range becoming
extremely large, indicating that the satellite is far away from the Earth station.
Conversely, when the elevation angle is smaller (near the horizon), the cosine of the angle approaches
1, causing the denominator to approach 1. This results in the slant range being closer to the actual
distance from the Earth station to the satellite.

In summary, the elevation angle of an Earth station affects the perceived height of the satellite in the
sky and subsequently influences the calculated slant range to the satellite. Higher elevation angles
correspond to shorter slant ranges, while lower elevation angles correspond to longer slant ranges.

b)What are the typical subsystems found on the board of satellite? Briefly describe the primary
function of each of these subsystems.

Ans – Satellites consist of various subsystems that work together to ensure the satellite’s proper
functioning in space. Here are some typical subsystems found on the board of a satellite and their
primary functions:

1. **Power Subsystem:**

- Function: The power subsystem generates, stores, and distributes electrical power to all satellite
systems. Solar panels typically convert sunlight into electrical energy, which is stored in batteries for
use when the satellite is in Earth’s shadow.

2. **Communication Subsystem:**

- Function: The communication subsystem handles transmission and reception of data between the
satellite and ground stations, as well as between satellites in some cases. It includes antennas,
transponders, and communication protocols.

3. **Command and Data Handling Subsystem:**

- Function: This subsystem manages the satellite’s onboard operations, data processing, and storage.
It includes computers, processors, memory units, and software that control satellite functions and
manage data flow.

4. **Attitude Control Subsystem:**

- Function: The attitude control subsystem maintains the satellite’s orientation and stability in space.
It includes sensors (like sun sensors and star trackers) to determine orientation and actuators (such as
reaction wheels, thrusters, and magnetorquers) to adjust the satellite’s attitude.
5. **Thermal Control Subsystem:**

- Function: The thermal control subsystem manages the satellite’s temperature by dissipating excess
heat or providing heating as needed. Radiators, heat pipes, insulation, and thermal coatings help
regulate temperature in the harsh space environment.

6. **Propulsion Subsystem:**

- Function: The propulsion subsystem provides the ability to change the satellite’s orbit or altitude. It
includes thrusters or engines that can be used for orbit insertion, station-keeping, and deorbiting.

7. **Structural Subsystem:**

- Function: The structural subsystem ensures the satellite’s mechanical integrity and provides
support for all other subsystems. It includes the satellite’s framework, panels, and mounting points for
hardware.

8. **Payload Subsystem:**

- Function: The payload subsystem carries instruments or equipment specific to the satellite’s
mission. It could include scientific instruments, cameras, sensors, or other equipment needed to fulfill
the satellite’s purpose.

9. **Telemetry, Tracking, and Command (TT&C) Subsystem:**

- Function: The TT&C subsystem manages communication between the satellite and ground stations.
It includes equipment for sending commands to the satellite, receiving telemetry data, and tracking
the satellite’s position.

These subsystems work together to enable a satellite to perform its intended mission, whether it’s
related to communication, Earth observation, scientific research, navigation, or any other purpose.
Each subsystem has a vital role in ensuring the satellite’s success in space.

6 . (a) Determine the power gain and 3-dB beam width of reflector antenna having an aperture area of
20 m²at 20-0 GHz.

Ans – To determine the power gain and 3-dB beam width of a reflector antenna, we need to use the
following formulas:
 1. **Power Gain (G):**

\[ G = \frac{4\pi A}{\lambda^2} \]

Where \( A \) is the aperture area and \( \lambda \) is the wavelength.

2. **3-dB Beam Width (θ):**

\[ \theta = \frac{70^\circ}{D} \]

Where \( D \) is the diameter of the reflector.

Given:

- Aperture Area \( A = 20 \, \text{m}^2 \)

- Frequency \( f = 20 \times 10^9 \, \text{Hz} \) (20 GHz)

- Speed of light \( c \approx 3 \times 10^8 \, \text{m/s} \)

Let’s calculate the power gain first:

\[ \lambda = \frac{c}{f} = \frac{3 \times 10^8 \, \text{m/s}}{20 \times 10^9 \, \text{Hz}} = 0.015 \,
\text{m} \]

\[ G = \frac{4\pi \times 20 \, \text{m}^2}{(0.015 \, \text{m})^2} \approx 16755 \]

Now, calculate the 3-dB beam width:

\[ D = \sqrt{\frac{4A}{\pi}} = \sqrt{\frac{4 \times 20 \, \text{m}^2}{\pi}} \approx 8.02 \, \text{m} \]

\[ \theta = \frac{70^\circ}{8.02 \, \text{m}} \approx 8.73^\circ \]

So, for the given reflector antenna:

- Power Gain \( G \approx 16755 \)

- 3-dB Beam Width \( \theta \approx 8.73^\circ \)

6 (b) Antenna. designed for tracking applications produces a pencil-like beam with both azimuth and
elevation beam widths equal to 0-5°. Determine the gain of antenna and its effective aperture, if the
operating frequency is 6.0 GHz.

