Chapter 8: Symmetrical Components

ELCT 551: Power System Analysis & Design

Outlines
Definition of Symmetrical Components Sequence Network: Load Impedance and Transmission Line Impedance Sequence Network: Rotating Machines and Transformers Power in Sequence Networks

1. Symmetrical Components
Due to C. L. Fortescue (1918): a set of n unbalanced phasors in an n-phase system can be resolved into n sets of balanced phasors by a linear transformation
The n sets are called symmetrical components

Symmetrical Components
One of the n sets is a single-phase set and the others are n-phase balanced sets Here n = 3 which gives the following case:

Definition of symmetrical components

Three-phase voltages Va, Vb, and Vc (not necessarily balanced) can be resolved into three sets of sequence components:

Definition of symmetrical components

Assume normal system phase sequence is abc Zero sequence: Va0=Vb0=Vc0 Positive sequence Va1, Vb1, Vc1 balanced with phase sequence abc Negative sequence Va2, Vb2, Vc2 balanced with phase sequence cba

Zero Sequence

c a Positive Sequence b a c b Negative Sequence Vb

Vc

Va

Va

V0

Vb =
Vc

1
1

a2
a

a
a2

V1
V2

where a = 1/120 = (-1 + j 3)/2 a2 = 1/240 = 1/-120 a3 = 1/360 = 1/0

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A=

1 1 1

1 a2 a

1 a a2 V0 V1 V2

Vp =

Va Vb Vc
Vp = A Vs

Vs =
Vs = A-1 Vp

Vp = A Vs

Vs = A-1 Vp 1 1 1 1 a a2 1 a2 a

A-1 =

(1/3)

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Va = V0 + V1 + V2 Vb = V0 + a2V1 + aV2 Vc = V0 + aV1 + a2V2

V0 = (Va + Vb + Vc)/3 V1 = (Va + aVb + a2Vc)/3 V2 = (Va + a2Vb + aVc)/3
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V0 = (Va + Vb + Vc)/3 V1 = (Va + aVb + a2Vc)/3 V2 = (Va + a2Vb + aVc)/3

These are the phase a symmetrical (or sequence) components. The other phases follow since the sequences are balanced.

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 We used voltages for example, but the result applies equally well to current or any other phasor quantity

Vp = A Vs Ip = A Is

Vs = A-1 Vp Is = A-1 Ip

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2. Sequence networks: Load Impedance and Transmission Line Impedance

A balanced Y-connected load has three impedances Zy connected line to neutral and one impedance Zn connected neutral to ground Zy a Zy b Zy c Zn g

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Sequence networks
Vag Zy+Zn Zn Zn Ia

Vbg =
Vcg

Zn
Zn

Zy+Zn
Zn

Zn
Zy+Zn

Ib
Ic

or in more compact notation Vp = Zp Ip

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a b c g

Zy Zy

Vp = Zp Ip
n

Zy
Zn

Vp = AVs = Zp Ip = ZpAIs Vs = (A-1ZpA) Is

Vs = Zs Is where
Zs = A-1ZpA

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Zy+3Zn
Zs =

0 Zy 0

0 0 Zy

0 0

V0 = (Zy + 3Zn) I0 = Z0 I0 V1 = Zy I1 = Z1 I1 V2 = Zy I2 = Z2 I2
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a V0 g

I0 Zy 3 Zn

a V1 n

I1 Zy

a V2 n

I2 Zy

Zerosequence network

Positivesequence network

Negativesequence network

Sequence networks for Y-connected load impedances

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a V0 g

I0 ZD/3

a V1 n

I1 ZD/3

a V2 n

I2 ZD/3

Zerosequence network

Positivesequence network

Negativesequence network

Sequence networks for D-connected load impedances. Note that these are equivalent Y circuits.
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 Remarks:
Positive-sequence impedance is equal to negative-sequence impedance for any symmetrical impedance load (not a rotating machine) Rotating machines can have different positive and negative sequence impedances

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 Remarks:
Zero-sequence impedance is usually different than the other two sequence impedances Zero-sequence current can circulate in a delta but the line current (at the terminals of the delta) is zero in that sequence

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 General case unsymmetrical impedances (Unbalanced Load Impedance) Zaa Zab Zca