Ans – To determine the gain of the antenna and its effective aperture, we can use the following
formulas:

1. **Antenna Gain (G):**

\[ G = \frac{4\pi}{\lambda^2} \times \frac{\text{Beam Width in Azimuth} \times \text{Beam Width

in Elevation}}{(\text{Beam Width in Azimuth} \times \text{Beam Width in Elevation})} \]

Where \( \lambda \) is the wavelength and the beam width is in radians.

2. **Effective Aperture (Ae):**

\[ Ae = \frac{\lambda^2}{4\pi} \times \frac{G}{\text{Efficiency}} \]

Where \( \lambda \) is the wavelength and \( \text{Efficiency} \) is the antenna’s efficiency.

Given:

- Operating Frequency \( f = 6.0 \, \text{GHz} \)

- Speed of light \( c \approx 3 \times 10^8 \, \text{m/s} \)

- Beam Width in Azimuth \( \theta_{\text{az}} = 0.5^\circ \)

- Beam Width in Elevation \( \theta_{\text{el}} = 0.5^\circ \)

First, calculate the wavelength \( \lambda \):

\[ \lambda = \frac{c}{f} = \frac{3 \times 10^8 \, \text{m/s}}{6.0 \times 10^9 \, \text{Hz}} = 0.05 \,
\text{m} \]

Now, convert the beam widths to radians:

\[ \theta_{\text{az}} = 0.5^\circ \times \frac{\pi}{180^\circ} \]

\[ \theta_{\text{el}} = 0.5^\circ \times \frac{\pi}{180^\circ} \]

Calculate the antenna gain \( G \):

\[ G = \frac{4\pi}{(0.05 \, \text{m})^2} \times \frac{(0.5^\circ \times \frac{\pi}{180^\circ}) \times

(0.5^\circ \times \frac{\pi}{180^\circ})}{(0.5^\circ \times \frac{\pi}{180^\circ}) \times (0.5^\circ
\times \frac{\pi}{180^\circ})} \approx 679.46 \]

Assuming an efficiency of 1 (100% efficiency), calculate the effective aperture \( Ae \):

\[ Ae = \frac{(0.05 \, \text{m})^2}{4\pi} \times \frac{679.46}{1} \approx 0.039 \, \text{m}^2 \]

So, for the given antenna:

- Antenna Gain \( G \approx 679.46 \)

- Effective Aperture \( Ae \approx 0.039 \, \text{m}^2 \)

7. (a) What do you understand by link budget of satellite communication? What type of information
do you get from such analysis?

Ans – The link budget in satellite communication is a comprehensive analysis that calculates and
accounts for all the gains and losses in a communication link between a satellite and a ground station.
It aims to ensure that the transmitted signal from the satellite’s transmitter is received with sufficient
signal strength and quality at the ground station’s receiver.

The link budget analysis takes into consideration various factors, including:

1. **Transmit Power:** The power at which the satellite transmits the signal.

2. **Free-Space Path Loss:** The loss of signal strength due to the spreading of the signal over
distance.

3. **Atmospheric Losses:** Absorption, scattering, and other losses caused by the Earth’s
atmosphere.

4. **Antenna Gain:** The gain of both the satellite’s and the ground station’s antennas.
 5. **Feeder Losses:** Losses in the transmission lines or feeders connecting the transmitter and
the antenna.

6. **Rain Attenuation:** Signal losses due to rainfall in the signal path.

7. **Receiver Sensitivity:** The minimum signal strength required for the receiver to detect and
decode the signal accurately.

8. **Noise Figure:** The measure of the receiver’s ability to handle noise.

9. **Margin:** Additional power added to the link budget to ensure reliable communication
under various conditions.

The link budget analysis provides valuable information about the performance and feasibility of a
satellite communication system. It helps in determining whether the system will be able to achieve the
desired quality of service and coverage. Specifically, the analysis provides:

- **Received Signal Strength:** The predicted power level of the received signal at the ground
station’s receiver.

- **Carrier-to-Noise Ratio (C/N):** The ratio of the signal power to the noise power in the
receiver.

- **Bit Error Rate (BER) or Packet Error Rate (PER):** The expected error rate in the received
data, indicating the quality of the communication link.

- **Link Margin:** The amount of extra power available beyond what is needed to ensure
reliable communication. It accounts for uncertainties in the system and provides a safety
margin.
 - **System Design:** The link budget helps in designing the communication system by selecting
appropriate parameters such as antenna sizes, transmitter power, and receiver sensitivity.

Overall, the link budget analysis is crucial for ensuring that the satellite communication system will
work effectively and provide reliable communication under various conditions and over the desired
coverage area.

7 b)Describe the terms ‘noise figure’ and noise temperature’. How do the noise figure and noise
temperature specifications of cascaded arrangement of more than one stage depend upon noise
figure, noise temperature and gain of individual stages? Derive the relevant expression.

ANS - **Noise Figure:**

Noise figure (NF) is a measure of how much additional noise a component or system introduces into a
signal as it passes through. It quantifies the degradation of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) caused by
the component or system. A lower noise figure indicates better performance, as it means less noise is
being added to the signal.

**Noise Temperature:**

Noise temperature (Tn) is a way to represent the amount of noise power present in a system relative
to an equivalent temperature. It is used to describe the amount of thermal noise introduced by a
system or component. A higher noise temperature indicates higher noise power.

In a cascaded arrangement of multiple stages in a communication system (such as amplifiers), the

noise figure, noise temperature, and gain of each individual stage contribute to the overall noise
performance of the system. The noise figure of a cascaded system can be derived using the following
expression:

\[ \text{NF}_{\text{total}} = \text{NF}_{1} + \frac{\text{NF}_{2} – 1}{\text{G}_{1}} + \frac{\text{NF}_{3}

– 1}{\text{G}_{1} \text{G}_{2}} + \ldots \]

Where:

- \(\text{NF}_{\text{total}}\) is the total noise figure of the cascaded system.

- \(\text{NF}_{i}\) is the noise figure of the \(i\)th stage.

- \(\text{G}_{i}\) is the gain of the \(i\)th stage.

The noise temperature of the cascaded system can also be expressed in terms of the individual noise
temperatures and gains:

\[ \text{Tn}_{\text{total}} = \text{Tn}_{1} + \frac{\text{Tn}_{2}}{\text{G}_{1}} +

\frac{\text{Tn}_{3}}{\text{G}_{1} \text{G}_{2}} + \ldots \]

Where:

- \(\text{Tn}_{\text{total}}\) is the total noise temperature of the cascaded system.

- \(\text{Tn}_{i}\) is the noise temperature of the \(i\)th stage.

These expressions show that the noise figure and noise temperature of a cascaded system depend on
the noise figures, noise temperatures, and gains of the individual stages. As stages with higher noise
figures or noise temperatures are added, the overall noise performance of the system can deteriorate.
Similarly, stages with higher gains can help to offset the degradation in noise performance caused by
preceding stages.

8 A- Compute the free space path loss in dB For the following conditions:

I ) For a path length of 10 km at 4-0 GHz

ii) Earth station transmitting antenna EIRP-50 dBW, receiving antenna gain 20 dB and received power
at satellite -120 dBW.

Ans – The free space path loss (FSPL) in decibels (dB) is calculated using the following formula:

\[ \text{FSPL (dB)} = 20\log_{10}\left(\frac{4\pi d}{\lambda}\right) \]

Where:

- \( d \) is the distance between the transmitter and receiver (in meters).

- \( \lambda \) is the wavelength of the signal (in meters).

Given:

- Path length \( d = 10 \, \text{km} = 10000 \, \text{m} \)

- Frequency \( f = 4.0 \, \text{GHz} = 4.0 \times 10^9 \, \text{Hz} \)

- Speed of light \( c \approx 3 \times 10^8 \, \text{m/s} \)

Calculate the wavelength:

\[ \lambda = \frac{c}{f} = \frac{3 \times 10^8 \, \text{m/s}}{4.0 \times 10^9 \, \text{Hz}} = 0.075 \,
\text{m} \]

Now, calculate the FSPL in dB:

\[ \text{FSPL (dB)} = 20\log_{10}\left(\frac{4\pi \times 10000 \, \text{m}}{0.075 \, \text{m}}\right)

\approx 112.16 \, \text{dB} \]

For the second part of the question:

Given:

- Earth station transmitting antenna EIRP = 50 \, \text{dBW}

- Receiving antenna gain = 20 \, \text{dB}

- Received power at satellite = -120 \, \text{dBW}

The received power at the satellite (Pr) is related to the EIRP, antenna gains, and free space path loss
as follows:

\[ Pr = EIRP + G_{\text{tx}} + G_{\text{rx}} - \text{FSPL} \]

Rearranging the equation to solve for FSPL:

\[ \text{FSPL} = EIRP + G_{\text{tx}} + G_{\text{rx}} – Pr \]

Substitute the given values:

\[ \text{FSPL} = 50 \, \text{dBW} + 20 \, \text{dB} + 20 \, \text{dB} – (-120 \, \text{dBW}) = 210 \,

\text{dB} \]
So, for the given conditions:

I) FSPL \( \approx 112.16 \, \text{dB} \)

II) FSPL \( = 210 \, \text{dB} \)

8 (b) Consider the satellite receiver with the following data:

Antenna noise temperature = 50 K; thermodynamic temperature of

feeder is 300 K; effective noise temperature of reciver is 50 K. Calculate the system noise at receiver
input for

(i) feeder loss of 0 dB and

(ii) (ii) feeder loss of 1-5 dB.