Zp =

Zab
Zca

Zbb
Zbc

Zbc
Zcc

Zs=A-1ZpA =

Z0 Z10 Z20

Z01 Z1 Z21

Z02 Z12 Z2
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Z0 = (Zaa+Zbb+Zcc+2Zab+2Zbc+2Zca)/3 Z1 = Z2 = (Zaa+Zbb +ZccZabZbcZca)/3 Z01 = Z20 = (Zaa+a2Zbb+aZccaZabZbca2Zca)/3 Z02 = Z10 = (Zaa+aZbb+a2Zcca2ZabZbcaZca)/3 Z12 = (Zaa+a2Zbb+aZcc+2aZab+2Zbc+2a2Zca)/3 Z21 = (Zaa+aZbb+a2Zcc+2a2Zab+2Zbc+2aZca)/3

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 Special case symmetrical impedances (Transmission Line and Balanced Load)

Zp = Zaa Zab Zab Zab Zaa Zab Zab Zab Zaa

Zs =

Z0 0 0

0 Z1 0

0 0 Z2
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Z0 = Zaa + 2Zab Z1 = Z2 = Zaa Zab Z01=Z20=Z02=Z10=Z12=Z21= 0 Vp = Zp Ip Vs = Zs Is This applies to impedance loads and to series impedances (the voltage is the drop across the series impedances)

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3. Sequence Network: Rotating Machines and Transformers

E + I1 V 1 +

Positive seq.

Z 1

Zn

I2

V 2 +

Negative seq.

Generator

Z 2
V o Io +

Zero seq.
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Z +3 Z o n

V1 +

I1

V2 + Z G Vo + Io N Z I2

Ungrounded Y load (Motor)

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G Vo + Io N Z G Vo + Io

3 Zn

(a) GROUNDED WYE LOAD

(b) DELTA LOAD

Z
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Y-Y transformer
A
B C N

H1

X1 a
b c n

Zeq+3(ZN+Zn) A a Va0 VA0 I0

g Zero-sequence network (per unit)

ZN

Zn

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Y-Y transformer
A
B C N

H1

X1 a
b c n

Zeq

a Va1

VA1 I1 n

ZN

Zn

Positive-sequence network (per unit) Negative sequence is same network

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D-Y transformer
A
B C

H1

X1 a
b c n

A VA0

Zeq+3Zn
I0 g

Va0

Zn

Zero-sequence network (per unit)

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D-Y transformer
A
B C

H1

X1 a
b c

A VA1 I1

Zeq

Va1 n

Zn

Positive-sequence n network (per unit) Delta side leads wye side by 30 degrees
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D-Y transformer
A
B C

H1

X1 a
b c n

A VA2 I2

Zeq

Va2

Zn

n Negative-sequence network (per unit) Delta side lags wye side by 30 degrees
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Three-winding (three-phase) transformers

0
h Zh

Zx Zt

Zt Zh Zx
t POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SEQUENCE

ZERO SEQUENCE

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Three-winding transformer data: Windings Z Base MVA H-X 5.39% 150 H-T 6.44% 56.6 X-T 4.00% 56.6 Convert all Z's to the system base of 100 MVA: Zhx = 5.39% (100/150) = 3.59% Zht = 6.44% (100/56.6) = 11.38% Zxt = 4.00% (100/56.6) = 7.07%

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Calculate the equivalent circuit parameters: Solving: Zhx = Zh + Zx Zht = Zh + Zt Zxt = Zx +Zt Gives: Zh = (Zhx + Zht - Zxt)/2 = 3.95% Zx = (Zhx + Zxt - Zht)/2 = -0.359% Zt = (Zht + Zxt - Zhx)/2 = 7.43%
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Typical relative sizes of sequence impedance values

Balanced three-phase lines: Z0 > Z 1 = Z 2 Balanced three-phase transformers (usually): Z1 = Z2 = Z0 Rotating machines: Z1 Z2 > Z0

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Unbalanced Short Circuits

Procedure:
Set up all three sequence networks Interconnect networks at point of the fault to simulate a short circuit Calculate the sequence I and V Transform to ABC currents and voltages

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4. Power in sequence networks

Sp = Vag Ia* + Vbg Ib* + Vcg Ic*
Sp = [Vag Vbg Vcg] [Ia* Ib* Ic*]T Sp = VpT Ip*

= (AVs)T (AIs)*
= VsT ATA* Is*
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Power in sequence networks

Sp = VpT Ip* = VsT ATA* Is*

1 1 1

3 0 0

ATA* = 1 a2 a 1 a a2

1 a a2 = 0 3 0 1 a2 a 0 0 3

Sp = 3 VsT Is*
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Sp = 3 (V0 I0* + V1 I1* +V2 I2*) = 3 Ss In words, the sum of the power calculated in the three sequence networks must be multiplied by 3 to obtain the total power. This is an artifact of the constants in the transformation. Some authors divide A by 3 to produce a powerinvariant transformation. Most of the industry uses the form that we do.
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