ANS – The system noise temperature (\(T_{\text{sys}}\)) at the receiver input can be calculated using
the following formula:

\[ T_{\text{sys}} = T_{\text{ant}} + \frac{T_{\text{feed}}}{L_{\text{feed}}} + T_{\text{eff}} \]

Where:

- \( T_{\text{ant}} \) is the antenna noise temperature (50 K).

- \( T_{\text{feed}} \) is the thermodynamic temperature of the feeder (300 K).

- \( L_{\text{feed}} \) is the feeder loss in linear units (it’s the inverse of the power transmission
coefficient, which is \( 10^{-\text{feeder loss in dB}/10} \)).

- \( T_{\text{eff}} \) is the effective noise temperature of the receiver (50 K).

Let’s calculate the system noise temperature for the given cases:

(i) Feeder loss of 0 dB:

\[ L_{\text{feed}} = 10^{-0/10} = 1 \]

\[ T_{\text{sys}} = 50 + \frac{300}{1} + 50 = 400 \, \text{K} \]

(ii) Feeder loss of 1.5 dB:

\[ L_{\text{feed}} = 10^{-1.5/10} \approx 0.178 \]

\[ T_{\text{sys}} = 50 + \frac{300}{0.178} + 50 = 2143 \, \text{K} \]

So, for the given cases:

(i) \( T_{\text{sys}} = 400 \, \text{K} \)

(ii) \( T_{\text{sys}} = 2143 \, \text{K} \)

10. (a) What are different up/down conversionTopologies used in case of satellite
Communications? Explain in detail.

Ans - **(a) Different Up/Down Conversion Topologies in Satellite Communications:**

In satellite communications, upconversion and downconversion are essential processes that allow the
transmission and reception of signals at different frequency bands between Earth stations and
satellites. Different topologies are used for these conversions to achieve efficient and reliable
communication. The two main topologies are:

1. **Single Conversion:**

In single conversion, the received signal is directly converted to the intermediate frequency (IF) at
the satellite, and the uplink signal is directly upconverted to the desired frequency at the Earth
station. This topology requires only one set of converters (mixers and local oscillators) at the satellite
and the Earth station. While it is simpler and requires fewer components, it may suffer from image
frequency interference and other issues.

2. **Double Conversion:**

Double conversion involves converting the received signal to a lower intermediate frequency (LIF) at
the satellite, and then converting it again to the final IF. Similarly, the uplink signal is first upconverted
to a higher intermediate frequency (HIF) before being upconverted to the final desired frequency. This
approach reduces image frequency interference and provides better selectivity. However, it requires
more converters and additional complexity.

In summary, the choice of up/down conversion topology depends on the specific requirements of the
satellite communication system, such as minimizing interference, optimizing signal quality, and
managing hardware complexity.
10 (b) The apogee and perigee distances of a certain elliptical satellite orbit are 45000 km and 7200
km, respectively. If the velocity at apogee point was 1-65 km/sec, what would be the velocity at the
perigee point?

ANS (b) - Velocity at Perigee Point:**

In an elliptical orbit, the satellite's velocity varies at different points along its path. The relationship
between the apogee velocity (\(V_a\)), perigee velocity (\(V_p\)), and the distances from the center of
the Earth at apogee (\(R_a\)) and perigee (\(R_p\)) can be determined using the law of conservation
of angular momentum.

The angular momentum (\(h\)) of a satellite in orbit is given by:

\[ h = R \times V \]

At apogee and perigee, the angular momentum remains the same, so:

\[ R_a \times V_a = R_p \times V_p \]

Given:

- Apogee distance \(R_a = 45000 \, \text{km}\)

- Perigee distance \(R_p = 7200 \, \text{km}\)

- Apogee velocity \(V_a = 1.65 \, \text{km/s}\)

Solving for the velocity at the perigee (\(V_p\)):

\[ V_p = \frac{R_a \times V_a}{R_p} = \frac{45000 \, \text{km} \times 1.65 \, \text{km/s}}{7200 \,

\text{km}} \approx 10.31 \, \text{km/s} \]

So, the velocity at the perigee point would be approximately \(10.31 \, \text{km/s}\).